PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM

Mustafa Onur Tetik

Araştırma Makalesi

PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15, 209 - 231, 26.04.2021

Mustafa Onur Tetik

Öz

The European Parliament called for the suspension of European Union (EU)-Turkey accession negotiations on the basis of democratic conditionality in March 2019. This development was a link of the chain of events that soured Turkey’s relations with the EU roughly since 2013. This article presents a historical assessment of Turkey’s interrelations with Europe and the EU that provides the historical context on which the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government constructed its foreign policies antagonizing the EU since its third term. Scholarly and journalistic literature on the negative trend in Turkey–the EU relations mainly focuses on the failing democratic conditionality aspect of relations. This approach inevitably causes presentism trap in analyses. The paper sheds light on the historical context of relations turned into ideational baggage carried by the sides. In its overview of the past of interrelations, the article locates four historically institutional dimensions: (1) Mutual “otherness”, (2) Turkey’s modernization, (3) symbiotic modus vivendi and (4) regional power politics. The article also touches the role played by Turkey’s domestic secularist and conservative political schism. This analysis of political interrelations comes to the conclusion that the current problems are not only consequences of the AKP’s or the EU’s recent moves but also the burdens inherited from fluctuating historical experience. The parties’ past, and thus todays, are saliently intertwined. Therefore, these conditions do not let Turkey and the EU have a complete break-up or union regardless of contemporary agents’ intentions or decisions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Turkey, European Union, Turkish National Identity, Western Civilization, Historical Context

Kaynakça

Aksu, K. (2012) Turkey–EU Relations: Power, Politics and the Future, (Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholar Publishing).
Aksu, K. (2015) Turkey-EU Relations: Beyond membership; army, religion, and energy, (Unpublished PhD Thesis: University of London).
Anderson, B. (2006) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, (London: Verso).
Anwar, G. M. D. E. (2014) “Inventing a Myth: The Medieval Islamic Civilization through Western Perspectives.” International Journal of Language and Literature, 2(4): 139-177.
Aras, B. and Köni, H. (2002) “Turkish-Syrian Relations Revisited”, Arab Studies Quarterly, 24(4): 47-61.
Arı, B. (2004) “Early Ottoman Diplomacy: Ad Hoc Period.”, in A. Nuri Yurdusev (ed) Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional? (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 36-65.
Ateş, D. (2014) Türk Dış Politikasına Giriş: Yeni Muhafazakarlık ve Doğu-Batı Ekseninde Yapısal Değişim, (Bursa: Dora).
Avcı, G. (2004) “Turkish political parties and the EU discourse in the post-Helsinki period: A case of Europeanization”, in Mehmet Uğur and Nergis Canefe (eds) Turkey and European Integration - Accession: Prospects and Issues (London: Routledge), 194- 214.
Ayata, A. (2009) “Türkiye Usulu Avrupa Birliği ile Yakınlaşma”, Journal of Academic Studies, 11(40).
Ayata, A. and Yücel, G. (2015) Yeni Küresel Düzende Türk Dış Politikasının Kimlik Arayışı, (Ankara: Nobel Yayınları).
Aybet, G. (1999) “Turkey and European institutions”, The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, 34(1): 103-110.
Aybet, G. (2012) “The Evolution of NATO’s Three Phases and Turkey’s Transatlantic Relationship”, Perceptions, 17(1): 19-36.
Aybet, G. and Müftüler-Bac, M. (2000) “Transformations in Security and Identity after the Cold War: Turkey’s Problematic Relationship with Europe”, International Journal, 55(4): 567–582.
Aybey, A. (2004) “Turkey and the European Union Relations: A Historical Assessment”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(1): 19-38.
Aydın-Düzgit, S. (2012) Constructions of European Identity: Debates and Discourses on Turkey and the EU, (Palgrave Macmillan).
Balcı, A. (2013) Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar, (İstanbul: Etkileşim).
Baç, M. M. and Taşkın, E. (2007) “Turkey’s Accession to the European Union: Does Identity and Culture Play a Role?”, Ankara Review of European Studies, 6(2): 31-50.
Camyar, I and Tagma, H. M. (2010) “Why Does Turkey Seek European Union Membership? A Historical Institutional Approach”, Turkish Studies, 11(3): 371-386.
Chatterjee, P. (1993) Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse, (London: Zed Books).
Charalambides, I. C. (2009) Evaluation of the Turkish accession to the European Union, the structural changes and EU cohesion, (Unpublished PhD Thesis. Middlesex University).
Dağı, İ. (2001) “Human Rights, Democratization and the European Community in Turkish Politics: The Özal Years, 1983-87”, Middle Eastern Studies, (37)1: 17-40.
Davison, R. H. (1963) Reform in the Ottoman Empire 1856-1876, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Demirağ, Y. (2006) “Pan-Ideologies in the Ottoman Empire against the West: From Pan-Ottomanism to Pan-Turkism”, in The Turkish Yearbook, 26: 139-158. Deringil, S. (2002) Simgeden Millete. (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları).
Desai, S. (2005) “Turkey in the European Union: A Security Perspective – Risk or Opportunity?”, Defence Studies, 5(3): 366-393.
Eralp, A. (1993) “Turkey and the EC in the changing post-war international system”, in Balkir and Williams (eds), Turkey and Europe, (London: Pinter).
Eralp, A. (2000) “Turkey in the enlargement process: From Luxembourg to Helsinki”, Perceptions, (5)2: 17-32.
Eralp, A. and Torun, Z. (2015) “Perceptions and Europeanization in Turkey before the EU Candidacy: An Overview of History”, in Ali Tekin and Aylin Güney (eds) The Europeanization of Turkey: Polity and Politics, (Oxon: Routledge), 14-30.
Fsadni, R. (2009) “The Debate’s Impact on Europe”, in Constantine Arvanitopoulos (ed) Turkey's Accession to the European Union: An Unusual Candidacy (Berlin: Springer), 159-170.
Gülseven, E. (2010) Identity Security and Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Period: Relations with the EU, Greece and the Middle East (Unpublished PhD Thesis: Brunel University).
Güneş-Ayata, A. (2003) “From Euro-scepticism to Turkey-scepticism: changing political attitudes on the European Union in Turkey”, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 5(2): 205–222.
Güney, A. (2015) “Europeanization of civil–military relations in Turkey: civilianization without democratization?”, in Ali Tekin and Aylin Güney (eds) The Europeanization of Turkey: Polity and Politics, (Oxon: Routledge), 108-123.
Jenkins, G. (2007) “Continuity and Change: Prospects for Civil- Military Relations in Turkey”, International Affairs, 83(2): 339–355.
Kabaalioğlu, H. (1999) “Turkey and the European Union: Converging or Drifting Apart”, Marmara Journal of European Studies, 7(1-2): 109-165.
Kadercan, B. (2015) “The Unbearable Lightness of Blaming Erdogan: What Turkey Experts are not Telling You”, War on the Rocks, Available at: https://warontherocks.com/2015/09/the-unbearable-lightness-of-blaming-erdogan-or-what-turkey-experts-are-not-telling-you/ (Accessed: 2 June 2020)
Kaliber, A and Kaliber, E. (2019) “From De-Europeanisation to Anti-Western Populism: Turkish Foreign Policy in Flux”, The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, 54(4): 1-16.
Karaosmanoğlu, A. L. (2000) “The Evolution of the National Security Culture and the Military in Turkey”, Journal of International Affairs, 54(1): 199-216.
Karpat, K. H. (1972) “The Transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789-1908”, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 3: 243-281.
Keyman, F. and Öniş, Z. (2004) “Helsinki, Copenhagen and beyond - Challenges to the New Europe and the Turkish State”, in Mehmet Uğur and Nergis Canefe (eds) Turkey and European Integration - Accession: Prospects and Issues (London: Routledge), 173-193.
Keyman, F. and Düzgit, S. A. (2007) “Human Rights and Democratization in Accession to the European Union”, in Esra LaGro and Knud Eric Jorgensen (eds) Turkey and The European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 69-89.
Khadduri, M. (1956) “Islam and the Modern Law of Nations”, The American Journal of International Law, 50(2): 358-372.
Kırval, L. (2007) “Identity, Interests and Political Culture in Turkey’s Accession Negotiations”, in Esra LaGro and Knud Eric Jorgensen (eds) Turkey and The European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 185-202.
Kösebalaban, H. (2002) “Turkey’s EU Membership: A Clash of Security Cultures”, Middle East Policy, 9(2): 130-146.
Kösebalaban, H. (2014) Türk Dış Politikası, (Ankara: Bing Bang Yayınları).
Kuran-Burçoğlu, N. (2007) “From Vision to Reality: A Socio-cultural Critique of Turkey’s Accession Process”, in Esra LaGro and Knud Eric Jorgensen (eds) Turkey and The European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 147-168.
Levin, P. T. (2011) Turkey and the European Union: Christian and Secular Images of Islam, (New York: Palgrave MacMillan).
Lewis, B. (1968) The Emergence of Modern Turkey, (New York: Oxford University Press).
MacLennan, J. (2009) “The EU-Turkey Negotiations: Between the Siege of Vienna and the Reconquest of Constantinople”, in Constantine Arvanitopoulos (ed) Turkey's Accession to the European Union: An Unusual Candidacy (Berlin: Springer), 21-30.
Mayer, F. C. and Palmowski, J. (2004) “European Identities and the EU-The Ties that Bind the Peoples of Europe”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 42(3).
Müftüler-Baç, M. (2005) “Turkey's Political Reforms and the Impact of the European Union”, South European Society and Politics, 10(1): 17-31.
Müftüler-Baç, M. and Gürsoy, Y. (2010) “Is There a Europeanization of Turkish Foreign Policy? An Addendum to the Literature on EU Candidates”, Turkish Studies, 11(3): 405-427.
Naff, T. (1963) “Reform and the Conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789-1807”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 83(3): 295-315.
Naff, T. (1984) “The Ottoman Empire and the European States System”, in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds) The Expansion of International Society, (Oxford University Press).
Nas, Ç. (2001) “Turkish Identity and the Perception of Europe”, Marmara Journal of European Studies, 9(1): 177-189.
Neumann, I. B. and Welsh, J. M. (1991) “The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society”, Review of International Studies, 17(4): 327-348.
Oğuzlu, T. (2002) “The Clash of Security Identities: The Question of Turkey's Membership in the European Union”, International Journal, 57(4): 579-603.
Oğuzlu, T. (2007) “Soft power in Turkish foreign policy”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 61(1): 81-97.
Özbudun, E. (2015) “Turkey’s Judiciary and the Drift Toward Competitive Authoritarianism”. The International Spectator, 50(2): 42-55.
Piran, L. (2013) Institutional Change in Turkey: The Impact of European Union Reforms on Human Rights and Policing, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
Plamenatz, J. (1973) “Two Types of Nationalism”, in Eugene Kamenka (ed) Nationalism (Canberra: Australian National University Press), 22-37.
Rumford, C. (2000) “From Luxembourg to Helsinki: Turkey, the politics of EU enlargement and prospects for accession”, Contemporary Politics, 6(4): 331-343.
Spiering, Menno (2007) “Euro-sceptic Concerns about National Identity in the European Union and Turkey”, in Esra LaGro and Knud Eric Jorgensen (eds) Turkey and The European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 169-184.
Sugden, J. (2004) “Leverage in theory and practice: human rights and Turkey’s EU candidacy”, in Mehmet Uğur and Nergis Canefe (eds) Turkey and European Integration - Accession: Prospects and Issues (London: Routledge), 241-264.
Tacar, P. (2007) “Socio-cultural dimensions of accession negotiations”, in Esra LaGro and Knud Eric Jorgensen (eds) Turkey and The European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 125-146.
Tamkoç, M. (1961) “Turkey's Quest for Security through Defensive Alliances”, Milletlerarası Münasebetler Yıllığı, l-39.
Taniyici, Ş. (2010) “Europeanization of Political Elite Discourses in Turkey: A Content Analysis of Parliamentary Debates 1994–2002”, Turkish Studies, 11(2): 181-195.
Tekin, B. Ç. (2010) Representations and Othering in Discourse: The Construction of Turkey in the EU Context, (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company).
Tiryakioğu, N. O. (2015) The Western Image of Turks from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century: The Myth of ‘Terrible Turk’ and ‘Lustful Turk’, (Unpublished PhD Thesis: Nottingham Trent University).
Tziampiris, A. (2009) “The European Union, Islam and Turkey: Delineating Europe's soft power”, in Constantine Arvanitopoulos (ed) Turkey's Accession to the European Union: An Unusual Candidacy (Berlin: Springer).
Uluğ-Eryılmaz, B. (2015) “Europeanization or not? Turkish Foreign Policy and the Cyprus Problem, 1999-2014”, (Unpublished PhD Thesis: İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University).
Usul, Ali. R. (2003) “International Dimension of Democratization? The Influence of the European Union on the Consolidation of Democracy in Turkey 1987-2002”. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Bilkent University, 2003.
Yankaya, D. (2015) “Turkish Islam’s EU quest”, in Ali Tekin and Aylin Güney (eds) The Europeanization of Turkey: Polity and Politics (Oxon: Routledge), 162-179.
Yapp, M. E. (1992) “Europe in the Turkish Mirror”, Past and Present, 137(2): 134-155.
Yavuz, M. H. (2001) “Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 7(3): 1-24.

PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15, 209 - 231, 26.04.2021

Mustafa Onur Tetik

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Turkey, European Union

Kaynakça

Aksu, K. (2012) Turkey–EU Relations: Power, Politics and the Future, (Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholar Publishing).
Aksu, K. (2015) Turkey-EU Relations: Beyond membership; army, religion, and energy, (Unpublished PhD Thesis: University of London).
Anderson, B. (2006) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, (London: Verso).
Anwar, G. M. D. E. (2014) “Inventing a Myth: The Medieval Islamic Civilization through Western Perspectives.” International Journal of Language and Literature, 2(4): 139-177.
Aras, B. and Köni, H. (2002) “Turkish-Syrian Relations Revisited”, Arab Studies Quarterly, 24(4): 47-61.
Arı, B. (2004) “Early Ottoman Diplomacy: Ad Hoc Period.”, in A. Nuri Yurdusev (ed) Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional? (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 36-65.
Ateş, D. (2014) Türk Dış Politikasına Giriş: Yeni Muhafazakarlık ve Doğu-Batı Ekseninde Yapısal Değişim, (Bursa: Dora).
Avcı, G. (2004) “Turkish political parties and the EU discourse in the post-Helsinki period: A case of Europeanization”, in Mehmet Uğur and Nergis Canefe (eds) Turkey and European Integration - Accession: Prospects and Issues (London: Routledge), 194- 214.
Ayata, A. (2009) “Türkiye Usulu Avrupa Birliği ile Yakınlaşma”, Journal of Academic Studies, 11(40).
Ayata, A. and Yücel, G. (2015) Yeni Küresel Düzende Türk Dış Politikasının Kimlik Arayışı, (Ankara: Nobel Yayınları).
Aybet, G. (1999) “Turkey and European institutions”, The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, 34(1): 103-110.
Aybet, G. (2012) “The Evolution of NATO’s Three Phases and Turkey’s Transatlantic Relationship”, Perceptions, 17(1): 19-36.
Aybet, G. and Müftüler-Bac, M. (2000) “Transformations in Security and Identity after the Cold War: Turkey’s Problematic Relationship with Europe”, International Journal, 55(4): 567–582.
Aybey, A. (2004) “Turkey and the European Union Relations: A Historical Assessment”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(1): 19-38.
Aydın-Düzgit, S. (2012) Constructions of European Identity: Debates and Discourses on Turkey and the EU, (Palgrave Macmillan).
Balcı, A. (2013) Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar, (İstanbul: Etkileşim).
Baç, M. M. and Taşkın, E. (2007) “Turkey’s Accession to the European Union: Does Identity and Culture Play a Role?”, Ankara Review of European Studies, 6(2): 31-50.
Camyar, I and Tagma, H. M. (2010) “Why Does Turkey Seek European Union Membership? A Historical Institutional Approach”, Turkish Studies, 11(3): 371-386.
Chatterjee, P. (1993) Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse, (London: Zed Books).
Charalambides, I. C. (2009) Evaluation of the Turkish accession to the European Union, the structural changes and EU cohesion, (Unpublished PhD Thesis. Middlesex University).
Dağı, İ. (2001) “Human Rights, Democratization and the European Community in Turkish Politics: The Özal Years, 1983-87”, Middle Eastern Studies, (37)1: 17-40.
Davison, R. H. (1963) Reform in the Ottoman Empire 1856-1876, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Demirağ, Y. (2006) “Pan-Ideologies in the Ottoman Empire against the West: From Pan-Ottomanism to Pan-Turkism”, in The Turkish Yearbook, 26: 139-158. Deringil, S. (2002) Simgeden Millete. (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları).
Desai, S. (2005) “Turkey in the European Union: A Security Perspective – Risk or Opportunity?”, Defence Studies, 5(3): 366-393.
Eralp, A. (1993) “Turkey and the EC in the changing post-war international system”, in Balkir and Williams (eds), Turkey and Europe, (London: Pinter).
Eralp, A. (2000) “Turkey in the enlargement process: From Luxembourg to Helsinki”, Perceptions, (5)2: 17-32.
Eralp, A. and Torun, Z. (2015) “Perceptions and Europeanization in Turkey before the EU Candidacy: An Overview of History”, in Ali Tekin and Aylin Güney (eds) The Europeanization of Turkey: Polity and Politics, (Oxon: Routledge), 14-30.
Fsadni, R. (2009) “The Debate’s Impact on Europe”, in Constantine Arvanitopoulos (ed) Turkey's Accession to the European Union: An Unusual Candidacy (Berlin: Springer), 159-170.
Gülseven, E. (2010) Identity Security and Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Period: Relations with the EU, Greece and the Middle East (Unpublished PhD Thesis: Brunel University).
Güneş-Ayata, A. (2003) “From Euro-scepticism to Turkey-scepticism: changing political attitudes on the European Union in Turkey”, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 5(2): 205–222.
Güney, A. (2015) “Europeanization of civil–military relations in Turkey: civilianization without democratization?”, in Ali Tekin and Aylin Güney (eds) The Europeanization of Turkey: Polity and Politics, (Oxon: Routledge), 108-123.
Jenkins, G. (2007) “Continuity and Change: Prospects for Civil- Military Relations in Turkey”, International Affairs, 83(2): 339–355.
Kabaalioğlu, H. (1999) “Turkey and the European Union: Converging or Drifting Apart”, Marmara Journal of European Studies, 7(1-2): 109-165.
Kadercan, B. (2015) “The Unbearable Lightness of Blaming Erdogan: What Turkey Experts are not Telling You”, War on the Rocks, Available at: https://warontherocks.com/2015/09/the-unbearable-lightness-of-blaming-erdogan-or-what-turkey-experts-are-not-telling-you/ (Accessed: 2 June 2020)
Kaliber, A and Kaliber, E. (2019) “From De-Europeanisation to Anti-Western Populism: Turkish Foreign Policy in Flux”, The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, 54(4): 1-16.
Karaosmanoğlu, A. L. (2000) “The Evolution of the National Security Culture and the Military in Turkey”, Journal of International Affairs, 54(1): 199-216.
Karpat, K. H. (1972) “The Transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789-1908”, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 3: 243-281.
Keyman, F. and Öniş, Z. (2004) “Helsinki, Copenhagen and beyond - Challenges to the New Europe and the Turkish State”, in Mehmet Uğur and Nergis Canefe (eds) Turkey and European Integration - Accession: Prospects and Issues (London: Routledge), 173-193.
Keyman, F. and Düzgit, S. A. (2007) “Human Rights and Democratization in Accession to the European Union”, in Esra LaGro and Knud Eric Jorgensen (eds) Turkey and The European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 69-89.
Khadduri, M. (1956) “Islam and the Modern Law of Nations”, The American Journal of International Law, 50(2): 358-372.
Kırval, L. (2007) “Identity, Interests and Political Culture in Turkey’s Accession Negotiations”, in Esra LaGro and Knud Eric Jorgensen (eds) Turkey and The European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 185-202.
Kösebalaban, H. (2002) “Turkey’s EU Membership: A Clash of Security Cultures”, Middle East Policy, 9(2): 130-146.
Kösebalaban, H. (2014) Türk Dış Politikası, (Ankara: Bing Bang Yayınları).
Kuran-Burçoğlu, N. (2007) “From Vision to Reality: A Socio-cultural Critique of Turkey’s Accession Process”, in Esra LaGro and Knud Eric Jorgensen (eds) Turkey and The European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 147-168.
Levin, P. T. (2011) Turkey and the European Union: Christian and Secular Images of Islam, (New York: Palgrave MacMillan).
Lewis, B. (1968) The Emergence of Modern Turkey, (New York: Oxford University Press).
MacLennan, J. (2009) “The EU-Turkey Negotiations: Between the Siege of Vienna and the Reconquest of Constantinople”, in Constantine Arvanitopoulos (ed) Turkey's Accession to the European Union: An Unusual Candidacy (Berlin: Springer), 21-30.
Mayer, F. C. and Palmowski, J. (2004) “European Identities and the EU-The Ties that Bind the Peoples of Europe”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 42(3).
Müftüler-Baç, M. (2005) “Turkey's Political Reforms and the Impact of the European Union”, South European Society and Politics, 10(1): 17-31.
Müftüler-Baç, M. and Gürsoy, Y. (2010) “Is There a Europeanization of Turkish Foreign Policy? An Addendum to the Literature on EU Candidates”, Turkish Studies, 11(3): 405-427.
Naff, T. (1963) “Reform and the Conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789-1807”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 83(3): 295-315.
Naff, T. (1984) “The Ottoman Empire and the European States System”, in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds) The Expansion of International Society, (Oxford University Press).
Nas, Ç. (2001) “Turkish Identity and the Perception of Europe”, Marmara Journal of European Studies, 9(1): 177-189.
Neumann, I. B. and Welsh, J. M. (1991) “The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society”, Review of International Studies, 17(4): 327-348.
Oğuzlu, T. (2002) “The Clash of Security Identities: The Question of Turkey's Membership in the European Union”, International Journal, 57(4): 579-603.
Oğuzlu, T. (2007) “Soft power in Turkish foreign policy”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 61(1): 81-97.
Özbudun, E. (2015) “Turkey’s Judiciary and the Drift Toward Competitive Authoritarianism”. The International Spectator, 50(2): 42-55.
Piran, L. (2013) Institutional Change in Turkey: The Impact of European Union Reforms on Human Rights and Policing, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
Plamenatz, J. (1973) “Two Types of Nationalism”, in Eugene Kamenka (ed) Nationalism (Canberra: Australian National University Press), 22-37.
Rumford, C. (2000) “From Luxembourg to Helsinki: Turkey, the politics of EU enlargement and prospects for accession”, Contemporary Politics, 6(4): 331-343.
Spiering, Menno (2007) “Euro-sceptic Concerns about National Identity in the European Union and Turkey”, in Esra LaGro and Knud Eric Jorgensen (eds) Turkey and The European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 169-184.
Sugden, J. (2004) “Leverage in theory and practice: human rights and Turkey’s EU candidacy”, in Mehmet Uğur and Nergis Canefe (eds) Turkey and European Integration - Accession: Prospects and Issues (London: Routledge), 241-264.
Tacar, P. (2007) “Socio-cultural dimensions of accession negotiations”, in Esra LaGro and Knud Eric Jorgensen (eds) Turkey and The European Union: Prospects for a Difficult Encounter (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 125-146.
Tamkoç, M. (1961) “Turkey's Quest for Security through Defensive Alliances”, Milletlerarası Münasebetler Yıllığı, l-39.
Taniyici, Ş. (2010) “Europeanization of Political Elite Discourses in Turkey: A Content Analysis of Parliamentary Debates 1994–2002”, Turkish Studies, 11(2): 181-195.
Tekin, B. Ç. (2010) Representations and Othering in Discourse: The Construction of Turkey in the EU Context, (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company).
Tiryakioğu, N. O. (2015) The Western Image of Turks from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century: The Myth of ‘Terrible Turk’ and ‘Lustful Turk’, (Unpublished PhD Thesis: Nottingham Trent University).
Tziampiris, A. (2009) “The European Union, Islam and Turkey: Delineating Europe's soft power”, in Constantine Arvanitopoulos (ed) Turkey's Accession to the European Union: An Unusual Candidacy (Berlin: Springer).
Uluğ-Eryılmaz, B. (2015) “Europeanization or not? Turkish Foreign Policy and the Cyprus Problem, 1999-2014”, (Unpublished PhD Thesis: İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University).
Usul, Ali. R. (2003) “International Dimension of Democratization? The Influence of the European Union on the Consolidation of Democracy in Turkey 1987-2002”. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Bilkent University, 2003.
Yankaya, D. (2015) “Turkish Islam’s EU quest”, in Ali Tekin and Aylin Güney (eds) The Europeanization of Turkey: Polity and Politics (Oxon: Routledge), 162-179.
Yapp, M. E. (1992) “Europe in the Turkish Mirror”, Past and Present, 137(2): 134-155.
Yavuz, M. H. (2001) “Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 7(3): 1-24.

Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Bölüm	Tüm Sayı
Yazarlar	Mustafa Onur Tetik 0000-0003-2318-8504
Yayımlanma Tarihi	26 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi	16 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15

Kaynak Göster

APA	Tetik, M. O. (2021). PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 8(15), 209-231.
AMA	Tetik MO. PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM. Akademik Hassasiyetler. Nisan 2021;8(15):209-231.
Chicago	Tetik, Mustafa Onur. “PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8, sy. 15 (Nisan 2021): 209-31.
EndNote	Tetik MO (01 Nisan 2021) PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8 15 209–231.
IEEE	M. O. Tetik, “PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 8, sy. 15, ss. 209–231, 2021.
ISNAD	Tetik, Mustafa Onur. “PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8/15 (Nisan 2021), 209-231.
JAMA	Tetik MO. PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8:209–231.
MLA	Tetik, Mustafa Onur. “PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM”. Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 8, sy. 15, 2021, ss. 209-31.
Vancouver	Tetik MO. PROTRACTED BETROTHAL: A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRESENT TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION ANTAGONISM. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8(15):209-31.

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Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin

MAKALE DEĞERLENDİRME SÜRECİ

Yazar tarafından gönderilen bir makale, gönderim tarihinden itibaren 10 gün içinde dergi sekreteri tarafından makalenin, telif sözleşmesinin ve benzerlik raporunun (Turnitin programı) eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden incelenir. İstenilen bu dosyalar eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilmiş ise makale; ikinci aşamada derginin yayın çizgisine uygun olup olmadığı yönünden değerlendirilir. Bu süreçte makale yayın çizgisine uygun değilse yazara iade edilir. Makale yayın çizgisine uygun ise şablona uygun bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden değerlendirilir. Şayet makale şablona uyarlanıp gönderilmemiş ise değerlendirme sürecine alınmaz. Bu süreçte yazarın derginin belirlediği şartlara uygun bir şekilde sisteme makale yüklemesi beklenir. Makale şablona uygun bir şekilde hazırlanıp gönderilmiş ise son aşamada makale derginin yayın ilkeleri, yazım kuralları, öz, abstract, extented abstract, kaynakça gösterimi vb. yönlerden incelenir. Bu ayrıntılarda makalede bir sorun varsa yazarın bu hususları tamamlaması istenir ve verilen süre içerisinde eksiksiz bir şekilde yeniden makaleyi göndermesi istenir.
Tüm bu aşamaları geçen makale, editör tarafından bilimsel yeterliliğinin denetlenmesi amacıyla ikinci 7 günlük süre içerisinde çalışmaya uygun iki hakeme değerlendirmeleri için gönderilir. Hakemlerin değerlendirme süreleri 15 gündür. Bu süre zarfında hakemlik görevini tamamlamayan bir hakem olursa ilgili hakeme değerlendirmeyi tamamlaması için 7 günlük ek süre verilebilir. Bu süre zarfında hakem görevini yerine getirmezse yerine yeni bir hakem ataması yapılır. En az iki hakemden gelen raporlar olumlu ise makale yayın aşamasına alınır. Hakem raporlarından birisi olumlu diğeri olumsuz ise makale üçüncü bir hakeme gönderilir. Üçüncü hakem raporu da olumsuz ise makale ret edilir. Üçüncü hakemin değerlendirmesi olumlu ise makaleyle ilgili hakem raporları dergi alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından incelenir. Makalenin yayınlanmasıyla ilgili nihai karar alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Hakem raporlarının yetersiz ve tatmin etmekten uzak olması veya İngilizce editör tarafından abstract ve extented abstract’ın yetersiz görülmesi hallerinde de yine makaleyle ilgili son karar Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Tüm bu aşamalardan geçen bir makale en yakın sayıya yayınlanmak üzere eklenir. İlgili sayıda yer kalmaması halinde makalenin yayımı bir sonraki sayıya kaydırılır. Bu durumda ve tüm değerlendirme sürecinde yazar isterse makalesini geri çekme hakkına sahiptir. Ancak bu durumu dergiye bildirmesi gerekir. Makale gönderim tarihinden makalenin yayına kabul tarihine kadar tüm bu işlemler için ortalama 3 aylık bir süre öngörülmektedir.