General Overview of A Rare Mold: Lomentospora prolificans

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 71 - 78, 30.04.2024

Öykü Toptaş , Gonca Erköse Genç , Ahmet Özbek

Öz

There has been a rise in the prevalence and diversity of fungal infections both in Turkey and across the globe. This increase is attributed to a growing number of immunocompromised patients and the use of antifungal prophylaxis. Consequently, there has been a surge in cases of rare mold infections, one of which is caused by Lomentospora prolificans. It is mostly seen in Australia, Spain, and southwestern America. It was also encountered in a patient for the first time in Turkey. L.prolificans mostly causes arthritis or osteomyelitis, and often causes invasive infections in immunocompetent individuals because of trauma, while it causes disseminated and hematogenous infections in immunocompromised individuals. It can be seen in various body parts, especially the lungs, bones, and brain. Direct microscopy, culture, and histological analysis are the main diagnostic methods for L.prolificans. It has several virulence factors such as PRM, glucosylceramides, α-glucan, superoxide dismutase, proteolytic enzymes, catalase, melanin, and siderophores. Generally, it shows resistance to all available antifungals, and disseminated infections frequently result in death. This review was written to provide a general overview of the taxonomy, epidemiology, diagnostic methods, virulence factors, and antifungal susceptibility properties of L.prolificans due to its recent increase in frequency and therefore noteworthiness.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lomentospora prolificans, pan-antifungal resistance, rare Mold

Kaynakça

• Buldain, I., Martin-Souto, L., Antoran, A., Areitio, M., Aparicio-Fernandez, L., Rementeria, A., . . . Ramirez-Garcia, A. (2021). The Host Immune Response to Scedosporium/Lomentospora. Journal of Fungi, 7(2), 75. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/2/75
• Chen, S. C.-A., Halliday, C. L., Hoenigl, M., Cornely, O. A., & Meyer, W. (2021). Scedosporium and Lomentospora Infections: Contemporary Microbiological Tools for the Diagnosis of Invasive Disease. Journal of Fungi, 7(1), 23. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/1/23
• Gilgado, F., Cano, J., Gené, J., & Guarro, J. (2005). Molecular Phylogeny of the <i>Pseudallescheria boydii</i> Species Complex: Proposal of Two New Species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(10), 4930-4942. doi:doi:10.1128/jcm.43.10.4930-4942.2005
• GÜLMEZ KIVANÇ, D. (2022). Mycoses due to rare Moulds in our country: a systematic review. Mikrobiyoloji bulteni, 56(1), 142-188. doi:10.5578/mb.20229914
• Hoenigl, M., Salmanton-García, J., Walsh, T. J., Nucci, M., Neoh, C. F., Jenks, J. D., . . . Cornely, O. A. (2021). Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of rare mould infections: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology and the American Society for Microbiology. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(8), e246-e257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30784-2
• Kirchhoff, L., Dittmer, S., Buer, J., Rath, P.-M., & Steinmann, J. (2020). In vitro activity of olorofim (F901318) against fungi of the genus, Scedosporium and Rasamsonia as well as against Lomentospora prolificans, Exophiala dermatitidis and azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56(3), 106105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106105
• Konsoula, A., Agouridis, A. P., Markaki, L., Tsioutis, C., & Spernovasilis, N. (2023). Lomentospora prolificans Disseminated Infections: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases. Pathogens, 12(1), 67. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/67
• Konsoula, A., Tsioutis, C., Markaki, I., Papadakis, M., Agouridis, A. P., & Spernovasilis, N. (2022). Lomentospora prolificans: An Emerging Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen. Microorganisms, 10(7), 1317. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/7/1317
• Logan, A., Wolfe, A., & Williamson, J. C. (2022). Antifungal Resistance and the Role of New Therapeutic Agents. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 24(9), 105-116. doi:10.1007/s11908-022-00782-5
• Ortoneda, M., Capilla, J., Pujol, I., Pastor, F. J., Mayayo, E., Fernández-Ballart, J., & Guarro, J. (2002). Liposomal amphotericin B and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy in a murine model of invasive infection by Scedosporium prolificans. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 49(3), 525-529. doi:10.1093/jac/49.3.525
• Pellon, A., Ramirez-Garcia, A., Buldain, I., Antoran, A., Martin-Souto, L., Rementeria, A., & Hernando, F. L. (2018). Pathobiology of Lomentospora prolificans: could this species serve as a model of primary antifungal resistance? Int J Antimicrob Agents, 51(1), 10-15. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.06.009
• Ramirez-Garcia, A., Pellon, A., Rementeria, A., Buldain, I., Barreto-Bergter, E., Rollin-Pinheiro, R., . . . Hernando, F. L. (2018). Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists. Medical Mycology, 56(suppl_1), S102-S125. doi:10.1093/mmy/myx113
• Walsh, T. J., M.D., Hayden, Randall T., Larone, Davise Honig,. (2018). Larones medically important fungi: a guide to identification.6th ed. (6th ed.). Washington, DC: ASM Press.
• Wu, Y., Grossman, N., Totten, M., Memon, W., Fitzgerald, A., Ying, C., & Zhang, S. X. (2020). Antifungal Susceptibility Profiles and Drug Resistance Mechanisms of Clinical Lomentospora prolificans Isolates. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 64(11), 10.1128/aac.00318-00320. doi:doi:10.1128/aac.00318-20
• Yazgan, Z., Dündar, T., Barış, A., Aksu, Ö., Eşkazan, A. E., & Çakırlar, F. K. (2023). Fatal panresistant Lomentospora prolificans fungemia in a patient with aplastic anemia: First report from Türkiye. Journal of Medical Mycology, 33(4), 101416. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2023.101416