Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 22, 167 - 200, 11.10.2019

İnci Türkoğlu

Öz

The ancient city of Keramos (modern Ören)
is located on the north shore of the Gulf of
Gökova, formerly the Gulf of Kerameikos and
named after the city during antiquity. It was
part of ancient Caria. Keramos has not been
the scope of intensive surveys and systematic
excavations yet; however, attempts have
been made to assess the available evidence
(epigraphic and literary sources) and archaeological
remains. The coinage of the ancient
city was only partially studied by Spanu. The
recent projects of Historia Numorum Online
has compiled its pre-Roman coins and Roman
Provincial Coinage (Online) its Roman Imperial
period coins much more comprehensively.
The present study endeavours to compile civic
coinage of the city from online and printed
publications in addition to local museums of
the region. Some private collections were also
accessed. From these, conclusions have been
derived that try to cast light onto the coinage
of the ancient city. The types on the coins reveal
information on the cults of the city; yet,
there arise new questions regarding them. In
particular, the archaising deity figures attested
on the coins need to be further investigated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Keramos/Ceramus, Caria, Zeus, Apollo, Civic coinage

Kaynakça

• Ashton, R.H.J. 2006. “The Beginning of Bronze Coinage in Karia and Lykia.” NC 166: 1–14, pl. 1–5.
• Ashton, R., A. Meadows, K. Sheedy, and U. Wartenberg. 1998. “Some Greek Coins in the British Museum.” NC 158: 37–51, pl. 16.
• ATL Meritt, B.D., H.T. Wade-Gery, and M.F. McGregor. 1939–1950. The Athenian Tribute Lists. 3 Vols. Mass. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.
• Blümel, W. 1990. “Zwei neue Inschriften aus Mylasa aus der Zeit des Maussollos.” EpigAnat 16: 29–43, Tafel 12. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt.
• BMC Head, B.V. 1897. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Caria, Cos, Rhodes &c, Arnoldo Forni Editore.
• Bodrum Museum Savaş, E. 2009. Bodrum Sualtı Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde Bulunan Bodrum Yarımadası Hellenistik Dönem Kent Sikkeleri, Master’s thesis, Ankara University.
• Herodotus Godley, A.D. (trans.) 1920. Herodotus. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Hicks, E.L. 1890. “Ceramus (Kέramoς) and its Inscriptions.” JHS 11: 109–28.
• IK Keramos Varinlioğlu 1986.
• Konuk, K. 2000. “Coin Evidence for the Carian Name of Keramos.” Kadmos XXXIX: 159–64.
• LGPN Lexicon of Greek Personal Names (http://www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/) (last accessed 15 March 2019).
• LGPN Vb Balzat, J.-S., R.W.V. Catling, É. Chiricat, and F. Marchand, eds. 2014. Lexicon of Greek Personal Names Vb: Coastal Asia Minor: Caria to Cilicia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Liddell, H.G., and R. Scott. 1996. A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie, with a revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Lindgren, H.C., and F.C. Kovacs. 1985. Ancient Bronze Coins of Asia Minor and the Levant from the Lindgren Collection. California: Chrysopylon Publications.
• Meadows, A.R. 2002. “Stratonikeia in Caria: The Hellenistic City and its Coinage.” NC 162: 79–134, pl. 19–30.
• Mela Silberman, A. (text, translation and notes by) 1988. Pomponius Mela, Chorographie. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
• Mionnet III. Vol. 2 Mionnet, T.E. 1808. Description de médailles antiques, grecques et romaines. Tome III. Vol. 2. Paris.
• Mionnet Supp. VI Mionnet, T.E. 1833. Description de médailles antiques, grecques et romaines. Supp. Tome VI. Paris.
• Münsterberg, R. 1973. Die Beamtennamen auf den griechischen Münzen. Hildesheim – New York: Georg Olms Verlag.
• Pliny NH Bostock, J., and H.T. Riley (trans.) 1855. The Natural History. Pliny the Elder. London: Taylor and Francis.
• Robert, L., and P. Devambez. 1935. “Tête archaïque trouvée à Keramos.” AJA 39: 341–51.
• RPC I Burnett, A., M. Amandry, and P.P. Ripollès. 2006. Roman Provincial Coinage, vol. I, From the death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius (44 BC – AD 69), Part I: Introduction and Catalogue. London: British Museum Press and Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
• RPC III Burnett, A. and M. Amandry. 2015. Roman Provincial Coinage, vol. III, Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian (AD 96–138), Part I: Introduction and Catalogue. London: British Museum Press and Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
• RPC IV.2 https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/search/advanced/?v=4&search=Search (available only online with temporary numbers) (last accessed March 2019).
• RPC (online) http://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/ (last accessed March 2019).
• RPC Supp. https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/supp/rpc_cons_supp_1-3.pdf https://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/supp/rpc-supp-4.pdf (available only online) (last accessed March 2019).
• SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum.
• Skylax Kar. Counillon, P. 2004. Pseudo-Skylax: le Périple du Pont-Euxin, text, translation, philological commentary and history. Scripta antiqua 8. Bordeaux: Ausonius Editions (Skylax of Karyanda).
• SNG Ashmolean Ashton, R., and S. Ireland. 2013. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum UK Vol. V, Ashmolean Museum Oxford, Part IX Asia Minor, Caria to Commagene (except Cyprus). London: The British Academy.
• SNG Belgium Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Belgique. La collection de bronzes grecs de Marc Bar, 2007. Brussels: Bibliotheque royale de Belgique.
• SNG Cop Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals at the Danish National Museum, Caria, Part 1 Alabanda – Orthosia, 1947. Copenhagen: E. Munksgaard.
• SNG Finland I Westermark, U., and R. Ashton. 1994. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Finland, The Erkki Keckman Collection in the Skopbank, Helsinki Part I Karia. Helsinki.
• SNG Fitzwilliam Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum UK Vol. IV, Fitzwilliam Museum, Leake and General Collections Part VI Asia Minor-Phrygia, 1965. London: The British Academy.
• SNG Greece 5 Tsourti, E., and M.D. Trifiró. 2007. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Greece 5, Numismatic Museum Athens, The A. G. Soutzos Collection. Athens: Academy of Athens.
• SNG Kayhan Konuk, K. 2002. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Turkey I, The Muharrem Kayhan Collection. Istanbul – Bordeaux: Ausonius Publications.
• SNG Kayhan II Konuk, K., O. Tekin, and A. Erol-Özdizbay. 2015. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Turkey I, The Muharrem Kayhan Collection Part 2. Istanbul: Turkish Institute of Archaeology.
• SNG Muğla Tekin, O., and A. Erol-Özdizbay. 2012. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Turkey 8 Muğla Museum Volume 1 Caria. Istanbul: Turkish Institute of Archaeology.
• SNG München Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutschland Staatliche Münzsammlung München, 22. Heft, Karien Nr. 1–714. 2006. Munich: Hirmer Verlag.
• SNG Schweiz II Kapossy, B. 1993. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Schweiz II, Münzen der Antike, Katalog der Sammlung Jean-Pierre Righetti im Bernischen Historischen Museum. Bern – Stuttgart – Vienna: Verlag Paul Haupt.
• SNG Tire Tekin, O., S. Altınoluk, and E. Sağır. 2011. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Turkey 5 Tire Museum Volume 1 Roman Provincial Coins from Ionia, Lydia, Phrygia etc. Istanbul: Turkish Institute of Archaeology.
• SNG Tübingen Mannsperger, D. 1994. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutschland Münzsammlung der Universität Tübingen, 5. Heft, Karien und Lydien Nr. 3307 – 3886. Munich: Hirmer Verlag.
• SNG von Aulock von Aulock, H. 1962. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutschland Sammlung v. Aulock, Karien 2334 – 2867. Berlin: Verlag Gebr. Mann.
• Spanu 1997 Spanu, M. 1997. Keramos di Caria. Storia e Monumenti. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.
• Strabo Jones, H.L. ed. 1924. The Geography of Strabo. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus: text:1999.01.0198) (last accessed March 2019).
• Şahin, N. 2001. Zeus’un Anadolu Kültleri. Antalya: AKMED.
• Varinlioğlu, E. 1986. Die Inschriften von Keramos, Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 30. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt (IK Keramos).
• Weber Forrer, L. 1975. The Weber Collection, vol. III Part 1 Greek Coins Asia. New York: Attic Books Ltd.
• Winterthur Bloesch, H. 1997. Griechische Münzen in Winterthur, Textband 2. Winterthur: Münzkabinett Winterthur.
• Xenophon Hell. Brownson, C.L. vol. 1: 1918; vol. 2: 1921. Xenophon. Xenophon in Seven Volumes, 1 and 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (http://www. perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0206) (last accessed March 2019). Online Sale Catalogues and Collections
• ANS American Numismatic Society http://numismatics.org/ (last accessed March 2019).
• Aydın Museum Aydın Archaeological Museum Collection.
• BM The British Museum http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/ search.aspx (last accessed in March 2019).
• BNF Bibliothèque Nationale de France, http://gallica.bnf.fr (last accessed in March 2019).
• BPeus Dr. Busso Peus Nachfolger Auction House, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
• CGRN Collection of Greek Ritual Norms: http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/ (last accessed in March 2019).
• CNG Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. Lancaster and London. E.A.: Electronic Auction; MBS: Mail Bid Sale; Triton: printed auction.
• Fethiye Museum Fethiye Arhaeological Museum collection.
• Gemini Gemini LLC Auction house.
• GHN Gerhard Hirsch Nachfolger, Munich, Germany.
• Gorny Gorny & Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung GmbH, Munich, Germany.
• Hauck Hauck & Aufhäuser Numismatics, Munich, Germany; taken over by Künker, Osnabrück.
• HDRauch Auktionshaus H. D. Rauch GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
• HDRauch EA Auktionshaus H. D. Rauch Electronic Auction, Vienna, Austria.
• Hirsch Gerhard Hirsch, Munich, Germany.
• HNO Historia Numorum Online, http://hno.huma-num.fr/ (last accessed 15 March 2019).
• Jacquier Paul-Francis Jacquier Auction House, Kehl am Rhein, Germany.
• Kölner MK Kölner Münzkabinett, Cologne, Germany.
• Lanz Numismatik Lanz, Munich, Germany.
• Marmaris Museum Marmaris Archaeological Museum Collection.
• Milas Museum Milas Archaeological Museum Collection.
• MMD Münzen und Medaillen Deutschland, GmbH, Auction House.
• Muğla Museum Muğla Archaeological Museum Collection.
• Naumann Pecunem / Numismatik Naumann (formerly Gitbud & Naumann) Auction House.
• Naville Naville Numismatics Ltd. – Numismatica Ars Classica Ltd., London, UK.
• OGN PC OGN Numismatique Pierre Crinon Auction House.
• Roma Roma Numismatics Ltd. London, UK.
• Savoca Savoca Numismatik GmbH & Co. Auction House, Munich, Germany. OA: online auction; BA: blue auction; SA: silver auction.
• Solidus Num. MAuc. Solidus Numismatik Monthly Auction, Munich, Germany.
• Stack’s CG Stack’s Coin Galleries, New York, USA.
• Tatış Coll. Yavuz Tatış Collection, Izmir.
• VA VAuctions, service brand of VHobbies LLC.
• Vienna KHM Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum.