UYUŞTURUCU İLE MÜCADELE’ HABERCİLİĞİNDE ÇERÇEVELEME: FİLİPİNLER ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 199 - 226, 30.04.2018

Ekmel Geçer , Krizza Janica Mahinay

https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.357562

Cited By: 6

Öz

Filipinler devlet başkanı Rodrigo Duterte uyuşturucu ile mücadele yöntemlerindeki tartışmalar nedeniyle ulusal ve uluslararası boyutta nam kazanmıştır. Bu nedenle, elinizdeki çalışma uyuşturucu ile mücadele haberciliğinde kullanılan çerçeveleri belirlemeyi amaç edinmiştir. Genelde içerik analizi kullanılarak, Filipinler’deki üç temel gazetedeki (Manila Bulletin, Philippine Daily Inquirer, and The Philippine Star), uyuşturucu ile mücadele haberlerinde öne çıkan aktörlerin temsili ve haber çerçeveleri incelenmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonucunda, gazetelerin temel olarak, kanun ve nizam, suç ve adalet, güvenlik ve savunma, çatışma ve son olarak sorumluluk çerçevelerini kullandığı saptanmıştır. İncelemede, aynı zamanda, medyanın, uyuşturucu karşıtı kampanyayı hikâyeleştirirken objektif bir tutum sergilediği, gözlemlenebilir bir manipülasyona başvurmadığı ve aktör gruplarından birini diğerine üstün göstermediği de anlaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Filipinler, İnsan Hakları, Uyuşturucu Karşıtı Kampanya, Medya Çerçeveleme

Framing the ‘War on Drugs’ in the Philippines

Öz

The Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte has gained quite a reputation in both national and international sphere due to his controversial war against drugs. Accordingly, this article aims to determine the media frames used in reporting the issue. By employing mainly content analysis, three Philippine national newspapers (namely, Manila Bulletin, Philippine Daily Inquirer, and The Philippine Star) are analyzed to observe the repeating media frames and the depictions of actors involved in the drug war. It is revealed that the Law and Order, Crime and Justice Frame, Security and Defense frame, Conflict frame, and Responsibility frame are mainly used by the three newspapers. The study also reveals that media narration of the anti-drug campaign is rather neutral in tone and there is no observable extreme manipulation of stories favoring one group over another. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Filipino, Media Frames, Anti-drug Campaign, Human Rights

Kaynakça

• An, S.-K., & Gower, K. K. (2009). How do the news media frame crises? A content analysis of crisis news coverage. Public Relations Review , 35(2), 107-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.010
• Baresch, B., Hsu, S.-H., & Reese, S. D. (2010). The power of framing: New challenges for researching the structure of meaning in news. The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism , 637-645. Retrieved from https://journalism.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/sites/journalism.utexas.edu/files/attachments/reese/baresch-hsu-reese-chapter.pdf
• Blakley, J., & Nahm, S. (2011). The primetime war on drugs and terror. Retrieved from https://learcenter.org/pdf/Drugs&Terror.pdf
• Boydstun, A. E., Gross, J. H., Resnik, P., & Smith, N. A. (2013). Identifying Media Frames and Frame Dynamics Within and Across Policy Issues (2013). Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.384.6203
• Carter, M. J. (2013). The hermeneutics of frames and framing: An examination of the media's construction of reality. SAGE , 3(2), 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244013487915
• Chermak, S. M. (1997). The presentation of drugs in the new media: The new sources involved in the construction of social problems. Justice Quarterly , 14 (4), 687-718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418829700093551
• Coronel, S. S. (2001). The media, the market and democracy: The case of the Philippines. The Public , 8 (2), 109-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2001.11008774
• Coronel, S. S. (2013). Philippines free as a mocking bird. In R. Rich & L. Williams (Eds.), Losing Control: Freedom of the press in Asia (pp. 147-168). Retrieved from http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p266811/pdf/Philippines.pdf
• Curran, J. (2002). Media and power. London: Routledge.
• Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication , 43 (4), 51-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
• Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication , 57 (1), 163-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x
• Foreman, K., Arteaga, C., & Collins, A. (2016). The role of media framing in crime reports: How different types of news frames and racial identity affect viewers' perception of race. Pepperdine Journal of Communication Research , 4, 8-18. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=pjcr
• Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach. American Journal of Sociology , 95 (1), 1-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/229213
• Lee, L. L. (2015). Drugs in the media: The production of hegemony. (K. C. Militello, Ed.) Sociological Imagination: Western's Undergraduate Sociology Student Journal , 4 (1), 1-11. Retrieved from http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=si
• Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication , 10 (1), 55-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
• Panti, L. T. (2017, February 24). War on drugs is war on poor - Robredo. The Manila Times. Retrieved from http://www.manilatimes.net/war-drugs-war-poor-robredo/314021/
• Pertierra, R. (2012). The new media, society & politics in the Philippines. Retrieved from http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/asia-media/09241.pdf
• Philippine Daily Inquirer. (n.d.). About Us. My Inquirer. Retrieved from http://www.inquirer.com.ph/about-us-2/
• Philippine Daily Inquirer. (2017, May 9). PH delegation faces UN human rights reviewers. Inquirer. Retrieved from https://globalnation.inquirer.net/156277/ph-delegation-faces-un-human-rights-reviewers
• Quismundo, T. (2017, Februar 21). De Lima to cabinet: Declare criminal Duterte unfit as president. Inquirer. Retrieved from http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/873671/de-lima-to-cabinet-declare-criminal-duterte-unfit-as-president
• Reese, S. D. (2007). The framing project: A bridging model for media research revisited. Journal of Communication , 57 (1), 148-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00334.x
• Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication , 57 (1), 9-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9916.2007.00326.x
• Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication , 50 (2), 93-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x
• Shen, F. (2002). Effects of news frame and schemas on individuals' issue interpretations and attitudes. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 81 (2), 400-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100211
• Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the message: Theories of influences on mass media content (2nd edition). Retrieved from https://journalism.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/sites/journalism.utexas.edu/files/attachments/reese/mediating-the-message.pdf
• Social Weather Stations. (2017). First quarter 2017 Social Weather Survey. Retrieved June 25, 2017, from Social Weather Stations: https://www.sws.org.ph/swsmain/artcldisppage/?artcsyscode=ART-20170418140131
• Taylor, S. (2008). Outside the outsiders: Media representations of drug use. The Journal of Community and Criminal Justice , 55 (4), 369-387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550508096493
• Tewksbury, D., & Scheufele, D. A. (2009). News Framing Theory and Research. In J. Bryant, & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research (3rd edition ed., pp. 17-33). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224818365_News_framing_theory_and_research
• Van Djik, T. A. (1995). Power and the news media. In D. L. Paletz (Ed.), Political Communication in Action. (pp. 9-36). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f918/c60f05a64b0f0b5251e85aac538a8775df15.pdf
• Vreese, C. H. (2005). News Framing: Theory and Typology. Information Design Journal , 13 (1), 51-62. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250888488_News_Framing_Theory_and_Typology
• Watson, J. (2007). Representing realities: An overview of news framing. Keio Communication Review (29), 107 - 131. Retrieved from http://www.mediacom.keio.ac.jp/publication/pdf2007/pdf/James%20WATSON.pdf