Bir yumurta tavukçuluğu işletmesinin yaşam döngüsü değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 107 - 112, 01.12.2014

İlker Kılıç , Süleyman Karaman

Öz

Yumurta, ucuz, sağlıklı, ekonomik ve kısa zamanda üretilebilmesi ve insanlardaki protein açığının kapatılması açısından oldukça önemli bir üründür. Yaşam döngüsü değerlendirme yöntemi, yumurta üretiminin çevre etkisi ile ilgili kapsamlı bilgi sağlamasından dolayı özellikle yumurta tavukçuluğu işletmelerinin çevresel yönetimi için Avrupa ülkelerinde yaygın olarak kullanılır. Bu çalışmada, yaşam döngüsü yönteminin tarımsal faaliyetlerin çevresel etki değerlendirmesindeki uygulanabilirliği, Bursa’da üretim yapan özel bir yumurta tavukçuluğu işletmesi örnek alınarak araştırılmıştır. Bu yöntem, yumurta üretiminin her aşamasında ortaya çıkan potansiyel çevre etkilerinin tanımlanmasının yanı sıra bu etkileri en aza indirgeyecek işletmeye en uygun kontrol stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ile ilgili öneriler sunar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yumurta tavukçuluğu, Asidifikasyon, Ötrofikasyon, Fonksiyonel birim, Yaşam döngüsü değerlendirme yöntemi

Life cycle assessment of a laying hen farm

Öz

Egg is an important product since egg is inexpensive, healthy, and economic and can be produced in short time and it also remove insufficient of protein in human activity. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used commonly in European Countries for environmental management of laying hen farms and it provides widespread knowledge on the environmental burdens associated to an egg production. In this study, applicability of LCA to environmental impact assessment of agricultural activities was examined a representative scheme of private laying hen farm in Bursa province. This method defines potential environmental impacts which appear for each phase of egg production and it also recommend the most appropriate control strategies, minimized environmental impacts, for laying hen farm.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Laying hens production, Acidification, Eutrophication, Functional unit, Life cycle assessment

Kaynakça

• Audsley A, Alber S, Clift R, Cowell S, Crettaz R, Gaillard G, Hausheer J, Jolliet O, Kleijin R, Mortensen B, Pearce D, Roger E, Teulon H,Weidema B, Van Zeijts H (1997) Harmonisation of life cycle assessment for agriculture. Final report, Concerted Action AIR3- CT94-2028, European Commission DG VI, Brussels, Belgium.
• Basset-Mens C, Werf VDHMG (2003) Environmental assessment of contrasting pig farming systems in France. Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-food Sector Proceedings from the 4th International Conference, October 6-8, Bygholm, Denmark.
• Basset-Mens C, Ledgard S, Carran A (2005) First life cycle assessment of milk production from New Zealand dairy farm systems. Ecological Economics in Action, December 11-13, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
• Blake JP (2004) Methods and Technologies for handling mortality losses, World Poultry Science 60 (4): s.489-499.
• Cederberg C, Mattsson B (2000) Life cycle assessment of milk production - a comparison of conventional and organic farming. Journal of Cleaner Production 8: 49–60.
• Choiniere Y, Munroe AJ (1997) Air quality inside livestock barns. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, AGDEX 400/717, Factsheet, Ontorio.
• Conner DE, Blake JP, Donald JO, Kolroko JI (1992) Composting poultry carcesses. Microbiological Safety in Proceedings National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, pp. 418-423.
• Consoli F (1993) Guidelines for Life Cycle Assessment: A code of practice. Sesimbra: SETAC.
• Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (1995). Waste Management and Utilization in Food Production and Processing. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, 4420 West Lincoln Way, Ames USA.
• De Boer IJM (2003) Environmental impact assessment of conventional and organic milk production. Livestock Production Science, 80: 69–77.
• De Boer IJM, Iepema G, Thomassen MA (2003) Environmental impact assessment at commercial dairy farms. 4th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-food Sector Proceedings., October 6-8, 2003, Bygholm, Denmark.
• Demirulus H, Aydın A (1996) Tavukçuluk artık ve atık maddelerinin işlenerek çevre kirliliğinin azaltılması. Ekoloji Çevre Dergisi, 19:s. 22-26.
• Donald JO, Blake JP (1990) Dead poultry composter construction. In: Proceeding National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, pp. 38-44.
• EEA (1998) Europe’s Environment: The Second Assessment. EEA, Copenhagen.
• EEA (2001) Environmental Signals (2001) EEA Regular Indicator Report. EEA, Copenhagen.
• Erensayın C (1992) Tavukçuluk Kitabı Cilt l ve 2 Ankara.
• Fabbri C, Valli L, Guarino M, Costa A, Mazzotta V (2007) Ammonia, methane, nitrous oxide and particulate matter emissions from two different buildings for laying hens. Biosystems Engineering, 97 (4): s.441-455.
• Hospido A, Moreira MT, Feijoo G (2003) Simplified Life cycle assessment of galician milk production. International Dairy Journal, 13: s.783–796.
• Iepema G, Pijnenburg J, (2001) Conventional Versus Organic Dairy Farming. A Comparison of three Experimental Farms on Environmental Impact, Animal Health and Animal Welfare. MSc thesis, Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
• Kılıç İ, Şimşek E (2003) Kümes içi çevre koşullarının tavuklar için önemi ve kontrolü. GAP III. Tarım Kongresi 02-03 Ekim 2003, Şanlıurfa.
• Kocaman B, Esenbuga N, Yildiz A, Laçin E, Macit M (2006) Effect of environmental conditions in poultry houses on the performance of laying hens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5 (1): s.26-30.
• Koru İC (1995) Kanatlılar için Rendering Ürünleri. National Renderers Association, No:1995-6.
• Monteny GJ, Groenestein CM, Hilhorst MA (2001) Interactions and Coupling between emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from animal husbandry. Nutrient Cycling Agroecosystem, 60: s. 123–132.
• Oenema O, Verdoes N, Koerkamp PWG, Bannink A, Van Der Meer, H G, Van Der Hoek, K W (2000) Forfaitaire waarden voor gasvormige stikstofverliezen uit stallen en mes-topslagen. Alterrra, Research Institute Voor De Groene Ruimte, Rapport 107, Wageningen.
• Parsons J., Ferket PP (1990) Altemative Dead Bird Disposal Methods Central Pick-up and Fermantation Camiine State Univ.; (7-20).
• Potting J (Ed.), Beusen AHW, Øllgaard H, Hansen OC, De Haan B, Hauschild M, (2000) The Danish LCA methodology project. Technical report chapter on aquatic eutrophication, method development and consensus project. Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby.
• Reinhardt GA, (1997) Bilanzen uber die gesamten Lebenswege. In Kaltschmitt, M, Reinhardt GA (Eds.), Nachwachsende energietra¨ger—Grundlagen, Verfahren, O¨kologische Bilanthe Zierung. Verlag Vieweg, Braunschweig, Wiesbaden.
• Ruffin BG and TA McCaskey (1990) Broiler litter can serve as a feed ıngredients for beef cattle. Feedstuffs 62 (15):13.
• Thomassen M, (2003) Life cycle assessment at commercial organic dairy farms. Comparison of three methodologies: LCA, ecological footprint-analysis and an adjusted nutrient balance. MSc.Thesis, Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
• Thomassen MA, De Boer IJM (2005) Evaluation of indicators to assess the environmental ımpact of dairy production systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 111: 185–199.
• Tukker A (2000) Life cycle assesstment as a tool in environmental impact assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment 20: 435–456.
• Weidema BP, Morteson B, Nielsen P, Hauschild M, (1996) Elements of an impact assessment of wheat production. Institute for Product Development, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
• Yılmaz-Dikmen B, Şahan Ü (2005) Tavukçuluk atıklarını değerlendirmede mevcut uygulamalar. IV.GAP Tarım Kongresi, 21-23 Eylül 2005 Harran Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye, s. 681-1688.