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Cronobacter sakazakii’nin Gıda Güvenliği Açısından Önemi

Year 2016, Volume: 30 Issue: 2, 91 - 100, 05.12.2016

Esra Doğangün Vildan Uylaşer

Abstract

Cronobacter sakazakii, özellikle erken doğmuş ve düşük doğum ağırlıklı bebeklerde hayati risk oluşturan enfeksiyonlara neden olan fırsatçı bir patojendir. Değişik gıdalarda ve diğer çevresel kaynaklarda tespit edilmiş olmasına rağmen, sadece kontamine olmuş toz bebek mamaları (bebek formulü) C. sakazakii’nin neden olduğu bebek enfeksiyonları ile epidemiyolojik olarak ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bu derlemede, bebek mamalarında bulunabilen ve önemli bir patojen olan C. sakazakii’nin taksonomisi, genel özellikleri, kontaminasyon kaynakları, neden olduğu enfeksiyonlar ve enfeksiyonlardan korunma yolları ile izolasyon yöntemleri hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Cronobacter sakazakii gıda kaynaklı patojen mikroorganizmalar gıda kaynaklı enfeksiyonlar toz bebek maması güvenli gıda

References

  • Al-Nabulsi, A.A., T.M. Osaili, N.A. Elabedeen, Z.W. Jaradat, R.R. Shaker, K.A. Kheirallah, Y.H. Tarazi and R.A. Holley. 2011. Impact of environmental stress desiccation, acidity, alkalinity, heat or cold on antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter sakazakii. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 146:137–143.
  • Anonim 2002. FDA. Isolation and enumeration of Enterobacter sakazakii from dehydrated powdered infant formula. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ucm114665.htm. July 2002, Revised August 2002 (Erişim Tarihi:01.06.2015)
  • Anonim 2003. ADA. Guidelines for preparation of formula and breastmilk in health care facilities. Pediatric practice group of the American Dietetic Association.
  • Anonim 2004. WHO/FAO. Enterobacter sakazakii and other microorganisms in powdered infant formula: Meeting report. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series 6. World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization . Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Anonim 2008. WHO/FAO. Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in powdered follow-up formula:Meeting report. Microbiologıcal Risk Assessment Series 15. World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Anonim 2011. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler Yönetmeliği- T.C. Resmi Gazete 29.12.2011 Sayı: 28157. Ankara.
  • Arsalan, A., Z. Anwar, I. Ahmad, Z. Shad and Z. Ahmed. 2013. Cronobacter Sakazakii: An Emerging Contaminant in Pediatric İnfant Formula. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 4(4):17-22.
  • Beuchat, L.R., H. Kim, J.B. Gurtler, L.C. Lin, J.H. Ryu and G.M. Richards. 2009. Cronobacter sakazakii in foods and factors affecting its survival, growth, and inactivation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 136:204–213.
  • Bowen, A.B. and C.R. Braden. 2006. Invasive Enterobacter sakazakii disease in infants. Emerg. Infect Dis. 12: 1185–1189.
  • Chenu, J.W. and J.M. Cox. 2009. Cronobacter (‘Enterobacter sakazakii’): current status and future prospects. The Society for Applied Microbiology, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 49:153–159.
  • Craven, H. M., C.M. McAuley, L.L. Duffy and N. Fegan. 2010. Distribution, prevalence and persistence of Cronobacter (Enterobacter sakazakii) in the nonprocessing and processing environments of five milk powder factories. Journal of applied microbiology, 109(3):1044-1052.
  • Çetinkaya, E. 2011. Gıdalardan İzole Edilen Enterobacter Sp. ve Cronobacter sakazakii Suşlarının Biyokimyasal ve Moleküler Yöntemlerle Tanımlanması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Gıda Mühendisliği Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Dancer, G.I., J.H. Mah, M.S. Rhee, I.S. Hwang and D.H. Kang. 2009. Resistance of Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) to environmental stresses. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107:1606–1614.
  • Edelson-Mammel, S.G., M.K. Porteus and R.L. Buchanan. 2005. Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii in a dehydrated powdered infant formula. J. Food Protect. 68(9): 1900-1902.
  • Edelson-Mammel, S., M. Porteous and R. Buchanan. 2006. Acid resistance of twelve strains of Enterobacter sakazakii and the impact of habituating the cells to an acidic environment. J. Food Sci. 71: 201–207.
  • Fang, R., Q. Wang, B. Yang, J. Zhang, B. Cao, W. Geng, X. Feng, J. Yang and W. Ge. 2015. Prevalence and subtyping of Cronobacter species in goat milk powder factories in Shaanxi province, China. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(11): 7552-7559.
  • Fiore, A., M. Casale and P. Aureli. 2008. Enterobacter sakazakii: epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention and control. Ann. Ist. Super Sanità. 44( 3): 275-280.
  • Forsythe, S.J., B. Dickins and K.A. Jolley. 2014. Cronobacter, the emergent bacterial pathogen Enterobacter sakazakii comes of age; MLST and whole genome sequence analysis. BMC Genomics. 15:11-21.
  • Fu, S., J. Gao, Y. Liu and H. Chen. 2011. Isolation of Cronobacter spp. isolates from infant formulas and their survival in the production process of infant formula. Czech. J. Food Sci. 29: 391-399.
  • Gitapratiwi, D., R. Dewanti-Hariyadi and S.H. Hidayat. 2012. Genetic relatedness of Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) isolated from dried food products in Indonesia. International Food Research Journal, 19: 1745-1749.
  • Grimm, M., R. Stephan, C. Iversen, G.G.G. Manzardo, T. Rattei, K. Riedel, A. Ruepp and D. Frishman. 2008. Cellulose as an extracellular matrix component present in Enterobacter sakazakii biofilms. J. Food Prot. 71: 13–18.
  • Hu, L., C.J. Grim, A.A. Franco, K.G. Jarvis, V. Sathyamoorthy, M.H. Kothary, B.A. McCardell and B.D. Tall. 2015. Analysis of the cellulose synthase operon genes, bcsA, bcsB, and bcsC in Cronobacter species: Prevalence among species and their roles in biofilm formation and cell–cell aggregation. Food Microbiology, 52: 97-105.
  • Huertas, J.P., M. Ros, M. Esteban, A. Palop, C. Hill and A. Alvarez. 2014. Determination of genes involved in heat resistance response of Cronobacter sakazakii. III Workshop en Investigación Agroalimentaria – WiA3.14. Cartagena, 12‐13 de mayo de 2014.
  • Hunter, C.J. and J.F. Bean. 2013. Cronobacter: an emerging opportunistic pathogen associated with neonatal meningitis, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Perinatol. 33:581–585.
  • Iversen, C. and S. Forsythe. 2003. Risk profile of Enterobacter sakazakii, an emergent pathogen associated with infant milk formula. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 14:443–454.
  • Iversen, C., M. Lane and S. Forsythe. 2004a. The growth profile, thermotolerance and biofilm formation of Enterobacter sakazakii grown in infant formula milk. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 38:378-382.
  • Iversen, C., P. Druggan and S. Forsythe. 2004b. A selective differential medium for Enterobacter sakazakii. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 96: 133-139.
  • Iversen, C., A. Lehner, N. Mullane, E. Bidlas, I. Cleenwerck, J. Marugg, S. Fanning, R. Stephan and H. Joosten. 2007. The taxonomy of Enterobacter sakazakii: proposal of a new genus Cronobacter gen. nov. and descriptions of Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov. and Cronobacter genomospecies 1. BMC Evol. Biol. 7:64.
  • Iversen, C., N. Mullane, B. Mccardel, B.D. Tall, A. Lehner, S. Fanning, R. Stephan and H. Joosten. 2008. Cronobacter gen. nov., a new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii, and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov., comb. nov., Cronobacter malonaticus sp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov.,Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lausannnensis subsp. nov. and Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lactaridi subsp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Micr. 58: 1442-1447.
  • Fakruddin, M., M.M. Rahaman, M.M. Ahmed and M.M. Hoque. 2014. Stress tolerant virulent strains of Cronobacter sakazakii from food. Biological Research, 47:63.
  • Jaradat, Z.W., W. Al Mousa, A. Elbetieha, A. Al Nabulsi and B.D. Tall. 2014. Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 63: 1023–1037.
  • Joseph, S., E. Çetinkaya, H. Drahovska, A. Levican, M.J. Figueras and S.J. Forsythe. 2012. Cronobacter condimenti sp. nov., isolated from spiced meat and Cronobacter universalis sp. nov., a novel species designation for Cronobacter sp. genomospecies 1, recovered from a leg infection, water, and food ingredients. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 62:1277–1283.
  • Kim, H., J.H. Ryu and L.R. Beuchat. 2006. Attachment of and biofilm formation by Enterobacter sakazakii on stainless steel and enteral feeding tubes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5846–5856.
  • Lehner, A., K. Riedel, L. Eberl, P. Breeuwer, B. Diep and R. Stephan. 2005. Biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharide production and cell-to-cell signalling in various Enterobacter sakazakii strains: aspects promoting environmental stress persistence. J. Food Prot. 68: 2287–2294.
  • Oh, S.W. and D.H. Kang. 2004. Fluorogenic selective and differential medium for isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:5692-5694.
  • Park, S.Y., M. F. R. Mizan and S.D. Ha. 2016. Inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in head lettuce by using a combination of ultrasound and sodium hypochlorite. Food Control, 60: 582-587.
  • Parra-Flores, J., A. Rodriguez, F. Riffo, S.M. Arvizu-Medrano, E.V. Arias-Rios and J. Aguirre. 2015. Investigation on the factors affecting Cronobacter sakazakii contamination levels in reconstituted powdered infant formula. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 3:72.
  • Ravisankar, S., S.S. Syed, P. Garg, J. Higginson. 2014. Is Cronobacter sakazakii infection possible in an exclusively breastfed premature neonate in the neonatal intensive care unit? Journal of Perinatology, 34:408-409.
  • Reich, F., R. König, W. Von Wiese and G. Klein. 2010. Prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in a powdered infant formula processing environment. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 140(2): 214-217.
  • Restaino, L., EW. Frampton, W.C. Lionberg and R.J. Becker. 2006. A Chromogenic plating medium for the isolation and identification of Enterobacter sakazakii from foods, food ingredients and environmental sources. J. Food Protect. 69:315-322.
  • Shaker, R., T. Osaili, W. Al-Omary, Z. Jaradat and M. Al-Zuby. 2007. Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacter sp. from food and food production environments. Food Control, 18 :1241–1245.
  • Toğay, S.Ö., U. Bağcı ve A. Şener. Enterobacter sakazakii ve Gıda Endüstrisindeki Önemi. Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
  • Urmenyi, A.M.C. and A.W. Franklin. 1961. Neonatal death frompigmented coliform infection. Lancet. 11: 313–315.

Year 2016, Volume: 30 Issue: 2, 91 - 100, 05.12.2016

Esra Doğangün Vildan Uylaşer

Abstract

References

  • Al-Nabulsi, A.A., T.M. Osaili, N.A. Elabedeen, Z.W. Jaradat, R.R. Shaker, K.A. Kheirallah, Y.H. Tarazi and R.A. Holley. 2011. Impact of environmental stress desiccation, acidity, alkalinity, heat or cold on antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter sakazakii. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 146:137–143.
  • Anonim 2002. FDA. Isolation and enumeration of Enterobacter sakazakii from dehydrated powdered infant formula. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/ucm114665.htm. July 2002, Revised August 2002 (Erişim Tarihi:01.06.2015)
  • Anonim 2003. ADA. Guidelines for preparation of formula and breastmilk in health care facilities. Pediatric practice group of the American Dietetic Association.
  • Anonim 2004. WHO/FAO. Enterobacter sakazakii and other microorganisms in powdered infant formula: Meeting report. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series 6. World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization . Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Anonim 2008. WHO/FAO. Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) in powdered follow-up formula:Meeting report. Microbiologıcal Risk Assessment Series 15. World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Anonim 2011. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler Yönetmeliği- T.C. Resmi Gazete 29.12.2011 Sayı: 28157. Ankara.
  • Arsalan, A., Z. Anwar, I. Ahmad, Z. Shad and Z. Ahmed. 2013. Cronobacter Sakazakii: An Emerging Contaminant in Pediatric İnfant Formula. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 4(4):17-22.
  • Beuchat, L.R., H. Kim, J.B. Gurtler, L.C. Lin, J.H. Ryu and G.M. Richards. 2009. Cronobacter sakazakii in foods and factors affecting its survival, growth, and inactivation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 136:204–213.
  • Bowen, A.B. and C.R. Braden. 2006. Invasive Enterobacter sakazakii disease in infants. Emerg. Infect Dis. 12: 1185–1189.
  • Chenu, J.W. and J.M. Cox. 2009. Cronobacter (‘Enterobacter sakazakii’): current status and future prospects. The Society for Applied Microbiology, Letters in Applied Microbiology, 49:153–159.
  • Craven, H. M., C.M. McAuley, L.L. Duffy and N. Fegan. 2010. Distribution, prevalence and persistence of Cronobacter (Enterobacter sakazakii) in the nonprocessing and processing environments of five milk powder factories. Journal of applied microbiology, 109(3):1044-1052.
  • Çetinkaya, E. 2011. Gıdalardan İzole Edilen Enterobacter Sp. ve Cronobacter sakazakii Suşlarının Biyokimyasal ve Moleküler Yöntemlerle Tanımlanması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Gıda Mühendisliği Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Dancer, G.I., J.H. Mah, M.S. Rhee, I.S. Hwang and D.H. Kang. 2009. Resistance of Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) to environmental stresses. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107:1606–1614.
  • Edelson-Mammel, S.G., M.K. Porteus and R.L. Buchanan. 2005. Survival of Enterobacter sakazakii in a dehydrated powdered infant formula. J. Food Protect. 68(9): 1900-1902.
  • Edelson-Mammel, S., M. Porteous and R. Buchanan. 2006. Acid resistance of twelve strains of Enterobacter sakazakii and the impact of habituating the cells to an acidic environment. J. Food Sci. 71: 201–207.
  • Fang, R., Q. Wang, B. Yang, J. Zhang, B. Cao, W. Geng, X. Feng, J. Yang and W. Ge. 2015. Prevalence and subtyping of Cronobacter species in goat milk powder factories in Shaanxi province, China. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(11): 7552-7559.
  • Fiore, A., M. Casale and P. Aureli. 2008. Enterobacter sakazakii: epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention and control. Ann. Ist. Super Sanità. 44( 3): 275-280.
  • Forsythe, S.J., B. Dickins and K.A. Jolley. 2014. Cronobacter, the emergent bacterial pathogen Enterobacter sakazakii comes of age; MLST and whole genome sequence analysis. BMC Genomics. 15:11-21.
  • Fu, S., J. Gao, Y. Liu and H. Chen. 2011. Isolation of Cronobacter spp. isolates from infant formulas and their survival in the production process of infant formula. Czech. J. Food Sci. 29: 391-399.
  • Gitapratiwi, D., R. Dewanti-Hariyadi and S.H. Hidayat. 2012. Genetic relatedness of Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) isolated from dried food products in Indonesia. International Food Research Journal, 19: 1745-1749.
  • Grimm, M., R. Stephan, C. Iversen, G.G.G. Manzardo, T. Rattei, K. Riedel, A. Ruepp and D. Frishman. 2008. Cellulose as an extracellular matrix component present in Enterobacter sakazakii biofilms. J. Food Prot. 71: 13–18.
  • Hu, L., C.J. Grim, A.A. Franco, K.G. Jarvis, V. Sathyamoorthy, M.H. Kothary, B.A. McCardell and B.D. Tall. 2015. Analysis of the cellulose synthase operon genes, bcsA, bcsB, and bcsC in Cronobacter species: Prevalence among species and their roles in biofilm formation and cell–cell aggregation. Food Microbiology, 52: 97-105.
  • Huertas, J.P., M. Ros, M. Esteban, A. Palop, C. Hill and A. Alvarez. 2014. Determination of genes involved in heat resistance response of Cronobacter sakazakii. III Workshop en Investigación Agroalimentaria – WiA3.14. Cartagena, 12‐13 de mayo de 2014.
  • Hunter, C.J. and J.F. Bean. 2013. Cronobacter: an emerging opportunistic pathogen associated with neonatal meningitis, sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. J. Perinatol. 33:581–585.
  • Iversen, C. and S. Forsythe. 2003. Risk profile of Enterobacter sakazakii, an emergent pathogen associated with infant milk formula. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 14:443–454.
  • Iversen, C., M. Lane and S. Forsythe. 2004a. The growth profile, thermotolerance and biofilm formation of Enterobacter sakazakii grown in infant formula milk. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 38:378-382.
  • Iversen, C., P. Druggan and S. Forsythe. 2004b. A selective differential medium for Enterobacter sakazakii. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 96: 133-139.
  • Iversen, C., A. Lehner, N. Mullane, E. Bidlas, I. Cleenwerck, J. Marugg, S. Fanning, R. Stephan and H. Joosten. 2007. The taxonomy of Enterobacter sakazakii: proposal of a new genus Cronobacter gen. nov. and descriptions of Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov. and Cronobacter genomospecies 1. BMC Evol. Biol. 7:64.
  • Iversen, C., N. Mullane, B. Mccardel, B.D. Tall, A. Lehner, S. Fanning, R. Stephan and H. Joosten. 2008. Cronobacter gen. nov., a new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii, and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov., comb. nov., Cronobacter malonaticus sp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov.,Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lausannnensis subsp. nov. and Cronobacter dublinensis subsp. lactaridi subsp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Micr. 58: 1442-1447.
  • Fakruddin, M., M.M. Rahaman, M.M. Ahmed and M.M. Hoque. 2014. Stress tolerant virulent strains of Cronobacter sakazakii from food. Biological Research, 47:63.
  • Jaradat, Z.W., W. Al Mousa, A. Elbetieha, A. Al Nabulsi and B.D. Tall. 2014. Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 63: 1023–1037.
  • Joseph, S., E. Çetinkaya, H. Drahovska, A. Levican, M.J. Figueras and S.J. Forsythe. 2012. Cronobacter condimenti sp. nov., isolated from spiced meat and Cronobacter universalis sp. nov., a novel species designation for Cronobacter sp. genomospecies 1, recovered from a leg infection, water, and food ingredients. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 62:1277–1283.
  • Kim, H., J.H. Ryu and L.R. Beuchat. 2006. Attachment of and biofilm formation by Enterobacter sakazakii on stainless steel and enteral feeding tubes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5846–5856.
  • Lehner, A., K. Riedel, L. Eberl, P. Breeuwer, B. Diep and R. Stephan. 2005. Biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharide production and cell-to-cell signalling in various Enterobacter sakazakii strains: aspects promoting environmental stress persistence. J. Food Prot. 68: 2287–2294.
  • Oh, S.W. and D.H. Kang. 2004. Fluorogenic selective and differential medium for isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:5692-5694.
  • Park, S.Y., M. F. R. Mizan and S.D. Ha. 2016. Inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in head lettuce by using a combination of ultrasound and sodium hypochlorite. Food Control, 60: 582-587.
  • Parra-Flores, J., A. Rodriguez, F. Riffo, S.M. Arvizu-Medrano, E.V. Arias-Rios and J. Aguirre. 2015. Investigation on the factors affecting Cronobacter sakazakii contamination levels in reconstituted powdered infant formula. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 3:72.
  • Ravisankar, S., S.S. Syed, P. Garg, J. Higginson. 2014. Is Cronobacter sakazakii infection possible in an exclusively breastfed premature neonate in the neonatal intensive care unit? Journal of Perinatology, 34:408-409.
  • Reich, F., R. König, W. Von Wiese and G. Klein. 2010. Prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in a powdered infant formula processing environment. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 140(2): 214-217.
  • Restaino, L., EW. Frampton, W.C. Lionberg and R.J. Becker. 2006. A Chromogenic plating medium for the isolation and identification of Enterobacter sakazakii from foods, food ingredients and environmental sources. J. Food Protect. 69:315-322.
  • Shaker, R., T. Osaili, W. Al-Omary, Z. Jaradat and M. Al-Zuby. 2007. Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacter sp. from food and food production environments. Food Control, 18 :1241–1245.
  • Toğay, S.Ö., U. Bağcı ve A. Şener. Enterobacter sakazakii ve Gıda Endüstrisindeki Önemi. Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
  • Urmenyi, A.M.C. and A.W. Franklin. 1961. Neonatal death frompigmented coliform infection. Lancet. 11: 313–315.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Esra Doğangün This is me

Vildan Uylaşer

Publication Date December 5, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 30 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Doğangün, E., & Uylaşer, V. (2016). Cronobacter sakazakii’nin Gıda Güvenliği Açısından Önemi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2), 91-100.
AMA Doğangün E, Uylaşer V. Cronobacter sakazakii’nin Gıda Güvenliği Açısından Önemi. Uludag Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. December 2016;30(2):91-100.
Chicago Doğangün, Esra, and Vildan Uylaşer. “Cronobacter sakazakii’nin Gıda Güvenliği Açısından Önemi”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 30, no. 2 (December 2016): 91-100.
EndNote Doğangün E, Uylaşer V (December 1, 2016) Cronobacter sakazakii’nin Gıda Güvenliği Açısından Önemi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 30 2 91–100.
IEEE E. Doğangün and V. Uylaşer, “Cronobacter sakazakii’nin Gıda Güvenliği Açısından Önemi”, Uludag Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 91–100, 2016.
ISNAD Doğangün, Esra - Uylaşer, Vildan. “Cronobacter sakazakii’nin Gıda Güvenliği Açısından Önemi”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 30/2 (December 2016), 91-100.
JAMA Doğangün E, Uylaşer V. Cronobacter sakazakii’nin Gıda Güvenliği Açısından Önemi. Uludag Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 2016;30:91–100.
MLA Doğangün, Esra and Vildan Uylaşer. “Cronobacter sakazakii’nin Gıda Güvenliği Açısından Önemi”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 2, 2016, pp. 91-100.
Vancouver Doğangün E, Uylaşer V. Cronobacter sakazakii’nin Gıda Güvenliği Açısından Önemi. Uludag Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 2016;30(2):91-100.