Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 7, 1 - 25, 14.01.2020
Kasım Akbaş
,
İlker Gökhan Şen
Kaynakça
- Adler (2012), M. D. “Interpretive Contestation and Legal Correctness”, William and Mary Law Review, 53/4: 1115-1136.
- Akbaş (2006), Kasım. Hukukun Büyübozumu. İstanbul: Legal Yayıncılık.
- Alexander, R. S. (1999). Dueling Views Of Statutory Interpretation And The Canon Of Constitutional Doubt: Almendarez-Torres V. United States, 118 s. ct. 1219 (1998) . University of Dayton Law Review, 24 (2).
- Ataman (2009), Hakan and Orhan Kemal Cengiz. Türkiye'de Nefret Suçları. Ankara: İnsan Hakları Gündemi Derneği.
- Cantegreil (2008), J. “Legal Formalism Meets Policy-Oriented Jurisprudence: A More European Approach to Frame the War on Terror”, Maine Law Review, 60/1: 97-127.
- Cerna (1994), Christina M. “Universality of Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: Implementation of Human Rights in Different Socio-Cultural Contexts” Human Rights Quarterly, 16/4: 740-752.
- Chapman (2011), Audrey R. and Benjamin Carbonetti. “Human Rights Protections for Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups: The Contributions of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, 33: 682-732.
- Chiassoni, P. (2005, June). “Jurisprudence in the Snare of Vagueness”, Ratio Juris, 18/2: 58-270.Coleman (1993), J. L., & Leitter, B. “Determinacy, Objectivity, and Authority”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 142: 549-635.
- Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/(accessed 10 2011, 15).
- Cram, I. (2006). Contested Words: Legal Restrictions on Freedom of Speech in Liberal Democracies. London: Ashgate Publishing.
- Cross, F. B., & Lindquist, S. A. (2007). “The Scientific Study of Judicial Activism.” Minnesota Law Review , 91, pp. 1752-1784.
- Demir (2007), Gökhan Yavuz. Dilin Belirsizliği, İstanbul: Paradigma Yayıncılık.
- Donnelly (2007), Jack. “The Relative Universality of Human Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, 29: 281-306.
- Dorf (2003), M. “Legal Indeterminacy and Institutional Design”. New York University Law Review, 78/3: 875-981.
- Dyzenhaus (1997), David. Legality and legitimacy: Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller in Weimar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Eco (2008), Umberto. “Metinleri Aşırı Yorumlama”, in Yorum Aşırı Yorum, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, pp. 59-82.
- Eco (2008), Umberto. “Yorum ve Tarih”, in Yorum Aşırı Yorum, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, pp. 36-58.
- ECRI Report on Turkey (Fourth Monitoring Cycle). http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_04/04_CbC_eng/TUR-CbC-IV-2011-005-ENG.pdf (accessed 10 2011, 20).
- Epstein (1995), R. A. “Some Doubts on Constitutional Indeterminacy”, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 19/2: 363-373.
- Gelber (2002), K. Speaking Back. The free speech versus hate speech debate. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company .
- Göktaş (2010), Kemal. “Medyanın Hrant Dink’i Hedef Haline Getirmesi”, in Nefret Suçları ve Nefret Söylemi, İstanbul: Uluslararası Hrant Dink Vakfı Yayınları, pp. 85-96.
- Goodhart (2003), Michael. “Origins and Universality in the Human Rights Debates: Cultural Essentialism and the Challenge of Globalization”, Human Rights Quarterly, 25: 935-964.
- Garry, P. M. (2009). Liberty Through Limits: The Bill of Rights as Limited Government Provisions. SMU Law Review , 62, pp. 1745-1782.
- Greenawalt (1990), K. “How Law Can be Determinate”, Ucla Law Review, 38: 1-86.Hart (1958), HLA. “Positivism and The Seperation of Law and Morals”, Harvard Law Review, 71/4: 593-629.
- Henkin (1989), Louis. “The Universality of the Concept of Human Rights” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 506: 10-16.
- Heyman, S. J. (2008). Free Speech and Human Dignity. New Haven: Yale University Press .
- Hutchinson (1984), Allan and C Patrick J. Monahan. “Law, Politics, and the Critical Legal Scholars: The Unfolding Drama of American Legal Thought”, Stanford Law Review, 36: 199-245.
- Ignatieff (2001), Michael. “The Attack on Human Rights”, Foreign Aff., 80/6: 102-116.
- Kairys (1983-1984), David. “Law and Politics”, The George Washington Law Review, 52: 243-262.
- Karan (2010), Ulaş. “Nefret Söylemi”, http://www.umut.org.tr/public/printpage.aspx?id=20833 (accessed 11 2011, 15).
- Kelsen (1960), Hans. “What Is the Pure Theory of Law?”, Tulane Law Review, 34: 269-276.
- Kelsen (1999), Hans. General Theory of Law and State. Translated by Anders Wedberg. Union, N.J: Lawbook Exchange.
- Kress, K. (1989). Legal Indeterminacy. California Law Review , 7 (2), pp. 283-337.
- Lawson, G. (1995). Legal Indeterminacy: Its Cause and Cure . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy , 19 (2), pp. 411-428.
- Leiter, B. (1997). Rethinking Legal Realism: Toward a Naturalized Jurisprudence, Texas Law Review, 76 (2).
- Oetheimer (2009), Mario. “Protecting Freedom of Expression:lllll The Challenge of Hate Speech in the European Court of Human Rights Case Law”, Cardozo J. Int'l & Comp. L., 17: 427-443.
- Özkök (2002), Gülriz. “Hukukî Belirsizlik Problemi Üzerine”, AÜHFD, 51/2: 1-19.Perry (1995), M. J. “Normative Indeterminacy and the Problem of Judical Role”, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 19/2: 375-390.
- Rorty (2008), Richard. “Pragmatistin Yolculuğu”, in Yorum Aşırı Yorum, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, pp. 107-128.
- Sancar (2009), Mithat and Eylem Ümit Atılgan. “Adalet Biraz Es Geçiliyor...” Demokratikleşme Sürecinde Hakimler ve Savcılar. İstanbul: Tesev.
- Sen (2004), Amartya. “Elements of a Theory of Human Rights”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 32/ 4: 315-356.
- Solum (1987), L. B. “On the Indeterminacy Crisis: Critiquing Critical Dogma”, The University of Chicago Law Review, 54/2: 462-503.
- Tharoor (1999), Shashi. “Are Human Rights Universal ?”, World Policy Journal, 199: 1-6.
- Tushnet (1996), M. “Defending the Indeterminacy Thesis”, Quinnipiac Law Review, 16: 339-356.
- Unger (1982-1983), Roberto Mangabeira. “The Critical Legal Studies Movement”, Harvard Law Review, 96: 561-675.
- Waldron (1994), J. “Vagueness in Law and Language: Some Philosophical Issues”, California Law Review, 82: 509-539.
- Wilfrid (1966), E. Rumble Jr. “Rule-Scepticism and the Role of the Judge: A Study of American Legal Realism” Journal of Public Law (Emory Law School), 15: 251-285.
- Witte (2009), John Jr. and M. Christian Green. “Religious Freedom, Democracy, and International Human Rights”, Emory International Law Review, 23: 583-608.
- Wolfson (1997), N. Hate Speech, Sex Speech, Free Speech. Westport: Greenwood Press .Written replies by the Government of Turkey to the list of issues to be taken up by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in its consideration of the third periodic report of Turkey (CERD/C/TUR/3), http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/AdvanceVersions/WrittenReplieTurkey74.pdf (accessed 11 2011, 15).
- Zeigler, D. H. (2001). Rights, Rights of Action, and Remedies: An Integrated Approach . Washington Law Review , pp. 67-147.
How Did a Safeguard for Disadvantaged Groups Turn Into the Weapon of Oppression?: Normative Distortion of the article 216 of the Turkish Penal Code
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 7, 1 - 25, 14.01.2020
Kasım Akbaş
,
İlker Gökhan Şen
Öz
This study
deals with the fallacious use of the Article 216 of the Turkish Penal Code.
This norm, which was created to protect vulnerable and disadvantaged groups in
a society, has turned into a legal tool to oppress those who should be under
protection. An examination to the causes of this situation calls for a holistic
reflection on diverse subjects such as; the universalist-cultural relativist
controversy on human rights, concepts of indeterminacy of norms and hate speech
in international and domestic law. The status of freedom of speech in terms of
the said article will be tackled at the end of this study, which will lead to a
relatively new concept: the normative distortion.
Kaynakça
- Adler (2012), M. D. “Interpretive Contestation and Legal Correctness”, William and Mary Law Review, 53/4: 1115-1136.
- Akbaş (2006), Kasım. Hukukun Büyübozumu. İstanbul: Legal Yayıncılık.
- Alexander, R. S. (1999). Dueling Views Of Statutory Interpretation And The Canon Of Constitutional Doubt: Almendarez-Torres V. United States, 118 s. ct. 1219 (1998) . University of Dayton Law Review, 24 (2).
- Ataman (2009), Hakan and Orhan Kemal Cengiz. Türkiye'de Nefret Suçları. Ankara: İnsan Hakları Gündemi Derneği.
- Cantegreil (2008), J. “Legal Formalism Meets Policy-Oriented Jurisprudence: A More European Approach to Frame the War on Terror”, Maine Law Review, 60/1: 97-127.
- Cerna (1994), Christina M. “Universality of Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: Implementation of Human Rights in Different Socio-Cultural Contexts” Human Rights Quarterly, 16/4: 740-752.
- Chapman (2011), Audrey R. and Benjamin Carbonetti. “Human Rights Protections for Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups: The Contributions of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, 33: 682-732.
- Chiassoni, P. (2005, June). “Jurisprudence in the Snare of Vagueness”, Ratio Juris, 18/2: 58-270.Coleman (1993), J. L., & Leitter, B. “Determinacy, Objectivity, and Authority”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 142: 549-635.
- Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/(accessed 10 2011, 15).
- Cram, I. (2006). Contested Words: Legal Restrictions on Freedom of Speech in Liberal Democracies. London: Ashgate Publishing.
- Cross, F. B., & Lindquist, S. A. (2007). “The Scientific Study of Judicial Activism.” Minnesota Law Review , 91, pp. 1752-1784.
- Demir (2007), Gökhan Yavuz. Dilin Belirsizliği, İstanbul: Paradigma Yayıncılık.
- Donnelly (2007), Jack. “The Relative Universality of Human Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, 29: 281-306.
- Dorf (2003), M. “Legal Indeterminacy and Institutional Design”. New York University Law Review, 78/3: 875-981.
- Dyzenhaus (1997), David. Legality and legitimacy: Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller in Weimar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Eco (2008), Umberto. “Metinleri Aşırı Yorumlama”, in Yorum Aşırı Yorum, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, pp. 59-82.
- Eco (2008), Umberto. “Yorum ve Tarih”, in Yorum Aşırı Yorum, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, pp. 36-58.
- ECRI Report on Turkey (Fourth Monitoring Cycle). http://hudoc.ecri.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_04/04_CbC_eng/TUR-CbC-IV-2011-005-ENG.pdf (accessed 10 2011, 20).
- Epstein (1995), R. A. “Some Doubts on Constitutional Indeterminacy”, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 19/2: 363-373.
- Gelber (2002), K. Speaking Back. The free speech versus hate speech debate. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company .
- Göktaş (2010), Kemal. “Medyanın Hrant Dink’i Hedef Haline Getirmesi”, in Nefret Suçları ve Nefret Söylemi, İstanbul: Uluslararası Hrant Dink Vakfı Yayınları, pp. 85-96.
- Goodhart (2003), Michael. “Origins and Universality in the Human Rights Debates: Cultural Essentialism and the Challenge of Globalization”, Human Rights Quarterly, 25: 935-964.
- Garry, P. M. (2009). Liberty Through Limits: The Bill of Rights as Limited Government Provisions. SMU Law Review , 62, pp. 1745-1782.
- Greenawalt (1990), K. “How Law Can be Determinate”, Ucla Law Review, 38: 1-86.Hart (1958), HLA. “Positivism and The Seperation of Law and Morals”, Harvard Law Review, 71/4: 593-629.
- Henkin (1989), Louis. “The Universality of the Concept of Human Rights” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 506: 10-16.
- Heyman, S. J. (2008). Free Speech and Human Dignity. New Haven: Yale University Press .
- Hutchinson (1984), Allan and C Patrick J. Monahan. “Law, Politics, and the Critical Legal Scholars: The Unfolding Drama of American Legal Thought”, Stanford Law Review, 36: 199-245.
- Ignatieff (2001), Michael. “The Attack on Human Rights”, Foreign Aff., 80/6: 102-116.
- Kairys (1983-1984), David. “Law and Politics”, The George Washington Law Review, 52: 243-262.
- Karan (2010), Ulaş. “Nefret Söylemi”, http://www.umut.org.tr/public/printpage.aspx?id=20833 (accessed 11 2011, 15).
- Kelsen (1960), Hans. “What Is the Pure Theory of Law?”, Tulane Law Review, 34: 269-276.
- Kelsen (1999), Hans. General Theory of Law and State. Translated by Anders Wedberg. Union, N.J: Lawbook Exchange.
- Kress, K. (1989). Legal Indeterminacy. California Law Review , 7 (2), pp. 283-337.
- Lawson, G. (1995). Legal Indeterminacy: Its Cause and Cure . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy , 19 (2), pp. 411-428.
- Leiter, B. (1997). Rethinking Legal Realism: Toward a Naturalized Jurisprudence, Texas Law Review, 76 (2).
- Oetheimer (2009), Mario. “Protecting Freedom of Expression:lllll The Challenge of Hate Speech in the European Court of Human Rights Case Law”, Cardozo J. Int'l & Comp. L., 17: 427-443.
- Özkök (2002), Gülriz. “Hukukî Belirsizlik Problemi Üzerine”, AÜHFD, 51/2: 1-19.Perry (1995), M. J. “Normative Indeterminacy and the Problem of Judical Role”, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 19/2: 375-390.
- Rorty (2008), Richard. “Pragmatistin Yolculuğu”, in Yorum Aşırı Yorum, İstanbul: Can Yayınları, pp. 107-128.
- Sancar (2009), Mithat and Eylem Ümit Atılgan. “Adalet Biraz Es Geçiliyor...” Demokratikleşme Sürecinde Hakimler ve Savcılar. İstanbul: Tesev.
- Sen (2004), Amartya. “Elements of a Theory of Human Rights”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 32/ 4: 315-356.
- Solum (1987), L. B. “On the Indeterminacy Crisis: Critiquing Critical Dogma”, The University of Chicago Law Review, 54/2: 462-503.
- Tharoor (1999), Shashi. “Are Human Rights Universal ?”, World Policy Journal, 199: 1-6.
- Tushnet (1996), M. “Defending the Indeterminacy Thesis”, Quinnipiac Law Review, 16: 339-356.
- Unger (1982-1983), Roberto Mangabeira. “The Critical Legal Studies Movement”, Harvard Law Review, 96: 561-675.
- Waldron (1994), J. “Vagueness in Law and Language: Some Philosophical Issues”, California Law Review, 82: 509-539.
- Wilfrid (1966), E. Rumble Jr. “Rule-Scepticism and the Role of the Judge: A Study of American Legal Realism” Journal of Public Law (Emory Law School), 15: 251-285.
- Witte (2009), John Jr. and M. Christian Green. “Religious Freedom, Democracy, and International Human Rights”, Emory International Law Review, 23: 583-608.
- Wolfson (1997), N. Hate Speech, Sex Speech, Free Speech. Westport: Greenwood Press .Written replies by the Government of Turkey to the list of issues to be taken up by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in its consideration of the third periodic report of Turkey (CERD/C/TUR/3), http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/AdvanceVersions/WrittenReplieTurkey74.pdf (accessed 11 2011, 15).
- Zeigler, D. H. (2001). Rights, Rights of Action, and Remedies: An Integrated Approach . Washington Law Review , pp. 67-147.