Araştırma Makalesi
Tıbbi Amaçlı Kullanılan Terminalia chebula ve Terminalia citrina Bitkilerinin Kurutulmuş Meyvelerinde Antiradikal, Antibakteriyel ve Mutajenik Aktivite Analizleri
Öz
Terminalia cinsi üyeleri Combretaceae familyasındandırlar. Cinse ait yaklaşık 250 tür bulunmaktadır. Bu türler içerisinde özellikle Terminalia chebula ve Terminalia citrina bazı hastalıkların önlenmesinde geleneksel olarak halk tıbbında kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’de bu bitkilerin kurutulmuş meyveleri sırasıyla kara ve sarı halile olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, aktarlarda yoğun olarak satılan ve halk tarafından çeşitli amaçlarla kullanılan T. chebula ve T. citrina bitkilerine ait kurutulmuş meyvelerde bazı biyoaktif bileşen içerikleri, antioksidan kapasite, antibakteriyel ve mutajenik aktiviteler analiz edilmiştir. Toplam fenolik madde içerikleri T. citrina’da 108.3, T. chebula’da 226.3 mg GAE/g değerlerinde, toplam flavanoid madde içerikleri ise T. chebula’da 40.7, T. citrina’da 55.9 mg QE/g değerlerinde tespit edilmiştir. Antioksidan aktivite analizleri üç farklı metoda göre (ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) ve FRAP (Demir iyonu indirgeyici antioksidan güç)) yapılmıştır. Her üç metoda göre de T. chebula örneklerinin
T. citrina örneklerine göre daha yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. T. citrina ve T. chebula’nın metanol ekstraklarının test bakterilerine karşı oldukça iyi seviyede antibakteriyel etki gösterdiği, her iki ekstrakta karşı ise en duyarlı bakterinin Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kuru meyve ekstraktlarının farklı dört dozu (12.5, 25, 50 ve 100 µl/plak) mutajenite deneylerinde kullanılmıştır. TA 98 ve TA 100 suşları üzerine her iki örnek ekstraktının en yüksek dozları ile TA 100 suşu üzerinde denenen T. citrina ekstraktının 50 µl/plak dozları sitotoksik olarak tespit edilmiştir. T. chebula ve T. citrina ekstraktlarının Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 suşu üzerine etkisi her iki örneğin 50 µl/plak dozlarında çözücü kontrole göre istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
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Proje Numarası
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Teşekkür
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Kaynakça
- Aneja KR, Joshi R (2009) Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against dental caries pathogens. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2(3): 105-111.
- Bakhshi D, Arakawa O (2006) Effects of UV-b irradiation on phenolic compound accumulation and antioxidant activity in ‘Jonathan’ apple influenced by bagging, temperature and maturation. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 4 (1): 75-79.
- Barazani VO, Sathiyomoorthy P, Shalev R, Vardy D, Golan GA (2003) Screening of South-Indian medicinal plants for anti-fungal activity. Phytotheraphy Research 17(9): 1123-1125.
- Benzie IFF, Strain JJ (1996) The ferric reducing Ability of plasma (FRAB) as a measure of “Antioxidant power”: The FRAB assay. Analytical Biochemistry 239: 70-76.
- Burapadaja S, Bunchoo A (1995) Antimicrobial activity of tannins from Terminalia citrina. Planta Medica 61(4): 365-366.
- Cai YZ, Sun M, Corke H (2003) Antioxidant activity of betalains from plants of the Amaranthaceae. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 2288-2294.
- Castrejón ADR, Eichholz I, Rohn S, Kroh LW, Huyskens-Keil S (2008) Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) during fruit maturation and ripening. Food Chemistry 109: 564–572.
- Chattopadhyay RR, Bhattacharyya SK (2007) Plant Review Terminalia chebula. Pharmacognosy Review 23: 145-150.
- Cheng HW, Lin TC, Yu KH, Yang CM, Lin CC (2003) Antioxidant and free radical Scavenging activities of Terminalia chebula. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 26(9): 1331-1335.
- Choy WN 2001) Genetic toxicology and cancer risk assessment. Marcel Dekker, New York, 29-187.
- Çağlar MY, Demirci M (2017) Üzümsü Meyvelerde Bulunan Fenolik Bileşikler ve Beslenmedeki Önemi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 7(11): 18-26.
- Das N, Goshwami D, Hasan MS, Al Mahmud Z, Raihan SZ (2016) Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Terminalia citrina Leaves. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 10: 8-15.
- Duncan DB (1955) Multiplerange and multiple F Tests. Biometrics 11: 1-14.
- Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, Oxidative stress and biology of ageing. Nature 239-247.
- Hajra PK, Rao PSN, Mudgal V (1999) Flora of Andaman–Nicobar Islands, Vol-I, Ranunculaceae to Combretaceae, Botanical Survey of India, 480.
- Halliwell B (2000) A super way to kill cancer cells? Nature Medicine 6(10): 1105-1106.
- Tachakittirungrod S, Okonogi S, Chowwanapoonpohn S (2007) Study on antioxidant activity of certain plants in Thailand: Mechanism of antioxidant action of guava leaf extract. Food Chemistry 103(2): 381-388.
- Hazra B, Sarkar R, Biswas S, Mandal N (2010) Comparative study of the antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenging properties in the extracts of the fruits of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and Emblica officinalis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10: 20.
- Jin Y, Cui X, Singh UP, Chumanevich AA, Harmon B, Cavicchia P, Hofseth AB, Kotakadi V, Stroud B, Volate SR, Hurley TG, Hebert JR, Hofseth LJ (2010) Systemic inflammatory load in human sissuppressed by consumption of two formulations of dried, encapsulated juice concentrate. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 54(10): 1506-1514.
- Khan KH, Jain SK (2009) Regular intake of Terminalia chebula can reduce the risk of getting typhoid fever. Advanced Biotech 8(9): 10-15.
- Khan KH (2009) The effect of regular intake of Terminalia chebula on oxidative stress in mice originated from Salmonella typhimurium. EurAsia Journal of BioScience 3: 113-121.
- Kim HG, Cho HG, Jeong EY, Lim JH, Lee SH, Lee HS (2006) Growth inhibiting activity of active component isolated from Terminalia chebula fruits against intestinal bacteria. Journal of Food Protection 69(9): 2205-2209.
- Mahesh R, Ramesh T, Nagulendran KR, Velavan S, Hazeena BV (2007) Effect of Terminalia chebula on Monoamine Oxidase and Antioxidant enzyme activities in aged rat brain. Pharmacognosy Magazine 3: 12-16.
- Malekzadeh F, Ehsanifar H, Shahamat M, Levin M, Colwell RR (2001) Antibacterial activity of black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz) against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 18: 85-88.
- Kumar M, Agarwal RC, Dey S, Rai VK, Johnson B (2009) Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Extract Of Terminalia Chebula Retz. on Gram positive and Gram negative Microorganisms. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 1(1): 56-60.
- Maron DM, Ames BN (1983) Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutation Research 113: 173-215.
- Mensor LL, Menezes FS, Leitao GG (2001) Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytotheraphy Research 15: 127-130.
- Murthy KB, Nammi S, Kota MK, Krishna Rao RV, Koteswara Rao N, Annapurna A (2004) Evaluation of hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects of Datura metel (Linn.) seeds in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 9(1): 95-98.
- Muhammad S, Khan BA, Akhtar N, Mahmood T, Rasul A, Hussain I, Khan H, Badshah A (2012) The morphology, extractions, chemical constituents and uses of Terminalia chebula: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6(33): 4772-4775.
- Pfundstein B, El Desouky SK, Hull WE, Haubner R, Erben G, Owen RW (2010) Polyphenolic compounds in the fruits of Egyptian medicinal plants (Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia horrida): characterization, quantitation and determination of antioxidant capacities. Phytochemistry 71: 1132-1148.
- Quettier-Deleu C, Gressier B, Vasseur J, Dine T, Brunet J, Luyck M, Cazin M, Cazin JC, Bailleul F, Trotin F (2000) Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72: 35-40.
- Rauha JP, Remes S, Heinonen M, Hopia A, Kahkonen M, Kujala T, Pihlaja K, Vuorela P (2000) Antimicrobial Effects of Finnish Plant Extracts Containing Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds. International Journal of Food Microbiology 56: 3-12.
- Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 26(9/10): 1231-1237.
- Saha S, Verma RJ (2016) Antioxidant activity of polyphenolic extract of Terminalia chebula Retzius fruits. Journal of Taibah University for Science 10(6): 805-812.
- Saleem A, Husheem M, Harkonen P, Pihlaja K (2002) Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz fruit. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81(3): 327-336.
- Naqvi HR, Asif M, Rehman AB, Ahmad M (2010) Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of Terminalia chebula Retz. Pakistan journal of Pharmacology 27(1): 29-35.
- Sharma K, Thakur S, Sharma S, Sharma SD (2012) A New Record on Flowering in Harar (Terminalia chebula Retz.) Seedling. American Journal of Plant Sciences 3: 693-695.
- Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM (1999) Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology 299: 152-178.
- Srivastava P, Raut HN, Wagh RS, Puntambekar HM, Kulkarni MJ (2012) Purification and characterization of an antioxidant protein (∼ 16 kDa) from Terminalia chebula fruit. Food Chemistry 131(1): 141-148.
- Suchalatha S, Srinivasalu C, Devi S (2005) Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of Terminalia chebula fruit against isoproterenol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics 42: 246- 49.
- Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J (2007) Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 39: 44-84.
- Vonshak O, Barazani P, Sathiyomoorthy R, Shalev D, Vardy D, Golan GA (2003) Screening of South-Indian medicinal plants for antifungal activity. Phytotherapy Research 17(9): 1123-1125.
- Walia H, Kumar S, Arora S (2007) Analysis of antioxidant activity of methanol extract / fraction of T. chebula Ritz. Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine 7(2): 1-12.
- Wan-Ibrahim WI, Sidik K, Kuppusamy UR (2010) A high antioxidant level in edible plants is associated with genotoxic properties. Food Chemistry 122(4): 1139-1144.
- Wetwitayaklung P, Charoenteeraboon J, Limmatvapirat C, Phaechamud T (2012) Antioxidant activities of some Thai and exotic fruits cultivated in Thailand. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 3(1): 12-21.
- Xie P, Chen S, Liang Y, Wang X, Tian R, Upton R (2006) Chromatographic fingerprinting analysis-a rational approach for quality assessment of traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Journal of Chromatography A 1112(1-2): 171-180.
- Yanai N, Shiotani S, Hagiwara S, Nabetani H, Nakajima M (2008) Antioxidant combination inhibits reactive oxygen species mediated damage. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 72(12): 3100-3106.
Yıl 2020,
, 181 - 187, 31.12.2020
Öz
The members of the genus Terminalia belong to the Combretaceae family. There are about 250 species belonging to the genus. Among these species, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia citrina have traditionally been used in folk medicine to prevent certain diseases. Dried fruits of this plant is called Turkey black and yellow halile respectively. In this study, some bioactive components, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial and mutagenic activities were analyzed in dried fruits of T. chebula and T. citrina plants which are sold intensively in herbal and used for various purposes by the public. Total phenolic content was found to be 108.3 in T. citrina, 226.3 mg GAE / g in T. chebula, total flavanoid substance content was 40.7 in T. chebula and 55.9 mg QE / g in T citrina. Antioxidant activity analysis according to three different methods (ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (Ferric ion-reducing
antioxidant power)). According to all three methods, T. chebula samples had higher antioxidant activity than T. citrina samples. T. citrina and T. chebula showed that the methanol extracts had a very good antibacterial effect against the test bacteria, while the most sensitive bacteria against both extracts were Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633. Four different doses of dried fruit extracts (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µl / plate) were used in mutagenicity experiments. The highest doses of both sample extracts on TA 98 and TA 100 strains and 50 µl /
plaque doses of T. citrina extract tested on TA 100 strains were found to be cytotoxic. The effect of T. chebula and T. citrina extracts on Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain was found to be statistically significant in 50 µl / plate doses of both samples compared to solvent control.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Proje Numarası
-
Kaynakça
- Aneja KR, Joshi R (2009) Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of fruit extracts of Terminalia chebula against dental caries pathogens. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2(3): 105-111.
- Bakhshi D, Arakawa O (2006) Effects of UV-b irradiation on phenolic compound accumulation and antioxidant activity in ‘Jonathan’ apple influenced by bagging, temperature and maturation. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 4 (1): 75-79.
- Barazani VO, Sathiyomoorthy P, Shalev R, Vardy D, Golan GA (2003) Screening of South-Indian medicinal plants for anti-fungal activity. Phytotheraphy Research 17(9): 1123-1125.
- Benzie IFF, Strain JJ (1996) The ferric reducing Ability of plasma (FRAB) as a measure of “Antioxidant power”: The FRAB assay. Analytical Biochemistry 239: 70-76.
- Burapadaja S, Bunchoo A (1995) Antimicrobial activity of tannins from Terminalia citrina. Planta Medica 61(4): 365-366.
- Cai YZ, Sun M, Corke H (2003) Antioxidant activity of betalains from plants of the Amaranthaceae. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 2288-2294.
- Castrejón ADR, Eichholz I, Rohn S, Kroh LW, Huyskens-Keil S (2008) Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) during fruit maturation and ripening. Food Chemistry 109: 564–572.
- Chattopadhyay RR, Bhattacharyya SK (2007) Plant Review Terminalia chebula. Pharmacognosy Review 23: 145-150.
- Cheng HW, Lin TC, Yu KH, Yang CM, Lin CC (2003) Antioxidant and free radical Scavenging activities of Terminalia chebula. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 26(9): 1331-1335.
- Choy WN 2001) Genetic toxicology and cancer risk assessment. Marcel Dekker, New York, 29-187.
- Çağlar MY, Demirci M (2017) Üzümsü Meyvelerde Bulunan Fenolik Bileşikler ve Beslenmedeki Önemi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 7(11): 18-26.
- Das N, Goshwami D, Hasan MS, Al Mahmud Z, Raihan SZ (2016) Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Terminalia citrina Leaves. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 10: 8-15.
- Duncan DB (1955) Multiplerange and multiple F Tests. Biometrics 11: 1-14.
- Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, Oxidative stress and biology of ageing. Nature 239-247.
- Hajra PK, Rao PSN, Mudgal V (1999) Flora of Andaman–Nicobar Islands, Vol-I, Ranunculaceae to Combretaceae, Botanical Survey of India, 480.
- Halliwell B (2000) A super way to kill cancer cells? Nature Medicine 6(10): 1105-1106.
- Tachakittirungrod S, Okonogi S, Chowwanapoonpohn S (2007) Study on antioxidant activity of certain plants in Thailand: Mechanism of antioxidant action of guava leaf extract. Food Chemistry 103(2): 381-388.
- Hazra B, Sarkar R, Biswas S, Mandal N (2010) Comparative study of the antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenging properties in the extracts of the fruits of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and Emblica officinalis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 10: 20.
- Jin Y, Cui X, Singh UP, Chumanevich AA, Harmon B, Cavicchia P, Hofseth AB, Kotakadi V, Stroud B, Volate SR, Hurley TG, Hebert JR, Hofseth LJ (2010) Systemic inflammatory load in human sissuppressed by consumption of two formulations of dried, encapsulated juice concentrate. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 54(10): 1506-1514.
- Khan KH, Jain SK (2009) Regular intake of Terminalia chebula can reduce the risk of getting typhoid fever. Advanced Biotech 8(9): 10-15.
- Khan KH (2009) The effect of regular intake of Terminalia chebula on oxidative stress in mice originated from Salmonella typhimurium. EurAsia Journal of BioScience 3: 113-121.
- Kim HG, Cho HG, Jeong EY, Lim JH, Lee SH, Lee HS (2006) Growth inhibiting activity of active component isolated from Terminalia chebula fruits against intestinal bacteria. Journal of Food Protection 69(9): 2205-2209.
- Mahesh R, Ramesh T, Nagulendran KR, Velavan S, Hazeena BV (2007) Effect of Terminalia chebula on Monoamine Oxidase and Antioxidant enzyme activities in aged rat brain. Pharmacognosy Magazine 3: 12-16.
- Malekzadeh F, Ehsanifar H, Shahamat M, Levin M, Colwell RR (2001) Antibacterial activity of black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz) against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 18: 85-88.
- Kumar M, Agarwal RC, Dey S, Rai VK, Johnson B (2009) Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Extract Of Terminalia Chebula Retz. on Gram positive and Gram negative Microorganisms. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 1(1): 56-60.
- Maron DM, Ames BN (1983) Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutation Research 113: 173-215.
- Mensor LL, Menezes FS, Leitao GG (2001) Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytotheraphy Research 15: 127-130.
- Murthy KB, Nammi S, Kota MK, Krishna Rao RV, Koteswara Rao N, Annapurna A (2004) Evaluation of hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic effects of Datura metel (Linn.) seeds in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 9(1): 95-98.
- Muhammad S, Khan BA, Akhtar N, Mahmood T, Rasul A, Hussain I, Khan H, Badshah A (2012) The morphology, extractions, chemical constituents and uses of Terminalia chebula: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 6(33): 4772-4775.
- Pfundstein B, El Desouky SK, Hull WE, Haubner R, Erben G, Owen RW (2010) Polyphenolic compounds in the fruits of Egyptian medicinal plants (Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia horrida): characterization, quantitation and determination of antioxidant capacities. Phytochemistry 71: 1132-1148.
- Quettier-Deleu C, Gressier B, Vasseur J, Dine T, Brunet J, Luyck M, Cazin M, Cazin JC, Bailleul F, Trotin F (2000) Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72: 35-40.
- Rauha JP, Remes S, Heinonen M, Hopia A, Kahkonen M, Kujala T, Pihlaja K, Vuorela P (2000) Antimicrobial Effects of Finnish Plant Extracts Containing Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds. International Journal of Food Microbiology 56: 3-12.
- Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 26(9/10): 1231-1237.
- Saha S, Verma RJ (2016) Antioxidant activity of polyphenolic extract of Terminalia chebula Retzius fruits. Journal of Taibah University for Science 10(6): 805-812.
- Saleem A, Husheem M, Harkonen P, Pihlaja K (2002) Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz fruit. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81(3): 327-336.
- Naqvi HR, Asif M, Rehman AB, Ahmad M (2010) Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of Terminalia chebula Retz. Pakistan journal of Pharmacology 27(1): 29-35.
- Sharma K, Thakur S, Sharma S, Sharma SD (2012) A New Record on Flowering in Harar (Terminalia chebula Retz.) Seedling. American Journal of Plant Sciences 3: 693-695.
- Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM (1999) Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology 299: 152-178.
- Srivastava P, Raut HN, Wagh RS, Puntambekar HM, Kulkarni MJ (2012) Purification and characterization of an antioxidant protein (∼ 16 kDa) from Terminalia chebula fruit. Food Chemistry 131(1): 141-148.
- Suchalatha S, Srinivasalu C, Devi S (2005) Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of Terminalia chebula fruit against isoproterenol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics 42: 246- 49.
- Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J (2007) Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 39: 44-84.
- Vonshak O, Barazani P, Sathiyomoorthy R, Shalev D, Vardy D, Golan GA (2003) Screening of South-Indian medicinal plants for antifungal activity. Phytotherapy Research 17(9): 1123-1125.
- Walia H, Kumar S, Arora S (2007) Analysis of antioxidant activity of methanol extract / fraction of T. chebula Ritz. Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine 7(2): 1-12.
- Wan-Ibrahim WI, Sidik K, Kuppusamy UR (2010) A high antioxidant level in edible plants is associated with genotoxic properties. Food Chemistry 122(4): 1139-1144.
- Wetwitayaklung P, Charoenteeraboon J, Limmatvapirat C, Phaechamud T (2012) Antioxidant activities of some Thai and exotic fruits cultivated in Thailand. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 3(1): 12-21.
- Xie P, Chen S, Liang Y, Wang X, Tian R, Upton R (2006) Chromatographic fingerprinting analysis-a rational approach for quality assessment of traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Journal of Chromatography A 1112(1-2): 171-180.
- Yanai N, Shiotani S, Hagiwara S, Nabetani H, Nakajima M (2008) Antioxidant combination inhibits reactive oxygen species mediated damage. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 72(12): 3100-3106.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Gıda Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Araştırma |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | - |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 |