THIRD WORLD PRESIDENCIES IN THE GAMBIA, ZIMBABWE AND TOGO: THE RULE OF JAMMEH, MUGABE AND THE EYADÉMAS

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11, 315 - 330, 28.05.2019

Volkan İpek

Öz

Long lasting presidencies are one of the most
significant characteristics of the postcolonial state nature in Sub-Saharan
Africa. Presidents who ruled more than two terms with five years each by
staying in power at least ten years justified their right to long lasting rule
in two ways. In the first one, they claimed that it is their right to be the
president by referring to the leadership role they assumed in the colonial
struggle given against colonizers. This was more valid for the first presidents
of the postcolonial period in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the second one, they
thought it was their right to long lasting rule because they regarded
themselves as the leaders who ended the political and economic instability
caused by the former government members. This was rather observed in the
aftermath of the first presidential term in postcolonial Sub-Saharan Africa. Even
though presidents in two situations pledges political and economic welfare to
people, segments of authoritarianism in their administration appeared by time. This
study tends to analyze the authoritarian administrations of Yahya Jammeh in the
Gambia, Robert Mugabe in Zimbabwe and Gnassingbé- Faure Eyadéma in Togo by
linking the concept of long lasting presidencies to the Third World state
theory. In this context, this
study regards these three long lasting presidents as the shapers of the Third
world state in their own countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Third World state, Yahya Jammeh, Robert Mugabe, Faure Gnassingbé

GAMBİYA’DA, ZİMBABVE’DE VE TOGO’DA ÜÇÜNCÜ DÜNYA CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI: JAMMEH, MUGABE VE EYADAMALAR YÖNETİMİ

Öz

Uzun zamanlı Cumhurbaşkanlıkları Sahra Altı Afrika devletlerinin en
belirgin özelliklerinden biridir. Beşer yıllık iki dönemden toplamda en az on
yıl görevde kalabilen Cumhurbaşkanları yönetici konumlarını iki şekilde haklı
göstermişlerdir. Birincisi, kolonyal dönemde liderlikleri altında geçen
bağımsızlık mücadelesini öne sürmüşlerdir. Bu daha çok Sahra Altı Afrika
ülkelerinin postkolonyal dönemlerindeki ilk Cumhurbaşkanlarında
gözlemlenmektedir. İkincisi ise kendilerinden önceki yönetimlerin neden olduğu
siyasi ve ekonomik istikrarsızlığa son verdiklerini düşünmüşlerdir. Bu da daha
çok Sahra Altı Afrika ülkelerinin postkolonyal dönemlerindeki ikinci ve
sonrasındaki Cumhurbaşkanlarında gözlemlenmiştir. İki durumda da
Cumhurbaşkanları halka siyasi ve ekonomik refah sözü vermiş, ancak bu sözlerini
tam anlamıyla yerine getiremedikleri gibi yönetimlerinde otoriter eğilimler
ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma Sahra Altı Afrika’da uzun zamanlı Cumhurbaşkanlığı
ile bu otoriter yapılı siyasaların eklemlendiği üçüncü dünya devleti teorisi
ile bağ kurarak Gambia’da Yahya Jammeh, Zimbabwe’de Robert Mugabe, Togo’da
Gnassingbé-Faure Eyadéma yönetimlerini incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma söz
konusu üç uzun zamanlı Cumhurbaşkanını ülkelerindeki üçüncü dünya devletinin
şekillenmesinde baş aktörler olarak kabul etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Üçüncü Dünya Devleti, Yahya Jammeh, Robert Mugabe, Faure Gnassingbé

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