DIVERGENT NATURE OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PKK AND ISIS/ISIL

Haluk Karadağ; Ismail Sıkı

Araştırma Makalesi

DIVERGENT NATURE OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PKK AND ISIS/ISIL

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15, 341 - 360, 26.04.2021

Haluk Karadağ , Ismail Sıkı

Öz

Terrorism is affecting all human beings regardless of time, place, and nationality such as the case of brutal ISIS/ISIL attacks that took place in the center of Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2016. Twenty-two people had killed mostly foreigners in the Holey Artisan Café during this attack. The terrorist organization of ISIS/ISIL claimed responsibility for this criminal act. This violent assault made one thing certain that the struggle against terrorism is increasingly getting more problematic and solutions are becoming more complicated. However, on the other side, the terrorist organization of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK/KADEK/ KONGRA-GEL) has been trying to terrorize provinces in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. In Turkey, PKK made strategic changes many times since its first action in 1984. In reality, there are some basic differences between religiously-motivated terrorist groups and secular terrorist organizations. Those differences stem from their drastically different value systems, legitimization, and justification of the violence they employ, worldviews, and concepts of morality. This comparative analysis will shed light on significant differences between secular terrorist groups and terrorist groups with religious motivations. The objective of the study is to demonstrate the reasons for the violent and lethal acts of religiously motivated groups.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Terrorism, ISIS, PKK, DAESH, AL-QAIDA

Kaynakça

Aaron, M. (2015). Islamic State Recruiting Christians? Muslim Converts Joining ISIS Militant Fighters. International Bussiness Times, July 05, 2015 http://www.ibtimes.com/islamic-state-recruiting-christians-muslim-converts-joining-isis-militant-fighters-1912252 (Erişim Tarihi: 06.11.2020)
Appleby, S. R. (2000). The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.,
Arquilla, J., Ronfeldt, D., - Zanini, M. (1999). Networks, Netwars, and Information Age Terrorism. In I. Lesser (Ed.), Countering the new terrorism Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Bandura, A. (1998). Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement. In W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism (161-191). Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Bandura, A. (2004). The Role of Selective Moral Disengagement in Terrorism and Counterterrorism. In F. M. Moghaddam & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), Understanding terrorism: Psychological roots, consequences, and interventions (121-150). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
BBC (2016). Profile: Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK). http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20971100 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2020)
BBC News (2014). Cardiff. Jihadist ‘Willing to Die’ for ISIS Fight in Syria, July 2, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-28116575 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2020)
Britannica Online Encyclopedia (2021). ‘Terrorism’. https://www.britannica.com/topic/terrorism (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2021)
Cambridge Dictionary (2021). ‘Terrorism’. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/terrorism, (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2021)
Chalk, P. (1999). The Evolving Dynamics of Terrorism in the 1990s. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 53(2), 151-167.
Clutterbuck, R. (1994). Terrorism in an Unstable World. New York: Routledge.
Combs, C. C. (1997). Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. N.Y.: Prentice Hall.
Combs, C. C. - Slann, M. (2007). Encyclopedia of Terrorism (Revised Edition), Facts on File Publishing.
Crenshaw, M. (2003). “New” versus “Old” Terrorism. Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economic & Culture, 10(1), 48-53.
Cronin, A. (2003). Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism. In R. D. Howard & R. E. Sawyer (Eds.), Defeating terrorism: Shaping the new security environment (29–50). Guilford, CT: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin.
Esposito, J. L. (2002). Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press.
European Union. List of Terrorist Organizations. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009E0468&qid=1412596355797&from=EN (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2020)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (1996). Terrorism in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Fortna, V. P. (2015). Do Terrorists Win? Rebels’ Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes. International Organization 69, Summer 2015, pp. 519–556.
Gearson, J. (2002). The Nature of Modern Terrorism. Political Quarterly, 73(4), 7-24.
Halibozek, E., Jones, A. - Kovacich, G. (2008) The Corporate Security Professional’s Handbook on Terrorism. New York: Elsevier.
Hewitt, C. (1990). Terrorism and Public Opinion: A Five Country Comparison. Terrorism and Political Violence, 3(2), 145-170.
Hoffman, B. (1998). Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hoffman, B. (1999). Terrorism trends and prospects. In I. Lesser (Ed.), Countering the new terrorism (7-38). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Hoffman, B. (2001). Change and continuity in terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 24 (5).
Hoffman, B. (2002). Lessons of 9/11. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation CT-201.
Howard, D. R. (2004). Understanding Al Qaeda’s Application of the New Terrorism: The Key to Victory in the Current Campaign. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Understanding the new security environment readings & interpretations (74-85). CT: McGraw Hill/Dushkin.
Jenkins, B. (1978). International Terrorism: Trends and Potentialities. Journal of International Affairs, 32, 115-123.
Jenkins, B. (1985). International Terrorism: The Other World War. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, R-3302-AF
Joint Publication 1-02 (2010). U.S. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 8 November 2010, as amended through 15 November 2015, 245. FM 100-20, Military Operations in Low Intensity Conflict, 5 December 1990.
Juergensmeyer, M. (1997). Terror Mandated by God. Terrorism and Political Violence, 9(2),16-23.
Juergensmeyer, M. (2000). Understanding the new terrorism. Current History, 99 (636).
Juergensmeyer, M. (2001). The Logic of Religious Violence. In D. C. Rapoport (Ed.), Inside terrorist organizations (172-193). Frank Cass Publishers.
Juergensmeyer, M. (2003). Terror in the Mind of God. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kellen, K. (1982). On Terrorists and Terrorism. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, N-1942-RC.
Khatchadourian, H. (1988). Terrorism and Morality. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 5(2), 131–145
Kruglanski, A. ve Fishman, S. (2006). Terrorism between "Syndrome" and "Tool". Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Feb., 2006), pp. 45-48.
Laqueur, W. (1987). The Age of Terrorism. Boston: Little Brown & Company.
Laqueur, W. (2002). A History of Terrorism. New York: Transaction Publishers.
Laqueur, W. (2003). No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Continuum
Mason, C. (2003) Killing for Life: The Apocalyptic Narrative of Pro-Life Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Matusitz, J. (2012). Terrorism and Communication: A Critical Introduction. NY: Sage Publications.
Medd, R., - Goldstein, F. (1997). International Terrorism on the Eve of a New Millennium. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 20, 281-316.
Merkl, H. P. (1995). West German Left Wing Terrorism. In M. Crenshaw (Ed.), Terrorism in context (160-210). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Milliyet Newspaper, Yakalanan Terörist Yaşam Koşullarını Anlattı - Terrorist, Captured, told the Living Conditions, December, 18, 2011. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/yakalanan-terorist-yasam-kosullarini-anlatti/gundem/gundemdetay/18.12.2011/1477279/default.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 19.10.2020)
Moghaddam, M. F. (2004). Cultural Preconditions for Potential Terrorist Groups: Terrorism and Societal Change. In F. M. Moghaddam & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), Understanding terrorism: Psychological roots, consequences, and interventions (103-117). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Morgan, M. (2004). The Origins of the New Terrorism. Parameters, 29-43.
Patterns of Global Terrorism (1999). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State Publication.
Pillar, P. (2003). Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Poland, M. J. (1998). Understanding Terrorism: Groups, Strategies, and Responses. Prentice Hall.
Quillen, C. (2002). A Historical Analysis of Mass Casualty Bombs. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 25, 279-292.
Rapoport, D. C. (1988). Messianic Sanctions for Terror. Comparative Politics, 20(2), 195-213.
Rapoport, D. C. (1991). Some General Observations on Religion and Violence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 3(3), 118-140.
Scheuer, M. (2003). Through Our Enemies’ Eyes: Osama Bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America. Washington, DC: Potomac Books.
Schmid, A. P. (1984). Political terrorism: A research guide to concepts, theories, databases, and literature. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Schmid, P. A. (1993). Terrorism and democracy. In A. P. Schmid & R. O. Crelinsten (Eds.), Western responses to terrorism (10-27). Frank Cass Publishers.
Selengut, C. (2003) Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
Simon, S., & Benjamin, D. (2001). The Terror. Survival, 43(4), 5-18.
Smith, S. - Carson, B. (2015). Compares ISIS Militants to America’s Founding Fathers, Says Islamic Terrorists Willing to Die for What They Believe In, Christian Post Politics, January 16, 2015. http://www.christianpost.com/news/ben-carson-compares-isis-militants-to-americas-founding-fathers-says-islamic-terrorists-willing-to-die-for-what-they-believe-in-132681/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.19.2020)
Staub, E. (2004). Understanding and Responding to Group Violence: Genocide, Mass Killing, and Terrorism. In F. M. Moghaddam & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), Understanding terrorism: Psychological roots, consequences, and interventions (151-168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Stern, J. (2004). Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New York: Harper Collins Publishers Inc.
Taheri, A. (1987). Holy Terror: The Inside Story of Islamic Terrorism. Hutchinson Ltd.
Taylor, M. D., - Louis, W. (2004). Terrorism and Quest For Identity. In F. M. Moghaddam & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), Understanding terrorism: Psychological roots, consequences, and interventions (169-186). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
The United States (2021) List of Terrorist Organizations. http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2021)
U.S. Army TRADOC (2007) G2, Handbook No.1: A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 15 August 2007.
UN General Assembly Resolution (1994) No. 49/60, December 9, 1994, Annex, article 3.
UN Security Council Resolution No. (2004) 1566, October 8, 2004, article 3.
Whine, M. (2002). The New Terrorism. http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=427
White, R. J. (2001). Political Eschatology: A Theology of Antigovernment Extremism. American Behavioral Scientist, 44 (6), 937-956.

TERÖRİZMİN DOĞASINDAKİ FARKLILIK: PKK VE IŞİD ÜZERİNE KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15, 341 - 360, 26.04.2021

Haluk Karadağ , Ismail Sıkı

Öz

Terörizm, Bangladeş’in Dakka şehir merkezinde 2016 yılında IŞİD tarafından gerçekleştirilen acımasız saldırıda olduğu gibi tüm insanları zaman, mekân ve milliyet farkı gözetmeksizin etkilemektedir. Holey Artisan Kafe’de gerçekleştirilen saldırıda çoğu yabancı yirmi iki kişi hayatını kaybetmiştir. Bu saldırının sorumluluğunu IŞİD üstlenmiştir. Bahse konu şiddet içeren saldırı terörizmle mücadelenin giderek daha zorlaştığını ve çözümün ise daha karmaşık bir hale geldiğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bununla birlikte Türkiye’de kendisini seküler olarak tanıtan, Kürdistan İşçi Partisi olarak bilinen ve PKK/KCK/KONGRA-GEL kısaltmalarıyla anılan terör örgütü Türkiye, İran, Irak ve Suriye’de eylemler gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu bağlamda PKK terör örgütü ilk eylemini gerçekleştirdiği 1984 yılından beri çeşitli stratejik değişikliklere gitmiştir. Gerçekte PKK ve IŞİD gibi seküler ve dini motivasyonlu olan iki değişik ideolojiye sahip terörist örgüt arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Örneğin PKK gibi seküler terör örgütlerinin eylemlerindeki şiddet kısıtlı iken, IŞİD/DAEŞ gibi dini motifli terör örgütlerinde limitsizdir. Bu makale seküler terör örgütü olan PKK ile dini motifli terör örgütü IŞİD/DAEŞ arasındaki yapısal farklılıkları karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmektedir. Böylece PKK ve IŞİD/DAEŞ örneklerinden hareketle mevcut terörizm literatürüne katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca geniş bir tanımı olan terörizm kavramını söz konusu literatür içerisinde kapsamlı ve net olarak ele almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Terörizm, IŞİD, PKK, DAEŞ, El-Kaide

Kaynakça

Aaron, M. (2015). Islamic State Recruiting Christians? Muslim Converts Joining ISIS Militant Fighters. International Bussiness Times, July 05, 2015 http://www.ibtimes.com/islamic-state-recruiting-christians-muslim-converts-joining-isis-militant-fighters-1912252 (Erişim Tarihi: 06.11.2020)
Appleby, S. R. (2000). The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.,
Arquilla, J., Ronfeldt, D., - Zanini, M. (1999). Networks, Netwars, and Information Age Terrorism. In I. Lesser (Ed.), Countering the new terrorism Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Bandura, A. (1998). Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement. In W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism (161-191). Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Bandura, A. (2004). The Role of Selective Moral Disengagement in Terrorism and Counterterrorism. In F. M. Moghaddam & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), Understanding terrorism: Psychological roots, consequences, and interventions (121-150). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
BBC (2016). Profile: Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK). http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20971100 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2020)
BBC News (2014). Cardiff. Jihadist ‘Willing to Die’ for ISIS Fight in Syria, July 2, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-28116575 (Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2020)
Britannica Online Encyclopedia (2021). ‘Terrorism’. https://www.britannica.com/topic/terrorism (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2021)
Cambridge Dictionary (2021). ‘Terrorism’. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/terrorism, (Erişim Tarihi: 28.03.2021)
Chalk, P. (1999). The Evolving Dynamics of Terrorism in the 1990s. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 53(2), 151-167.
Clutterbuck, R. (1994). Terrorism in an Unstable World. New York: Routledge.
Combs, C. C. (1997). Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. N.Y.: Prentice Hall.
Combs, C. C. - Slann, M. (2007). Encyclopedia of Terrorism (Revised Edition), Facts on File Publishing.
Crenshaw, M. (2003). “New” versus “Old” Terrorism. Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economic & Culture, 10(1), 48-53.
Cronin, A. (2003). Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism. In R. D. Howard & R. E. Sawyer (Eds.), Defeating terrorism: Shaping the new security environment (29–50). Guilford, CT: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin.
Esposito, J. L. (2002). Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press.
European Union. List of Terrorist Organizations. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009E0468&qid=1412596355797&from=EN (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2020)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (1996). Terrorism in the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Fortna, V. P. (2015). Do Terrorists Win? Rebels’ Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes. International Organization 69, Summer 2015, pp. 519–556.
Gearson, J. (2002). The Nature of Modern Terrorism. Political Quarterly, 73(4), 7-24.
Halibozek, E., Jones, A. - Kovacich, G. (2008) The Corporate Security Professional’s Handbook on Terrorism. New York: Elsevier.
Hewitt, C. (1990). Terrorism and Public Opinion: A Five Country Comparison. Terrorism and Political Violence, 3(2), 145-170.
Hoffman, B. (1998). Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hoffman, B. (1999). Terrorism trends and prospects. In I. Lesser (Ed.), Countering the new terrorism (7-38). Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Hoffman, B. (2001). Change and continuity in terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 24 (5).
Hoffman, B. (2002). Lessons of 9/11. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation CT-201.
Howard, D. R. (2004). Understanding Al Qaeda’s Application of the New Terrorism: The Key to Victory in the Current Campaign. In R. D. Howard & R. L. Sawyer (Eds.), Terrorism and Counterterrorism: Understanding the new security environment readings & interpretations (74-85). CT: McGraw Hill/Dushkin.
Jenkins, B. (1978). International Terrorism: Trends and Potentialities. Journal of International Affairs, 32, 115-123.
Jenkins, B. (1985). International Terrorism: The Other World War. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, R-3302-AF
Joint Publication 1-02 (2010). U.S. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 8 November 2010, as amended through 15 November 2015, 245. FM 100-20, Military Operations in Low Intensity Conflict, 5 December 1990.
Juergensmeyer, M. (1997). Terror Mandated by God. Terrorism and Political Violence, 9(2),16-23.
Juergensmeyer, M. (2000). Understanding the new terrorism. Current History, 99 (636).
Juergensmeyer, M. (2001). The Logic of Religious Violence. In D. C. Rapoport (Ed.), Inside terrorist organizations (172-193). Frank Cass Publishers.
Juergensmeyer, M. (2003). Terror in the Mind of God. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kellen, K. (1982). On Terrorists and Terrorism. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, N-1942-RC.
Khatchadourian, H. (1988). Terrorism and Morality. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 5(2), 131–145
Kruglanski, A. ve Fishman, S. (2006). Terrorism between "Syndrome" and "Tool". Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Feb., 2006), pp. 45-48.
Laqueur, W. (1987). The Age of Terrorism. Boston: Little Brown & Company.
Laqueur, W. (2002). A History of Terrorism. New York: Transaction Publishers.
Laqueur, W. (2003). No End to War: Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Continuum
Mason, C. (2003) Killing for Life: The Apocalyptic Narrative of Pro-Life Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Matusitz, J. (2012). Terrorism and Communication: A Critical Introduction. NY: Sage Publications.
Medd, R., - Goldstein, F. (1997). International Terrorism on the Eve of a New Millennium. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 20, 281-316.
Merkl, H. P. (1995). West German Left Wing Terrorism. In M. Crenshaw (Ed.), Terrorism in context (160-210). University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Milliyet Newspaper, Yakalanan Terörist Yaşam Koşullarını Anlattı - Terrorist, Captured, told the Living Conditions, December, 18, 2011. http://www.milliyet.com.tr/yakalanan-terorist-yasam-kosullarini-anlatti/gundem/gundemdetay/18.12.2011/1477279/default.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 19.10.2020)
Moghaddam, M. F. (2004). Cultural Preconditions for Potential Terrorist Groups: Terrorism and Societal Change. In F. M. Moghaddam & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), Understanding terrorism: Psychological roots, consequences, and interventions (103-117). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Morgan, M. (2004). The Origins of the New Terrorism. Parameters, 29-43.
Patterns of Global Terrorism (1999). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State Publication.
Pillar, P. (2003). Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Poland, M. J. (1998). Understanding Terrorism: Groups, Strategies, and Responses. Prentice Hall.
Quillen, C. (2002). A Historical Analysis of Mass Casualty Bombs. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 25, 279-292.
Rapoport, D. C. (1988). Messianic Sanctions for Terror. Comparative Politics, 20(2), 195-213.
Rapoport, D. C. (1991). Some General Observations on Religion and Violence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 3(3), 118-140.
Scheuer, M. (2003). Through Our Enemies’ Eyes: Osama Bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America. Washington, DC: Potomac Books.
Schmid, A. P. (1984). Political terrorism: A research guide to concepts, theories, databases, and literature. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Schmid, P. A. (1993). Terrorism and democracy. In A. P. Schmid & R. O. Crelinsten (Eds.), Western responses to terrorism (10-27). Frank Cass Publishers.
Selengut, C. (2003) Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
Simon, S., & Benjamin, D. (2001). The Terror. Survival, 43(4), 5-18.
Smith, S. - Carson, B. (2015). Compares ISIS Militants to America’s Founding Fathers, Says Islamic Terrorists Willing to Die for What They Believe In, Christian Post Politics, January 16, 2015. http://www.christianpost.com/news/ben-carson-compares-isis-militants-to-americas-founding-fathers-says-islamic-terrorists-willing-to-die-for-what-they-believe-in-132681/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.19.2020)
Staub, E. (2004). Understanding and Responding to Group Violence: Genocide, Mass Killing, and Terrorism. In F. M. Moghaddam & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), Understanding terrorism: Psychological roots, consequences, and interventions (151-168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Stern, J. (2004). Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. New York: Harper Collins Publishers Inc.
Taheri, A. (1987). Holy Terror: The Inside Story of Islamic Terrorism. Hutchinson Ltd.
Taylor, M. D., - Louis, W. (2004). Terrorism and Quest For Identity. In F. M. Moghaddam & A. J. Marsella (Eds.), Understanding terrorism: Psychological roots, consequences, and interventions (169-186). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
The United States (2021) List of Terrorist Organizations. http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 21.02.2021)
U.S. Army TRADOC (2007) G2, Handbook No.1: A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 15 August 2007.
UN General Assembly Resolution (1994) No. 49/60, December 9, 1994, Annex, article 3.
UN Security Council Resolution No. (2004) 1566, October 8, 2004, article 3.
Whine, M. (2002). The New Terrorism. http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=427
White, R. J. (2001). Political Eschatology: A Theology of Antigovernment Extremism. American Behavioral Scientist, 44 (6), 937-956.

Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Bölüm	Tüm Sayı
Yazarlar	Haluk Karadağ 0000-0001-7577-763X Ismail Sıkı Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-3573-2645
Yayımlanma Tarihi	26 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi	3 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15

Kaynak Göster

APA	Karadağ, H., & Sıkı, I. (2021). DIVERGENT NATURE OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PKK AND ISIS/ISIL. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 8(15), 341-360.
AMA	Karadağ H, Sıkı I. DIVERGENT NATURE OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PKK AND ISIS/ISIL. Akademik Hassasiyetler. Nisan 2021;8(15):341-360.
Chicago	Karadağ, Haluk, ve Ismail Sıkı. “DIVERGENT NATURE OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PKK AND ISIS/ISIL”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8, sy. 15 (Nisan 2021): 341-60.
EndNote	Karadağ H, Sıkı I (01 Nisan 2021) DIVERGENT NATURE OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PKK AND ISIS/ISIL. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8 15 341–360.
IEEE	H. Karadağ ve I. Sıkı, “DIVERGENT NATURE OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PKK AND ISIS/ISIL”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 8, sy. 15, ss. 341–360, 2021.
ISNAD	Karadağ, Haluk - Sıkı, Ismail. “DIVERGENT NATURE OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PKK AND ISIS/ISIL”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8/15 (Nisan 2021), 341-360.
JAMA	Karadağ H, Sıkı I. DIVERGENT NATURE OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PKK AND ISIS/ISIL. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8:341–360.
MLA	Karadağ, Haluk ve Ismail Sıkı. “DIVERGENT NATURE OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PKK AND ISIS/ISIL”. Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 8, sy. 15, 2021, ss. 341-60.
Vancouver	Karadağ H, Sıkı I. DIVERGENT NATURE OF TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON PKK AND ISIS/ISIL. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8(15):341-60.

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MAKALE DEĞERLENDİRME SÜRECİ

Yazar tarafından gönderilen bir makale, gönderim tarihinden itibaren 10 gün içinde dergi sekreteri tarafından makalenin, telif sözleşmesinin ve benzerlik raporunun (Turnitin programı) eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden incelenir. İstenilen bu dosyalar eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilmiş ise makale; ikinci aşamada derginin yayın çizgisine uygun olup olmadığı yönünden değerlendirilir. Bu süreçte makale yayın çizgisine uygun değilse yazara iade edilir. Makale yayın çizgisine uygun ise şablona uygun bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden değerlendirilir. Şayet makale şablona uyarlanıp gönderilmemiş ise değerlendirme sürecine alınmaz. Bu süreçte yazarın derginin belirlediği şartlara uygun bir şekilde sisteme makale yüklemesi beklenir. Makale şablona uygun bir şekilde hazırlanıp gönderilmiş ise son aşamada makale derginin yayın ilkeleri, yazım kuralları, öz, abstract, extented abstract, kaynakça gösterimi vb. yönlerden incelenir. Bu ayrıntılarda makalede bir sorun varsa yazarın bu hususları tamamlaması istenir ve verilen süre içerisinde eksiksiz bir şekilde yeniden makaleyi göndermesi istenir.
Tüm bu aşamaları geçen makale, editör tarafından bilimsel yeterliliğinin denetlenmesi amacıyla ikinci 7 günlük süre içerisinde çalışmaya uygun iki hakeme değerlendirmeleri için gönderilir. Hakemlerin değerlendirme süreleri 15 gündür. Bu süre zarfında hakemlik görevini tamamlamayan bir hakem olursa ilgili hakeme değerlendirmeyi tamamlaması için 7 günlük ek süre verilebilir. Bu süre zarfında hakem görevini yerine getirmezse yerine yeni bir hakem ataması yapılır. En az iki hakemden gelen raporlar olumlu ise makale yayın aşamasına alınır. Hakem raporlarından birisi olumlu diğeri olumsuz ise makale üçüncü bir hakeme gönderilir. Üçüncü hakem raporu da olumsuz ise makale ret edilir. Üçüncü hakemin değerlendirmesi olumlu ise makaleyle ilgili hakem raporları dergi alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından incelenir. Makalenin yayınlanmasıyla ilgili nihai karar alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Hakem raporlarının yetersiz ve tatmin etmekten uzak olması veya İngilizce editör tarafından abstract ve extented abstract’ın yetersiz görülmesi hallerinde de yine makaleyle ilgili son karar Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Tüm bu aşamalardan geçen bir makale en yakın sayıya yayınlanmak üzere eklenir. İlgili sayıda yer kalmaması halinde makalenin yayımı bir sonraki sayıya kaydırılır. Bu durumda ve tüm değerlendirme sürecinde yazar isterse makalesini geri çekme hakkına sahiptir. Ancak bu durumu dergiye bildirmesi gerekir. Makale gönderim tarihinden makalenin yayına kabul tarihine kadar tüm bu işlemler için ortalama 3 aylık bir süre öngörülmektedir.