ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS OF MOSQUES IN THE CONFLICT OF TRADITION AND MODERNITY: THE DOMES

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 1 - 18

Gouran Hasan , Canan Koç

https://doi.org/10.57120/yalvac.1645483

Abstract

The development of mosque construction, both functionally and aesthetically, has received great attention from Muslims throughout history. While the first mosques were built with existing construction materials and contained simple elements, new elements were added with the development of building materials and technology over time. However, most mosques have preserved their traditional form, especially the presence of a dome or a group of domes. In this context, the study addresses the development of mosque dome forms, their spiritual significance, functional and structural roles, and the history of the dome's adoption as an architectural element. Then, the development of dome forms in mosques will be examined about the advancements in construction methods and materials in the modern era.
The conflict over the shape of the dome between modernity and tradition is based on aesthetic composition and functional characteristics. Generally, architects' departure from traditional architectural forms opens the way for greater freedom and flexibility in design, thereby allowing for the best use of contemporary materials or construction techniques and the incorporation of modern technology into buildings. Therefore, the functions that the traditional dome provided in earlier periods can be compensated for with new forms and technologies that are more suitable for the possibilities of the modern era.

Keywords

Dome, Mosques, Traditional Architecture, Modern Architecture.

GELENEK VE MODERNİTE ÇATIŞMASINDA CAMİLERİN MİMARİ UNSURLARI: KUBBELER

Abstract

Tarihsel süreç içinde Müslümanlar için en önemli mimari yapılardan olan camilerin geliştirilmesine, işlevine uygun hale getirilmesine ve çevredeki diğer yapılardan estetik olarak ayırt edilmesine büyük önem verilmiştir. İlk camiler mevcut inşaat malzemeleriyle inşa edilirken ve basit unsurlar içerirken, zamanla yapı malzemeleri ve teknolojisinin gelişmesiyle yeni unsurlar eklenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, çoğu cami geleneksel şeklini, özellikle kubbe veya bir grup kubbenin varlığını korumuştur. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, cami kubbelerinin formlarının gelişimi, manevi önemi, işlevsel ve yapısal rolü ele alınmakta, kubbenin mimari bir unsur olarak benimsenmesinin tarihi anlatılmaktadır. Ardından modern dönemde inşa yöntemlerinin ve malzemelerinin gelişmesine bağlı olarak camilerdeki kubbe formlarının gelişimi incelenecektir.
Modernlik ve gelenek arasındaki kubbenin şekli konusundaki çatışma sadece estetik kompozisyona bağlı olmayıp, işlevsel özelliklere de dayanmaktadır. Genel olarak mimarların geleneksel mimari formlardan uzaklaşması, tasarımda daha fazla özgürlük ve esnekliğin önünü açmakta, böylece çağdaş malzeme ya da inşaat tekniklerinin en iyi şekilde kullanılmasına ve modern teknolojinin binalara dahil edilmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Dolayısıyla geleneksel kubbenin önceki dönemlerde sağladığı işlevler, çağın olanaklarına daha uygun yeni form ve teknolojilerle telafi edilebilmektedir.

Keywords

Kubbe, Camiler, Geleneksel Mimari, Modern Mimari

References

• 1. Varga, T. (2014). Perfectly preserved mammoth bone dwellings found in Ukraine may be the earliest examples of architecture. https://earthlymission.com/mezhyrich-perfectly-preserved-mammoth-bone-dwellings-shelters-ukraine-earliest-examples-architecture/.
• 2. Kubba, S. (1987). Mesopotamian architecture and town planning: from the Mesolithic to the end of the Proto-historic period, c. 10,000-3,500 BC. BAR.
• 3. Creswell, K.A.C. (1915). Persian domes before 1400 AD. The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, 26(142), 146-155.
• 4. Ardalan, N. (1979). Architecture as Symbol and Self-identity. In Proceedings of Seminar Four in the Series. Architectural Transformation in the Islamic World, 9-12.
• 5. Huff, D., & O’Kane, B. (1990). Čahārṭāq. Encyclopaedia Iranica, December, 15.
• 6. Wikipedia, (2019). Chahartaq (architecture) https: //en. Wikipedia .org/ wiki/ Chahartaq architecture. Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 7. Ashkan, M., & Ahmad, Y. (2009). Persıan domes: Hıstory, morphology and typologıes. Archnet-Ijar, 3(3).
• 8. Wikipedia, (2024). History of Persian domes. https: //en. wikipedia .org/ wiki/ History of Persian domes .Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 9. Mounes. H, (1981). Mosques, World of Knowledge Series, Kuwait.مؤنس. ح، (1981). المساجد، سلسلة عالم المعرفة، الكويت.
• 10. Fleming, J., Honour, H., & Pevsner, N. (1991). The Penguin dictionary of architecture. Penguin Books.
• 11. Engineering Rome, (2024). Roman Dome Development. http:// engineeringrome.org /roman dome development/ Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 12. Cowan, H. J. (1977). A history of masonry and concrete domes in building construction. Building and Environment, 12(1), 1-24.
• 13. Google Earth, https://earth.google.com/web/ Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 14. Roth, L. M. (2018). Understanding architecture: Its elements, history, and meaning. Routledge.
• 15. Krautheimer, R., & Ćurčić, S. (1992). Early christian and Byzantine architecture (Vol. 24). Yale University Press.
• 16. Patricios, N. N. (2020). The dome in Byzantine church architecture. Byzantina Symmeikta, 85-130.
• 17. Mintz, J. (2010). The Umayyad Dome of the rock. A historical narrative through architecture, Jarusalem.
• 18. El-Gabiş Israa, (2019) Kubbet üs Sahra'da estetik ve mimari değerler. https://www.scribd.com/document/701462846/. Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 19. Ebu Dayyeh A.A. (2012). Yerel mimarlık okulunun Kubbet-üs-Sahra'nın inşasına etkisi. Al-Quds Beşerî Bilimler ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Açık Üniversitesi Dergisi, 1 (26).
• 20. Ecemerblog, (2019).https://ecemerblog.wordpress.com/2019/11/26/gothic-europe/Erişim Tarihi: 25.02.2025.
• 21. Madain Project, (2022). Domes of the Umayyad Mosque. https://madainproject.com /domes of the umayyad mosque google vignette.Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 22. Abdulvahab, H. (1964). Antik camilerin tarihi. Kahire.
• 23. Tarek, T. (2024). "İmam Şafii türbesi" İslam sanatını keşfedin'de. Sınır Tanımayan Müze, 2024.
• 24. Masrawy, (2014). İmam Şafi Camii – Kahire. https:// www.masrawy.com/ islameyat/ others masaged/ details/ 2014/ 3/18/196590/. Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 25. Hafız, Ali. (1968). Medine Tarihi'nden Bölümler,s. 127-129, Medine Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık Şirketi. https:// noor-book.com/en/0irpvm. Erişim Tarihi: 23.02.2025.
• 26. 3jaeb, (2024). Mescid-i Nebevi'nin yeşil kubbesinin üstünde bulunan bu şeyin sırrı nedir?, https://www.3jaeb.com/2014/03/secrets-of-the-green-dome.html. Erişim Tarihi: 25.02.2025.
• 27. Farid, M. (1896). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarihi. Maṭbaʻat Muḥammad Afandī Mustafa.
• 28. Okumura, S. (2012). The mamluk kaaba curtain in the Bursa Grand Mosque. Published in Textiles and Politics: Textile Society of America 13th Biennial Symposium Proceedings, Washington, DC, September 18- September 22, 2012.
• 29. Pinterest, (2025). Http: Pinterest.com Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 30. Kuran, A. (1988). Mimar Sinan'ın camileri.
• 31. Necipoğlu, G. (2005). Sinan çağı: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda mimarlık kültürü. Londra: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-253-9.
• 32. Yüksel. A, (2009). Sultan Selim camii ve külliyesi. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 37, 513-516.
• 33. El-Talawi, M. (2020). Osmanlı mimarı "Sinan"Türkiye'nin eşsiz cami tasarımını yaratan adamın hikayesi. https://www.aljazeera.net/midan/ intellect/history/2020/5/2/المعماري-سنان
• 34. Guralp, A. (2024). The Sultan Ahmet Mosque restoration works between 1988-1990. WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 42.
• 35. Blair, S. S., & Bloom, J. M. (1996). The art and architecture of Islam 1250-1800. Yale University press.
• 36. Bayraktar, A., Bayraktar, S., & Hökelekli, E. (2023). Strengthening techniques for masonry domes: A review. International Journal of Space Structures, 38(1), 30-39.
• 37. Soleimani, Z., Calautit, J. K., & Hughes, B. R. (2016). Computational analysis of natural ventilation flows in geodesic dome building in hot climates. Computation, 4(3), 31.
• 38. Othman.M, (2017). İslam kubbesi. Tasarımın ve Mimarlık Sanatlarının Görkemi. https:// www.alittihad.ae /article /36394/2017/القبة الإسلامية. روعة التصميم وفنون المعمار
• 39. Rahmon, M. (2019). Suriye'de kil mimarisi, Şeyh Hilal köyü. https://www.syr-res.com/article/20205.html
• 40. Arel, H. S., & Öner, M. (2017). Use of daylight in mosques: Meaning and practice in three different cases
• 41. Hassan, A.H.A., & Al-Khafaji, S.J. (2006). The effect of domes geometry formation on acoustic performance in mosques (Hypotheses imagination). Journal of Engineering, 12(3).
• 42. Mueller, P., Abriatis, J., & Kieffer, J. (2017). The art of restoration: Saving the US capitol dome. The Military Engineer, 109(710), 46-50.
• 43. Ho, Hannah Ming Yit Ho., & Deterding, D. (2021). Engaging Modern Brunei. Springer Singapore.
• 44. Lopes, R. O., & bin Mohd Hasnan, N. (2022). The expression of cultural identity in mosque architecture in Brunei Darussalam. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and-National Studies of Southeast Asia, 10(1), 39-58.).
• 45. Koch, N., Valiyev, A., & Hazmi Zaini, K. (2018). Mosques as monuments: an inter-Asian perspective on monumentality and religious landscapes. cultural geographies, 25(1), 183-199.).
• 46. Jalal, Maan.(2024) . Mosques of the UAE: Jumeirah landmark's interiors are as beautiful as the outside. https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art-design/2024/11/01/jumeirah-mosque-design-interior-dubai-uae/. Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2025
• 47. Structurae (2025). https://structurae.net/en/structures/jumeirah-mosque Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2025
• 48. İzgi, Mehmet Tevfik . Öğr. Gör. Seyit Ali Eren (2020). In Internatıonal West Asıa Congress Of Tourısm Research (Iwact-2020) The Book Of Proceedıngs (P. 174).
• 49. TRT1, (2019). Çamlıca Camii. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFKf_nu0ciM.Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 50. Endüstri Habar, (2024). Çamlıca Camisinin kubbesi Maniş Yapı’nın imzasını taşıyor. https://www.stendustri.com.tr/camlica camisinin kubbesi maniş yapının imzasını taşıyor.Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 51. Mahmoud, R. A., & Shaltout, M. A. H. (2021). Islamic arches are source of contemporary architectural creativity at the Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi. Journal of Architecture, Arts and Humanities - Volume 6 - Issue 26
• 52. El Amrousi, M., & Elhakeem, M. (2020). The dome in contemporary monuments of the UAE between tradition and postmodernity. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 960 (2), 022107.
• 53. Purba, K. (2010). Istiqlal: The work of a Christian architect. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/10/istiqlal-the-work-a-christian-architect.html. Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 54. Dhiracitta, A. ( 2020).Istiqlal mosque by friedrich silaban- Shifting perspectives on colonial architecture.
• 55. Kazan Kremlin, (2025). Kul Sharif Mosque https://kazan-kremlin.ru/en/poi/kul-sharif-mosque/. Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2025.
• 56. Adventure, (2025).https://www.advantour.com/russia/kazan/kul-sharif-mosque.htm. Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2025.
• 57. Sattarov, Ayvar (2018). Kul Sharif Mosque.https://mosqpedia.org/masajid/kul-sharif-mosque-2/. Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2025.
• 58. The Guardian, (2016). Algeria builds giant mosque with world's tallest minaret”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/06/algeria-builds-giant-mosque-with-worlds-tallest-minaret. Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 59. Block, I. (2020). 2019 was record-breaking year for supertall skyscrapers. https://www.dezeen.com /2020/01/27/supertall-skyscrapers-record-2019-ctbuh/ Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 60. Adli, L. C., & Chemrouk, N. C. (2015). On drafting a new architectural syntax: case study of the great mosque of Algiers. Journal of Islamic Architecture, 3(3), 106-114.
• 61. Wikipedia, (2025). https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ جامع الجزائر.09.01.2025. Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2025
• 62. Staub, A. (2018). The tale of two mosques: Marxloher Central Mosque vs. Cologne Central Mosque. In ARCC Conference Repository.
• 63. Abdul Kader, B. (2014). Al Ain to have one of the largest mosques in UAE. https://gulfnews.com/uae/al-ain-to-have-one-of-the-largest-mosques-in-uae-1.1406553.
• 64. Al Nuaimi, R. (2019). "Iconic Al Ain mosque work in final stages". https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2019/06/28/iconic-al-ain-mosque-work-in-final-stages. Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 65. Youtube (2024). https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=x6RXSkGDghA Erişim Tarihi: 27.02.2025
• 66. Hejazi, H., & Salguero Montaño, Ó. (2021). Multiculturalism, gentrification, and Islam in the public space: the case of Baitul Mukarram in Lavapiés.
• 67. Roseline, (2022). Top 10 Interesting Facts about Baitul Mukarram Mosque, Bangladesh. https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/bangladesh/top-10-interesting-facts-about-baitul-mukarram- mosque-bangladesh. Erişim Tarihi: 21.03.2025.
• 68. Naz, N. (2005). Contribution of Turkish architects to the national architecture of Pakistan: Vedat Dalokay. ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi. https://hdl.handle.net/11511/93176.
• 69. Nasim, S. (2008). Decorative elements of the Faisal Mosque, Islamabad. PhD diss., Fine Arts Department, Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan.
• 70. Dalokay, V. (1990). Kral Faisal Camisi, İslamabad, Pakistan. Yapı, 101 (April), 53-61.
• 71. Wikipedia, (2022). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Mosque. Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2025
• 72. Al-Asad, M. (1995). Grand National Assembly Mosque On-site Review Report, edited by Aga Khan Award for Architecture.
• 73. Alshaamal, (2020). Orta Doğu'nun içeriden sütunsuz en büyük kubbesine sahip olan Tabuk'taki bir cami. https://www.alshaamal.com/103470/ Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 74. Mahmoud, S., & Al-Sakkaf, A. (2023). Modern trends in mosques architecture. Mosque Architecture: A Transdisciplinary Debate, 9-14.
• 75. Yaseen. M, (2020). Kral Abdullah Finans Bölgesi Camii. https://www.syr-res.com/user/1864.html.Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 76. Writer.S, (2017).Omrania designed KAFD Grand mosque is shortlisted for WAF Award. https://www. commercialinteriordesign .com/ insight/ omrania designed kafd grand mosque is shortlisted for waf awardErişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025
• 77. Fiorelli, A. (2020). Imam Reza Complex. Tehran, Iran 2012. In Architettura, Dialogo, Religione. Nuovi spazi di condivisione per il terzo millennio, LetteraVentidue Edizioni, 224-225).
• 78. Arch daily,(2016). Imam Reza Complex / Kalout Architect Studio, ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com /782352/ imam reza complex kalout architect studio. Erişim Tarihi: 03.02.2025