DYNAMICS OF RADICALIZATION AND PARTICIPATION IN ISWAP IN THE LAKE CHAD BASIN

Yıl 2023, , 29 - 46, 29.12.2023

Osman Türk

https://doi.org/10.54132/akaf.1392216

Öz

This study aims to critically examine the basic dynamics of joining ISWAP, a radical organization in the Africa-Chad Lake Basin. This recruitment process is analyzed through Randy Borum's four-stage radicalization model.
The African Chad -Lake region has become vulnerable to chronic vulnerability due to colonialism and the negative multiplier effect of climate. The fragile and porous structure of the region has become the focus of terrorist organizations due to internal reasons such as poverty, rising unemployment among the young population, inter-tribal struggle, exclusion by the central authority, military interventions and external reasons such as colonialism. This fragility has accentuated the porous structure of the region and provided a window of opportunity for radical organizations such as ISWAP to deepen and expand within the region. By declaring its existence as the West African representative of DAESH, ISWAP gained the right to exploit DAESH's global network of connections and popularity, allowing the organization to expand into West African states. In conclusion, in order to deepen its influence in the region and increase recruitment, ISWAP has turned the region's problems into a recruitment strategy and used religious arguments as both motivation and legitimization in this process. However, the main basis for joining the organization is based on economic, political and social grounds rather than religious reasons.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ISWAP, Sahel Region, Radicalization, Lake Chad Basin, Critical Theory

ÇAD GÖLÜ HAVZASI’NDA RADİKALLEŞME VE ISWAP’A KATILIM DİNAMİKLERİ

Öz

Bu çalışma Afrika-Çad Gölü Havzasında, radikal bir örgüt olan ISWAP’a katılımın temel dinamiklerini eleştirel bir yaklaşım ile ele almayı hedeflemiştir. Bu katılım süreci Randy Borum’un dört aşamalı radikalleşme modeli üzerinden analiz edilmiştir.
Afrika Çad Gölü Havzası başta sömürgecilik olmak üzere iklimin de negatif çarpan etkisi ile kronik savunmasızlığa açık hale gelmiştir. Bölgenin kırılgan ve gözenekli yapısı; yoksulluk, genç nüfus arasında yükselen işsizlik, kabileler arası mücadele, merkezi otorite tarafından dışlanmışlık, askeri müdahaleler gibi içsel, sömürgecilik gibi dışsal gerekçelerle terör örgütlerinin odağı haline dönüşmüştür. Bu kırılganlık bölgedeki gözenekli yapıyı belirginleştirmiş, ISWAP gibi radikal örgütlere, bölge içi derinleşme ve genişleme fırsatı sunmuştur. DEAŞ’ın Batı Afrika temsilcisi olarak varlığını ilan eden ISWAP bu gerekçe ile DEAŞ’ın küresel bağlantı ağını ve popülaritesini kullanma hakkını elde etmiş ve örgüte Batı Afrika eyaletlerine yayılma olanağı sunmuştur. Sonuç olarak ISWAP bölgede etkinliğini derinleştirmek ve örgüte katılımı arttırmak için bölgenin mücadele ettiği problemleri birer taraftar toplama stratejisine dönüştürmüş ve bu süreçte dini argümanları hem motivasyon hem de meşrulaştırma dayanağı olarak kullanmıştır. Fakat örgüte katılımın temel dayanağını dini gerekçelerden ziyade iktisadi, siyasi ve toplumsal temeller oluşturmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ISWAP, Çad Gölü Havzası, Radikalleşme, Sahel Bölgesi, Eleştirel Teori

Kaynakça

• Australian National Security (03.07.2023), Islamic State West Africa Province. www.nationalsecurity.gov.au: https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/what-australia-is-doing/terrorist-organisations/listed-terrorist-organisations/islamic-state-west-africa-province (Erişim tarihi: 13.11.2023)
• Bartlett, Jamie, & Miller, Carl (2012), The edge of violence: Towards telling the difference between violent and non-violent radicalization. Terrorism and Political Violence, 24(1), 1-21.
• BELANGER, Jocelyn, MOYANO, Manuel, MUHAMMAD, Hayat, & RICHARD SON, Lindsy ( 2019), Radicalization Leading to Violence: A Test of the 3N Model. Front. Psychiatry, 10-42.
• BITRUS, Solomon, & ISAH, Benjamin (2021), Economic Development And Security Challenges In The Lake Chad Basin. Journal of Global Research in Education and Social Science, 16-23.
• BONNECASE, Vincent, & BRACHET, Julien (2013), “Le «crises sahéliennes» entre perceptions locales et gestions internationales. Politique Africaine, 130(2), 5-22.
• BORUM, Randy (2011), Radicalization into Violent Extremism II: A Review of Conceptual Models and Empirical Research. Journal of Strategic Security, 37-62
• BUKARTI, Bulama (2022), It’s A Bit Trıcky: Explorıng ISIS’s Ties Wıth Boko Haram. Washington: The George Town University.
• BUSBY, Joshua (2019), The Field of Climate and Security: A Scan of the Literature. The Social Science Research Council (SSRC).
• BUZAN, Barry & HANSEN, Lene (2009), The evolution of international security studies. Cam bridge: Cambridge University Press.
• COLLINS, Alan (2010), Contemporary Security Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• EBONG, Erete (2022), Overcoming the Francophone and Anglophone Dichotomy in the 21st Century to Promote African Unity. Pinisi Journal of Art, Humanity and Social Studies, 2(2), 107-114.
• ESEN, Muammer (2011), Tekfir Söyleminin Dinî ve İdeolojik Boyutları. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahi yat Fakültesi Dergisi, 97-110.
• FEPS, (2019), Governance and Security in the Sahe Tackling Mobility, Demography and Climate Change. Brussels: Foundation for European Progressive Studies and IAI.
• GALEAZZI, Greta, MEDINILLA, Alfonso, & EBIEDE, Tarilla (2016), Understanding the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC): Water and security at inter-regional crossroads. European Centre for Development policy management.
• HAAN, Cees, DUBERN, Etienne, & GARANCHER, Bernard (2014), Pastoralism Development in the Sahel: A Road to Stability? Global Center on Conflict, Security and Development World Bank.
• HANIF, Mohammad A. (2020), On Feet, Necks and the “Greatest Saint”: Debating Sufism in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Africa. Journal of Mesned Divinity Researches, 11(2), 528-543.
• International Crisis Group. (2019), Facing the Challenge of the Islamic State in West Africa Province. Brussels: International Crisis Group.
• KANGDIM, Dinji, YORGANCIOĞLU, Cemal, BULUS, Kwopnan, MUAZU, Adamu, & DANLADI, Semshak (2022), The Impact of the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria: A MultiSectoral Analysis. Journal of Political Sciences, 157-172.
• KEPELL, Gilles (2006), Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. London: I.B. Tauris.
• KING, Michael, & TAYLOR, Donald (2011), The Radicalization of Homegrown Jihadists: A review of Theoretical Models and Social Psychological Evidence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 602–622.
• LYAMMOURI, Rida, & SKAH, Maya (2017), The Climate Change-Security Nexus: Case study of the Lake Chad Basin. Rabat: Policy Center for the New South.
• MASKALIUNAITE, Asta (2015), Exploring the Theories of Radicalization. International Studies Interdiscıplinary Politıcal And Cultural Journal, 17(1), 9-26.
• MERCY CORPS (2017), Lake Chad Basin. Mercy Corps Position Paper.
• MCCAULEY, Clark, & MOSKALENKO, Sophia (2017), Understanding political radicalization: The two-pyramids model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205-2016.
• MCSWEENEY, Bill (1999), Security, Identity and Interests. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• MOGHADDAM, Fathali M. (2005), The Staircase to Terrorism: A psychological exploration. American Psychologist, 161-169.
• NAİMİ, Muhammed (2019), Din ve Terör. Ankara: Karakum Yayıncılık.
• OECD (2005), Equity Indicators”, in Society at a Glance. Paris: OECD Publishing.
• OKPARA, Uche, STRINGER, Lindsay, & DOUGILL, Andrew (2015), Conflicts about water in Lake Chad: Are environmental, vulnerability and security issues linked? Progress in Development Studies, 308-325.
• RASO, F. (2014), Violence Radicalisation: Memory and prevention of terrorism. Fundacion Victimas Del Terrorismo.
• SCHMID, Alex P. (2013), Radicalisation, de-radicalization, counter-radicalization: A conceptual discussion and literature review. The Hague: The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT).
• SCHMITT, Josephine B., & RIEGER, Diana (2018), Counter-messages as Prevention or Promotion of Extremism?! The Potential Role Of Youtube. Journal of Communication, 1-29.
• SEBİLÜRREŞAD, A. (1950), Ticani Tarikatının Esasları. Sebilürreşad, 4(89).
• SEDGWICK, Mark (2010), The Concept of Radicalization as a Source of Confusion. Terrorism and Political Violance, 22(4), 479-494.
• SLUKA, Jeffrey (2008). Terrorism and taboo: an anthropological perspective on political violence against civilians. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 167-183.
• SMITH, Allison (2018), How Radicalization to Terrorism Occurs in the United States: What Research Sponsored by the National Institute of Justice Tells Us. National Institute of Justice, 1-23.
• STODDARD, Edward (2023), Competitive Control? ‘Hearts and Minds’ and the Population Control Strategy of the Islamic State West Africa Province. African Security, 32-60.
• TİMUR, M. A. (2018, 9), An analysis of their radicalisation process Why do young British Muslims join ISIS? MA in International Politics Department of International Politics.
• TRNOVEC, Silvester (2020), The Challenges of Colonial Rule in West Africa. Asian and African Studies, 29(2), 282-314.
• UNDP (2022), Conflict Analysis in The Lake Chad Basin. New York. UNDP West and Central Regional Stabilisation.
• UNEP (2011), Livelihood Security: Climate Change, Migration and Conflict in the Sahel. United Nations Environment Programme.
• USAID (2017), Climate Change Risk Profile West Africa Sahel (Regional fact sheet). Washington: Atlas.
• WARNER, Jason, O’FARRELL, Ryan, NSAIBIA, Heni, & CUMMINGS, Ryan (2020), Outlasting the Caliphate: The Evolution of the Islamic State Threat in Africa. CTC Sentinel, 13(11), 18-30.
• WILLIAMS, Raymond (1983), Keywords: a vocabulary of culture and society. New York: Oxford University Press.