Justification of the Right to a Fair Trial Based on John Locke's Social Contract Theory

Year 2024, Issue: 1, 81 - 150, 31.01.2024

Sermet Erdem

https://doi.org/10.33432/ybuhukuk.1376217

Abstract

The principle of individual freedom, which is the most important value of liberalism and advocates for individuals to act according to their own will, immune from arbitrary and random coercion from others in their decisions and actions, is also the source from which many rights and freedoms protecting the individual against the state and third parties are derived. John Locke, the founder of liberalism and a social contract theorist, who is the philosophical source of modern systems, argued that the state itself is established to protect individual freedom. Locke associated the political power with individuals relinquishing their right to punish those who violate their rights without just cause in a stateless life, for the sake of protection and transferring this right to the state. Therefore, in the philosopher's theory, the fair resolution of disputes concerning individuals' rights is directly related to power and legitimacy.
The right to a fair trial emerges as an absolute right derived from individual freedom, established to protect the individual from potential infringements by the state itself and others. It exists within the legal confines intended to safeguard everyone's freedom. The right to a fair trial emerges as a mechanism to protect the domain preserved by these legal limitations. It advocates for the impartial, public, and just resolution of legal conflicts that arise among individuals or between an individual and the state, facilitated by the designated state organs. As a distinctive, innate, and absolute right, the right to a fair trial serves as the safeguard for all other rights and freedoms individuals possess in the modern world, acting as a criterion for the legitimacy of political systems.

Keywords

Right to Fair Trial, Individual Freedom, Punishment, State, Equality, Law, Legal Dispute, Legitimacy, Property, Social Contract, Compensation

Adil Yargılanma Hakkının John Locke’un Toplum Sözleşmesi Kuramından Hareketle Gerekçelendirilmesi

Abstract

Liberalizmin en önemli değeri olan kişinin karar ve eylemlerinde başkalarının keyfi ve rastlantısal zorlamasından bağışık olup kendi iradesine göre eyleyebilmesini salık veren bireysel özgürlük ilkesi, aynı zamanda bireyi devlete ve üçüncü kişilere karşı korumaya hizmet eden birçok hak ve özgürlüğün de türetildiği kaynaktır. Öyle ki çağdaş düzenlerin felsefi kaynağı olan liberalizmin kurucusu ve toplum sözleşmesi kuramcısı John Locke, devletin dahi bireysel özgürlüğü korumak için kurulduğunu savunmuştur. Locke siyasal iktidarın bireylerin devletsiz bir yaşamda sahip olduğu kendini koruma ve haklı bir sebep olmaksızın haklarını ihlal edenleri cezalandırma hakkını devlete devretmeleriyle ilişkilendirmiştir. Bu nedenle düşünürün kuramında bireylerin haklarını konu alan uyuşmazlıkların adil bir çözümü iktidar ve meşruiyetiyle doğrudan ilgilidir.
Bireyin, bireysel özgürlüğü korumak için kurulan devletin kendisinin ve diğer bireylerin olası ihlallerinden korunması için adil yargılanma hakkı bireysel özgürlükten türeyen mutlak bir hak olarak gündeme gelmektedir. Adil yargılanma hakkı herkesin özgürlüğünün teminat altına alınması için öngörülen hukuki kısıtlamaların içerisinde kalan alanı koruyan bir araçtır. Birey- birey ve birey- devlet arasında ortaya çıkan hukuki ihtilafların bağımsız tarafız aleni ve hakkaniyete uygun bir biçimde devletin bu işle görevlendirilmiş organları tarafından çözülmesini salık verir. Kendine özgü doğal ve mutlak bir hak olarak adil yargılanma hakkı çağdaş dünyada bireyin sahip olduğu diğer tüm hak ve özgürlüklerin güvencesi ve politik sistemlerin meşruiyet ölçütüdür.

Keywords

Adil Yargılanma Hakkı, Bireysel Özgürlük, Devlet, Eşitlik, Hukuk, Hukuki Uyuşmazlık, Meşruiyet, Mülkiyet, Sosyal Sözleşme, Tazminat

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