Causes for increased incidence of heart disease Among African American Community

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 108 - 115, 30.06.2020

Sathees Chandra , Shannen Sharpe

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.648758

Öz

Cardiovascular disease
is a worldwide phenomenon. While it is found in men and women almost equally,
it is found in almost disproportionately high rates in African-Americans.
African-Americans compromise a smaller portion of the population yet, they have
higher risk of suffering from heart disease than most minority groups. The
increased probability of suffering for heart disease is based on commonly known
factors such as stress, lifestyle choice, and biochemistry levels. But the
possibility of developing cardiovascular disease also relies on less thought of
factors such as direct environment, socioeconomic status, and even perceived
racism. This review sought to understand why African- Americans have such a
high prevalence of heart disease, and even heart attack and death. We hope that
in the future researchers can find more effective ways to minimize both
traditional and non-traditional risk factors, which cause elevated frequency of
heart disease in African-Americans. By minimizing the risk factors,
improvements can be made to overall health and hopefully decreased incidence of
heart disease.

Anahtar Kelimeler

African Americans, cardiovascular disease

Kaynakça

• References
• 1.Barber S, Hickerson DA, Wang X, Sims M, Nelson C, Diez-Roux AV. Neighborhood Disadvantage, Poor Social Conditions, and Cardiovasuclar Disease Incidence Among African American in the Jackson Heart Study. Am J Public Health. 2016: 2219-2226
• 2.National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention. Preventing Heart Disease: What can you do. CDC. 2015
• 3.Hao W, Friedman A. The LDL-HDL profile determines the risk of atherosclerosis: a mathematical model. PLoS One 2014;9(3). 2014 .
• 4. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention. African Americans Heart Disease and Stroke Fact Sheets. CDC. 2014.
• 5. Lyall DM, Celis-Morales C, Ward J, et al. Association of Body Mass Index With Cardiometabolic Disease in the UK Biobank: A Mendelian Randomization Study. JAMA Cardiol. 2017:882–889.
• 6. Villablanca AC, Warford C, Wheeler K. Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Risk in African American Women is Reduced by a Pilot Community-Based Education Intervention. J Women’s Health. 2016.7. Cunningham TJ, Croft JB, Yong L, Lu H, Eke PI, Giles WH. Vital Signs: Racial Disparities in Age-Specific Mortality Among Blacks or African Americans --United States,1999-2015. US Department of Health and Human Services/ Center for Disease Control and Prevention Mortality and Morbidity Report. 2017: 444-456.8. Havranek EP, Mujahid MS, Barr DA, Blair IV, Cohen MS, Cruz-Flores S, Davey-Smith G, Dennison-Himmelfarb CR, Lauer MS, Lockwood DW, Rosal M, Yancy CW. Social Determinants of Risk and Outcomes for Cardiovascular Disease. Circ. 2015:873-898. 9. Ahmad T, Fiuzat M, Neely B, Neely M, Pencina MJ, Kraus WE. Biomarkers of Myocardial Stress and Fibrosis as Predictors of Mode of Death in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. JACC. 2014: 260-268
• 10. Argentieri MA, Nagarajan S, Seddighzadeh B, Baccarelli AA, Shields AE. Epigenetic Pathways in Human Disease: The Impact of DNA Methylation on Stress-Related Pathogenesis and Current Challenges in Biomarker Development. EBioMedicine. 2017: 327-35011. Bachmann JM, Huang S, Gupta DK, Lipworth L, Mumma MT, Blot WJ, Akwo EA, Kripalani S, Whooley MA, Wang TJ, Freiberg MS. Association of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Context With Participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 12. Kershaw KN, Osypuk TL, Do DP, De Chavez PJ, Diez Roux AV. Neighborhood-level racial/ethnic residential segregation and incident cardiovascular disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circ. 2015:141-148. 13. Moran KE, Ommerborn MJ, Blackshear CT, Sims M, Clark CR. Financial Stress and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in the Jackson Heart Study. Am J Prev Med. 2019:224-231.14. Zilbermint M, Hannah-Shmouni F, Stratakis CA. Genetics of Hypertension in African Americans and Others of African Descent. Int J M S 2019 Mar 2;20(5).15. LeBlanc EL, Patnode CD, Webber EM, Redmond N, Rushkin M, O’Connor EA. Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet].Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018 16. Becquart NA, Naumova EN, Singh G, Chui KK. Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalizations in Louisiana Parishes’ Elderly before, during and after Hurricane Katrina. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018: 7417. Der Ananian C, Winham DM, Thompson SV, Tisue ME. Perceptions of Heart-Healthy Behaviors among African American Adults: A Mixed Methods Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018:243318. Smith RN, Seamon MJ, Kumar V, Robinson A, Shults J, Reilly PM, Richmond TS. Lasting impression of violence: Retained bullets and depressive symptoms. Inj. 2018:135-14019. Herrera-Escobar JP, Rivero R, Apoj M, Geada A, Villanyi M, Blake D,et al. Long-term social dysfunction after trauma: What is the prevalence, risk factors, and associated outcomes? Sur. 2019: 392-39720. Joseph JJ, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kalyani RR, Yeh HC, Bertoni AG, Effoe VS, et al. Aldosterone, Renin, Cardiovascular Events, and All-Cause Mortality Among African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study. JACC Heart Fail. 2017:642-651. 21. Rather RA, Dhawan V. Genetic markers: Potential candidates for cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol. 2016:914-923. 22. Fashanu OE, Norby FL, Aguilar D, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Chen LY, Soliman EZ, Alonso A, Folsom AR. Galectin-3 and the incidence of atrial fibrillation: The atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Am Heart J 2017: 19-2523. Dehon E, Weiss N, Jones J, Faulconer W, Hinton E, Sterling S. A Systematic Review of the Impact of Physician Implicit Racial Bias on Clinical Decision Making.Acad Emerg Med. 2017:895-904.24. Smith JG, Magnani JW, Palmer C, Meng YA, Soliman EZ, Musani SK,et al. Genome-Wide Association Studies of the PR Interval in African Americans. PLoS Genet. 2011:25.Wilde AAM, Amin AS. Clinical Spectrum of SCN5A Mutations: Long QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome, and Cardiomyopathy.JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018:569-579. 26. Moreau A, Gosselin-Badaroudine P, Mercier A, Burger B, Keller DI, Chahine M. A leaky voltage sensor domain of cardiac sodium channels causes arrhythmias associated with dilated cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep. 2018:13804. 27. Mangold KE, Brumback BD, Angsutararux P, Voelker TL, Zhu W, Kang PW, Moreno JD, Silva JR. Mechanisms and models of cardiac sodium channel inactivation. Chann. 2017:517-53328. Akylbekova EL, Payne JP, Newton-Cheh C, et al. Gene-environment interaction between SCN5A-1103Y and hypokalemia influences QT interval prolongation in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. Am Heart J. 2014:116–122.
• 29. Kjeldsen K. Hypokalemia and sudden cardiac death. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2010:96–99.30. Zannas AS, Jia M, Hafner K, et al. Epigenetic upregulation of FKBP5 by aging and stress contributes to NF-κB-driven inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019:11370–11379.
• 31. Suthahar N, Meijers WC, Silljé HH, Ho JE, Liu FT, de Boer RA. Galectin-3 Activation and Inhibition in Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update. Theranostics. 2018: 593-60932. Larsson SC, Back M, Rees JBM, Mason AM, Burgress S. Body mass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: a Mendelian randomization study. Eur Heart J. 2019 33. Li W, Jin C, Vaidya A, et al. Blood Pressure Trajectories and the Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Cerebral Infarction: A Prospective Study. Hypertension. 2017:508–514.
• 34. Owolabi M, Sarfo F, Howard VJ, et al. Stroke in Indigenous Africans, African Americans, and European Americans: Interplay of Racial and Geographic Factors. Stroke. 2017:1169–1175
• 35. Carty CL, Keene KL, Cheng YC, et al. Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies Identifies Genetic Risk Factors for Stroke in African Americans. Stroke. 2015:2063–2068
• 36. Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Pons H, Johnson RJ. Role of the Immune System in Hypertension. Physiol Rev. 2017:1127–1164.
• 37. Gao S, Zhao D, Qi Y, et al. Circulating Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Levels Independently Predict 10-Year Progression of Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Community-Based Cohort Study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2018:1032–1043
• 38. Oyenuga AO, Couper D, Matsushita K, Boerwinkle E, Folsom AR (2018) Association ofmonocyte myeloperoxidase with incident cardiovascular disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk inCommunities Study. PLoS ONE 2018:1-9
• 39. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention. African Americans Heart Disease and Stroke Fact Sheets. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014 July.
• 40. Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Pons H, Johnson RJ. Role of the Immune System in Hypertension. Physiol Rev. 2017:1127–1164. 41.Wilde AAM, Amin AS. Clinical Spectrum of SCN5A Mutations: Long QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome, and Cardiomyopathy.JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018:569-579.