Anayasa Yapımında Yeni Bir Paradigma: Kapsayıcı, Katılımcı Uzlaşmacı Anayasa Yapım Süreçleri ve Çeşitli Örnekler

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 199 - 224, 01.07.2011

Serdar Gülener

Öz

Yirminci yüzyılın son çeyreği ile yirmi birinci yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde anayasa yapım yöntemlerinde paradigmatik bir kırılma meydana gelmiştir. Daha önce kurucu meclis sistemi içinde temsilcileri aracılığıyla anayasa yapımında söz sahibi olan bireyler, bu dönemden itibaren doğrudan anayasa yapımına katılma imkânı elde etmiştir. Artık anayasa yapımının meşruiyetini sürecin kapsayıcılığı ve bireylerin sürece ne ölçüde katıldıkları belirlemektedir. Demokratik bir anayasanın ortaya çıkabilmesi için anayasayı meydana getirecek sürecin anayasa ile muhatap olacak tüm unsurları kapsaması, sürece dahil etmesi ve sürecin sonunda bu unsurların üzerinde uzlaştığı bir metin meydana getirmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada çeşitli ülke örneklerinden yola çıkılarak anayasa yapımında ortaya çıkan bu değişimin ana hatları incelenecektir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anayasa, anayasa yapımı, demokratik anayasa yapımı, kapsayıcı anayasa yapımı, katılımcı anayasa yapımı

NEW PARADIGM IN CONSTITUTION MAKING: INCLUSIVENESS, PARTICIPATORY AND CONCILIATORY CONSTITUTION MAKING PROCESSES AND SOME CASES

Öz

In the last quarter of 20th century and in the fi rst quarter of 21th century, there has occured pradigmatic fraction in methodology of constitution making. Individuals, who took part in constituton making with their representatives before, has had an opportunity to take part directly in constitution making following this era. Any longer, incluveness of the process and participation of individuals to process has determined the legitimacy of constitution making. In order to compose a democratic constitution, the constitution-making process should include all the elements related with constitution and it should form a text on which there is an aggrement. In this work, these developments in constitution making will be analyzed considering some cases

Anahtar Kelimeler

Constitutiton, constitution making, democratic constitution making, inclusiveness constitution making, participatory constitution making

Kaynakça

• ARATO, Andrew, Post Sovereign Constitution-making in Hungary: After Succes, Partial Failure, and Now What?, Part one, http://lapa.princeton. edu/conferences/hungary11/post_sovereign_constitution-making_in_ hungary.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 29.05.2011).
• ARATO, Andrew, “Constitution Making in Hungary and the 4/5 Rule”, http:// www.comparativeconstitutions.org/2011/04/arato-on-constitution- making-in-hungary.html (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2011).
• ATAR, Yavuz, Demokrasilerde Anayasal Değişmenin Dinamikleri ve Anayasa Yapımı, Mimoza Basım Yayım Dağıtım, Konya 2000.
• BİLGEN, Ayşe Candaş, “Anayasanın Nasıl Yapıldığı İçeriğini Etkiler mi? Anayasa Yazma Süreçlerinin Dünyadaki Örnekleriyle Son 25 Yılda Edindirdiği Bulgular”, http://www.anayasa.org/index. php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51%3Aduenyada- anayasa-yazimi&catid=39%3Amakaleler&Itemid=54&lang=tr
• BOZOKI, Andras, “Introduction: The Signifi cance of the Roundtable Talks”, The Roundtable Talks of 1989 The Genesis of Hungarian Democracy Analysis and Documents, Ed. Andras Bozoki, Central European University Press, Budapest 2002.
• “Constitutional History of South Africa”, http://www.constitutionnet.org/ country/constitutional-history-south-africa Ebrahim, Hassen (1999), Constitution-making in South Africa-A Case Study, House of Commons, www.dastuur.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc... (Erişim Tarihi: 09.06.2011).
• “Creating the New Constitution: A Guide for Nepali Citizens, Ed. Yash Ghai and Jill Cottrell, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance”, Katmandu 2008.
• DAHAL, Samanta (2008) “Post Confl ict Constitution Making in Nepal: Towards Incluveness in Democracy, federalism Working Paper Series, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1300132 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2011).
• DEZSO, Marta Deszo, Bernadette Somody, Attila Vincze, Eszter Bodnar, Nora Novoszadek, Beatrix Vissy, Constitutional Law in Hungary, Kluwer Law International, 2010.
• ELSTER, Jon, “Constitution Making in Eastern Europe: Rebuilding the Boat in Open Sea”, Public Administration, Vol. 71, Spring-Summer, 1993, s. 169-217.
• ELSTER, Jon, “Constitutionalism in Eastern Europe: An Introduction”, The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 58, No. 2, Approaching New Legal Order for Eastern Europe, 1991, s. 447-482.
• FOTOPOULOS, Takis, Towards An Inclusive Democracy: The Crisis of the Growth Economy and the Need for A New Liberatory Project, , Cassell, London 1997.
• FURLEY, Oliver and James Katalikawe, “Constitutional Reform in Uganda: The New Approach”, African Affairs, 96, 1997.
• HALMAI, Gabor, “The Reform of Constitutional Law in Hungarry After Transition”, Legal Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1998, s. 189-196.
• GHAI, Yash, “Ethnicity, Identity, Participation and Social justice: A Constitution for New Nepal?, http://jenni.uchicago.edu /WJP/papers/ Ghai_EthnicityIdentityFederalismNewNepal.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.06.2011).
• “Constitution Making in Nepal: Report of a Conference Organized by the Constitution Advisory Support Unit”, UNDP.
• GARLICKI, Lech, “Constitution Making, Peace Building, and National Reconciliation: The Experience of Poland”, www.constitutionnet.org/ fi les/Poland%20USIP.doc (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2011).
• GARLICKI, Lech, “Constitutional Law”, Introduction to Polish Law, Ed. Stanislaw J. Frankowski,: Kluwer Law International, Hague 2005, s. 1-36.
• GÖNENÇ, Levent, Prospects for Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Countries, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague/London/New York 2002.
• HART, Vivien “Democratic Constitution Making”, United States Institute of Peace (USIP) Special Report, 2003.
• KOLAROVA, Rumyana and Dimitr Dimitrov, “The Roundtable Talks in Bulgaria”, The Roundtable Talks and the Breakdown of Communism, Ed. Jon Elster, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1996, s. 178-212.
• MAPHAI, Vincent, “Prospects for a Democratic South Africa”, International Affairs, 69/2, 1993, s. 223-237.
• MELONE, Albert P., “Bulgaria’s National Rountable Talks and the Poltics of Accommodation”, International Political Science Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1994, s.
• MOEHLER, Devra C., “Participation and Support fort he Constitution in Uganda”, Journal of Modern African Studies, 44/2, 2006, s. 275-308.
• “Nepal’de Anayasa İçin Genel Grev”, CNNTÜRK, 13 Mayıs 2011.
• ODAKI, Benjamin J., “The Challenges of Constitution-making and Implementation in Uganda”, Constitutionalism in Africa: Creating Opportunities, Facing Challenges Ed. Joseph Oloka-Onyango, Fountain Publishers, 2001, s. 263-286.
• ÖZBUDUN, Ergun, Demokrasiye Geçiş Sürecinde Anayasa Yapımı, Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara 1993.
• PRIBAN, Jiri, “Reconstituting Paradise Lost: The Temporal Dimension Of Postcommunist Constitution-Making”, Papers Presented in the Center for the Study of Law and Society Bag Lunch Speaker Series, 2003, s. 1-24 (Bkz. www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/csls/Priban%20 paper.doc (Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2011).
• RAPACZYNSKI, Andrzej, “Constitutional Politics in Poland: A Report on the Constitutional Committee of Polish Parliament”, The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 58, No. 2, Approaching Democracy: A new Legal Order for Eastern Europe (Spring), 1991, s. 595-631.
• RATİP, Mehmet, “Yeni Macar Anayasası Ne Anlatıyor?”, Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı, Mayıs 2011 Değerlendirme Notu, http:// www.tepav.org.tr/upload/fi les/1305274159-2.Yeni_Macar_Anayasasi_ Ne_Anlatiyor_Turkiye_nin_Katilimsiz_Bir_Anayasa_Yapim_ Surecinden_Cikarabilecegi_Dersler.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.06.2011).
• SAJO, Andras (1996), “The Roundtable Talks in Hungary”, Ed. Jon Elster, The Roundtable Talks, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1996, s. 69-98.
• SANFORD, George, Democratic Goverment in Poland, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2002.
• TANCHEV, Evgeni, Martin Belov, and Cristian Ionescu, Constitutional Law of 2 EU Member States: Bulgaria and Romania: The 2007 Enlargment , Kluwer Law International, Deventer 2008.
• TEZİÇ, Erdoğan, Anayasa Hukuku, 4. Baskı, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım, İstanbul 1997.
• “The CODESA Negotiations”, http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/celebrating- freedom-and-democracy-3 (Erişim tarihi: 09.06.2011).
• “The Third Wave-the New Constitution of Hungary”, http://tasz.hu/en/ freedom-of-speech/third-wave-new-constitution-hungary (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2011).
• “Thousands Protest Over Hungary Constitution Change”, http:// www.reuters.com/ article/2011/04/15/hungary-constitution- idUSLDE73E1WW20110415 (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2011).
• WAPAKHABULO, Hon J. F. (2001), “Uganda’s Experience in Constitution Making”, www.commonlii.org/ke/other/KECKRC/2001/33.html (Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2011).