Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Turkey: The Role of Clean Energy Consumption

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 570 - 589, 19.08.2020

Süleyman Yurtkuran

Öz

Türkiye’de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi’nin Testi: Temiz Enerji Tüketimi’nin Rolü

Öz

Günümüzde küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği konuları tüm dünyada en büyük endişelerin başında gelmektedir. Başta fosil yakıt tüketimi olmak üzere birçok faktör CO2 salımını arttırmaktadır. Bu durum da küresel ısınmaya sebebiyet vermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de 1971-2014 döneminde çevresel kirlilik üzerinde Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla (GSYİH), karbonhidrat içermeyen enerji tüketimi, ihracat, ithalat, finansal gelişme, endüstrileşme ve kentleşme değişkenlerinin etkisinin olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Sınır testi sonuçları seriler arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Uzun dönemde Gecikmesi Dağıtılmış Otoregresif Model (ARDL) yaklaşımından elde edilen sonuçlar gelir, ithalat, finansal gelişme, endüstrileşme ve kentleşmenin karbon dioksit salımı (CO2)’nı arttırdığını; karbonhidrat içermeyen enerji tüketiminin ise çevresel bozulmayı azalttığını göstermektedir. Bunun yanında, elde edilen sonuçlara göre Türkiye’de kısa ve uzun dönemde GSYİH ile CO2 arasında ters-U şeklinde bir ilişki, yani çevresel Kuznets eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezinin geçerli olduğu görülmektedir. Fakat kişi başına düşen GSYİH’nın dönüm noktası ilgili dönem aralığının dışında bir değer olan 15.644$ olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın ana sonucu ise karbonhidrat içermeyen enerji tüketiminin CO2 salımının azalmasına katkıda bulunduğu ve Türkiye’nin enerji güvenliğini arttırdığıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ÇKE Hipotezi, CO2 Salımı, Karbonhidrat İçermeyen Enerji Tüketimi, Ekonomik Büyüme, Yapısal Kırılma, Türkiye

Kaynakça

• Al-Mulali, U., Saboori, B. ve Ozturk I. (2015). “Investigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Vietnam”, Energy Policy, 76, 123-131.
• Ang, J.B. (2007). “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France”, Energy Policy, 35/10, 4772-4778.
• Apergis, N. ve Payne, J.E. (2012). “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth nexus: Evidence from a Panel Error Correction Model”, Energy Economics, 34/3, 733-738.
• Aung, T.S., Saboori, B. ve Rasoulinezhad, E. (2017). “Economic growth and environmental pollution in Myanmar: An analysis of environmental Kuznets curve”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24/25, 20487-20501.
• Azlina, A.A., Law, S.H. ve Mustapha, N.H.N. (2014). “Dynamic Linkages among Transport Energy Consumption, Income and CO2 Emission in Malaysia”, Energy Policy, 73, 598-606.
• Baek, J. (2016). “Do Nuclear and Renewable Energy Improve the Environment? Empirical Evidence from the United States”, Ecological Indicators, 66, 352-356.
• Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S. ve Ozturk, I. (2015). “The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis for Sub‐Saharan Africa Countries”, African Development Review, 27/3, 288-300.
• Bölük, G. ve Mert, M. (2015). “The Renewable Energy, Growth And Environmental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: An ARDL Approach” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, 52, 587-595.
• Danish, B.Z., Wang, B. ve Wang, Z. (2017). “Role of Renewable Energy and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on EKC: Evidence from Pakistan”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 855-864.
• Dogan, E. ve Turkekul, B. (2016). “CO2 Emissions, Real Output, Energy Consumption, Trade, Urbanization and Financial Development: Testing the EKC Hypothesis for the USA”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23/2, 1203-1213.
• Farhani, S. ve Shahbaz, M. (2014). “What Role of Renewable and non-Renewable Electricity Consumption and Output is Needed to Initially Mitigate CO2 Emissions in MENA Region?”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40, 80-90.
• Gill, A.R., Viswanathan, K.K. ve Hassan, S. (2018). “A Test of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for Carbon Emission and Potential of Renewable Energy to Reduce Green House Gases (GHG) in Malaysia”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 20/3, 1103-1114.
• Grossman, G.M. ve Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement in National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3914. NBER, Cambridge, MA.
• Hossain, S. (2012). “An Econometric Analysis for CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, Foreign Trade and Urbanization of Japan”, Low Carbon Economy, 3/3, 92-105.
• IPCC, 2007. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis, contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Geneva, Switzerland.
• IPCC, 2014. Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Geneva, Switzerland.
• Iwata, H., Okada, K. ve Samreth, S. (2011). “A Note on the Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2: A Pooled Mean Group Approach”, Applied Energy, 88/5, 1986-1996.
• Jalil, A. ve Feridun, M. (2011). “The Impact of Growth, Energy and Financial Development on the Environment in China: A Cointegration Analysis”, Energy Economics, 33, 284-291.
• Karasoy, A. (2019). “Drivers of Carbon Emissions in Turkey: Considering Asymmetric Impacts”, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 26, 9219-9231.
• Menegaki, A.N. ve Konstantinos P.T. (2015). “Rich Enough to Go Renewable, but Too Early to Leave Fossil Energy?”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 1465-1477.
• Munasinghe, M. (1999). “Is Environmental Degradation an Inevitable Consequence of Economic Growth: Tunneling through the Environmental Kuznets Curve”, Ecological Economics, 29/1, 89-109.
• Narayan, P. K. (2005). “The Saving and Investment nexus for China: Evidence From Cointegration Tests”, Applied Economics, 37/17, 1979-1990.
• Nasir, M. ve Rehman, F.U. (2011). “Environmental Kuznets curve for Carbon Emissions in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation”, Energy Policy, 39/3, 1857-1864.
• Ng, S. ve Pierre, P. (2001). “Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power”, Econometrica, 69/6, 1519-1554.
• Onater-Isberk, E. (2016). “Environmental Kuznets Curve under Noncarbohydrate Energy”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64, 338-347.
• Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development. Working Paper WP238 Technology and Employment Programme. International Labor Office, Geneva.
• Pata, U.K. (2018a). “The Effect of Urbanization and Industrialization on Carbon Emissions in Turkey: Evidence from ARDL bounds Testing Procedure”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25/8, 7740-7747.
• Pata, U.K. (2018b). “Renewable Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Financial Development, Income and CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC Hypothesis with Structural Breaks”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779.
• Pata, U.K. (2018c). “The Influence of Coal and Noncarbohydrate Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions: Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Turkey”, Energy, 160, 1115-1123.
• Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R.J. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16/3, 289-326.
• Rosa, E.A. ve Dietz, T. (2012). “Human Drivers of National Greenhouse-Gas Emissions”, Nature Climate Change, 2/8, 581-586.
• Schwert, G. (1989). “Tests for Unit Roots: A Monte Carlo Investigation”, J. Bus. Econ. Stat., 20, 147-159.
• Shafiei, S. ve Salim, R.A. (2014). “Non-Renewable and Renewable Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in OECD countries: A Comparative Analysis”, Energy Policy, 66, 547–556.
• Shahbaz, M. (2013). “Does Financial Instability Increase Environmental Degradation? Fresh Evidence from Pakistan”, Economic Modelling, 33, 537-544.
• Shahbaz, M., Lean, H.H. ve Shabbir, M.S. (2012). “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Pakistan: Cointegration and Granger Causality”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16, 2947-2953.
• Shahzad, S.J.H., Kumar, R.R., Zakaria, M. ve Hurr, M. (2017). “Carbon Emission, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness and Financial Development in Pakistan: A Revisit”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 185-192.
• Steinfeld, H., Gerber, P., Wassenaar, T.D. ve Castel, V. (2006). Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, Rome.
• Sugiawan, Y. ve Managi, S. (2016). “The Environmental Kuznets Curve in Indonesia: Exploring the Potential of Renewable Energy”, Energy Policy, 98, 187-198.
• Tamazian, A,, Chousa, J.P. ve Vadlamannati, K.C. (2009). “Does Higher Economic and Financial Development Lead to Environmental Degradation: Evidence from BRIC Countries”, Energy Policy, 37/1, 246-253.
• Tutulmaz, O. (2015). “Environmental Kuznets curve Time Series Application for Turkey: why Controversial Results Exist for Similar Models?”, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, 50, 73-81.
• WMO, 2017. https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=4453
• World Bank, 1992. World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment, Oxford University Press, New York.
• World Bank, 2018. http://data.worldbank.org/datacatalog/world-development-indicators.
• Zambrano‐Monserrate, M.A. ve Fernandez, M.A. (2017). “An Environmental Kuznets Curve for N2O Emissions in Germany: An ARDL Approach”, A United Nations Sustainable Development Journal, 41/2, 119-127.
• Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D.W.K. (2002). “Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis”, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20/1, 25-44.