Endüstri 5.0’a Doğru: Zeki Otonom Sistemlerde Etik Ve Ahlaki Sorumluluklar

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 45, 106 - 123, 21.05.2021

Pelin Canbay , Zübeyde Demircioğlu

https://doi.org/10.5824/ajite.2021.02.006.x

Öz

Endüstri 4.0 ile birlikte makinelerin birbiriyle haberleştiği bir sürece girilmiş bulunmaktadır. Bu süreç, makinelerin otonom kararlar vereceği ve bu kararlar ile insanların hayatına önemli etkilerde bulunacağı Endüstri 5.0 döneminin de ilk adımlarını oluşturmaktadır. Endüstride meydana gelen bu gelişmelerin temelinde Yapay Zeka algoritmaları ile birçok alanda elde edilen yüksek başarılar yer almaktadır. Geliştikçe başarısı ve karmaşıklığı artarken anlaşılabilirliği azalan zeki sistemlerin insanları etkileyen önemli kararların alınmasında kullanılacak olması birçok şüpheyi de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu şüpheler sadece son kullanıcı tarafında değil aynı zamanda sosyal ve ekonomik dönüşümlerle de ilgilidir. Endüstri 5.0’ın önündeki engellerin başında geliştirilecek zeki topluluğa karşı toplumsal önyargılar bulunmaktadır. Bu sebeple, Zeki Otonom makinelerin etik ve ahlaki sorumlulukların bilincinde makineler olmaları ve bu özelliklerin topluma açıklanabilir olması gerekmektedir. Açıklama Hakkı, yapay zeka destekli otonom sistemlerin kararlarını hangi etik ve ahlaki mekanizmalara göre belirlediklerinin bu süreçten etkilenen kişilere açıklanması gerekliliğini ortaya koyar. Bu çalışmada, otonom makinelerin üretim ve geliştirme aşamalarında dikkate alınması gereken etik ve ahlaki sorumlulukların neler olduğu, bu sorumluluklara neden ihtiyaç duyulduğu ve bu sorumlulukların karşılanması için sunulan mevcut yaklaşımlar değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yapay zeka, etik, otonom makineler, endüstri

Toward Industry 5.0: Ethical and Moral Responsibilities in Intelligent Autonomous Systems

Öz

By Industry 4.0, we have entered a period where machines communicate with each other. This period constitutes the first steps of the Industry 5.0 era, where machines will make autonomous decisions and these decisions will have significant effects on people's lives. High achievements obtained in many areas with Artificial Intelligence algorithms are the basis of these developments in the industry. The fact that intelligent systems, whose intelligibility decrease as their success and complexity increase, will be used in making important decisions that affect people has brought many doubts. These doubts are not only related to the end-user side but also social and economic transformations. The main obstacles to Industry 5.0 are social prejudices against the intelligent community that is planned to be developed. For this reason, it must be explained to the public about what kind of ethical and moral responsibilities intelligent and autonomous machines have. In this study, it was investigated in which situations artificial intelligence should have ethical and moral values and how it can learn these values. In addition, the possible social and technological implications of a trustworthy ethical basis for intelligent autonomous systems have been evaluated by compiling existing studies in the context of technology and sociology.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, Autonomous Machines, Industry

Kaynakça

• Adamson, G., Havens, J. C., & Chatila, R. (2019). Designing a Value-Driven Future for Ethical Autonomous and Intelligent Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2018.2884923
• ai-versus. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2020, from https://thefwa.com/cases/ai-versus
• Alaba, F. A., Othman, M., Hashem, I. A. T., & Alotaibi, F. (2017). Internet of Things security: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2017.04.002
• Allen, C., Wallach, W., & Smit, I. (2006). Why machine ethics? IEEE Intelligent Systems. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2006.83
• Asimov, I. (1970). w1 I Robot., Science.
• Awad, E., Dsouza, S., Kim, R., Schulz, J., Henrich, J., Shariff, A., … Rahwan, I. (2018). The Moral Machine experiment. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0637-6
• Bolukbasi, T., Chang, K.-W., Zou, J., Saligrama, V., & Kalai, A. (2016a). Debiasing Word Embedding. 30th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems.
• Bolukbasi, T., Chang, K. W., Zou, J., Saligrama, V., & Kalai, A. (2016b). Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? Debiasing word embeddings. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems.
• Bonnefon, J. F., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2016). The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2654
• Caliskan, A., Bryson, J. J., & Narayanan, A. (2017). Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4230
• Cellan-Jones, R. (2018). Stephen Hawking - will AI kill or save humankind? BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37713629
• Coeckelbergh, M. (2019). Technology Regulation Ethics of artificial intelligence: Some ethical issues and regulatory challenges. Technology and Regulation.
• Coeckelbergh, M. (2020). Artificial Intelligence, Responsibility Attribution, and a Relational Justification of Explainability. Science and Engineering Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-019-00146-8
• Foot, P. (1967). The problem of abortion and the doctrine of double effect. The Oxford Review.
• Goodman, B., & Flaxman, S. (2017). European union regulations on algorithmic decision making and a “right to explanation.” AI Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v38i3.2741
• Lohr, S. (2018). M.I.T. Plans College for Artificial Intelligence, Backed by $1 Billion. New Yortk Times.
• Marshall, G. (2005). Sosyoloji Sözlüğü. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
• Miller, T. (2019). Explanation in artificial intelligence: Insights from the social sciences. Artificial Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2018.07.007
• Moor, J. (2009). Four Kinds of Ethical Robots. Philosophy Now.
• Moral Machine. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2020, from https://www.moralmachine.net/
• Noorman, M. (2018). Computing and Moral Responsibility. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-responsibility/
• Ribeiro, M. T., Singh, S., & Guestrin, C. (2016). “Why should i trust you?” Explaining the predictions of any classifier. Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. https://doi.org/10.1145/2939672.2939778
• Samek, W., Wiegand, T., & Müller, K. R. (2017). Explainable artificial intelligence: Understanding, visualizing and interpreting deep learning models. ArXiv.
• Suman, R. R., Mall, R., Sukumaran, S., & Satpathy, M. (2010). Extracting state models for black-box soft-ware components. Journal of Object Technology. https://doi.org/10.5381/jot.2010.9.3.a3
• Tablo 5. Ölüm nedeni ve Cinsiyete Göre Ölümler. (n.d.). Retrieved from Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu website: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Olum-ve-Olum-Nedeni-Istatistikleri-2019-33710
• The IEEE Global Initiative. (2017). Ethically Aligned Design: A Vision for Prioritizing Human Well-being with Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, Version 2. Ieee.
• Topham, G. (2019). Lion Air pilots were looking at handbook when plane crashed | World news | The Guardian. Wallach, W., & Allen, C. (2009). Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong. In Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.001.0001
• Wang, W., & Siau, K. (2018). Ethical and Moral Issues with AI - A Case Study on Healthcare Robots. Americas Conference on Information Systems 2018: Digital Disruption, AMCIS 2018.
• Yeşilova, D. (2020). Makine Etiği: Otonom Makinelerin Ahlaki Karar Verme Mekanizmaları Üzerine İnceleme. In Türkiye’de STS: Bilim ve Teknoloji Çalışmalarına Giriş (pp. 153–160).