A New Generation Strategic Management to the Perception of Leadership Behaviors: From Cognitive School to Neurostrategy and Neuroleadership

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 662 - 679, 30.06.2021

Fatma Yeşilkuş , Onur Başar Özbozkurt , Haluk Korkmazyürek

https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.847146

Cited By: 1

Öz

Since the brain is the master controller for managing all the systems in the body, the leader is the master controller too for that in the organization. In this context, it has been seen that the Cognitive School, which is a pioneer in researching the strategy formulation process of leaders, who are key individuals in the creation and management of organizational culture and determine the vision and direction of the organization, has given place to the concepts that are neurostrategy which enable the use of neuroscience to create strategies for organizational purposes and neuroleadership which leads up to the integration of leadership with neuroscience. Therefore, the current study emphasizes the significance of the leaders’ mental process in strategizing from the Cognitive School perspective and suggests that it is necessary to benefit from neuroscience techniques in analyzing the leader’s mind with new and contemporary methods. In addition to that, it aims to fulfill the clear gap seen in the Turkish literature by presenting a conceptual framework for the concepts of neuroleadership, which emphasize the application of neuroscientific methods on leaders, and the concepts of neurostrategy that focus on making strategic decisions in high anxiety and risk situations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cognitive School, decision-making, leader, neuroleader, neurostrategy

Liderlik Davranışlarının Algılanmasında Yeni Nesil Stratejik Yönetim: Bilişsel Okulu'ndan Nörostrateji ve Nöroliderliğe Doğru

Öz

Beyin, vücuttaki tüm sistemleri yöneten ana denetleyici olduğu gibi, liderler de organizasyonlardaki ana denetleyicilerdir. Bu kapsamda, organizasyonun vizyon ve yönünü belirleyen ve organizasyonel kültürün yaratılması ve yönetilmesinde kilit bireyler olan liderlerin strateji oluşturma sürecinin araştırılmasında öncü ekol olan Bilişsel Okulu’nun yerini, günümüzde sinirbilimin organizasyonel amaçlarla strateji oluşturmada kullanılmasına olanak sağlayan nörostrateji ve liderliğin sinirbilim ile entegrasyonuna zemin hazırlayan nöroliderlik kavramlarına bıraktığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma, Bilişsel Okulu perspektifinden strateji oluşturmada liderlerin zihinsel sürecinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Ek olarak liderin zihninin günümüzün yeni ve çağdaş yöntemlerle analiz edilmesinde nörobilim tekniklerinden faydalanılmasının gereklilik arz ettiğini öne sürmektedir. Bu çalışma, nörobilimsel metotların liderler üzerinde uygulanmasına vurgu yapan nöroliderlik ve nöroliderlerin kaygı ve risk düzeyi yüksek durumlarda stratejik kararlar almasına odaklanan nörostrateji kavramlarına ilişkin kavramsal bir çerçeve sunarak Türkçe literatürde açıkça görülen boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilişsel Okulu, karar verme, lider, nörolider, nörostrateji

Kaynakça

• Ağraş, S. & Bakoğlu, R. (2014). Evaluation of the paradoxes in strategy formation from the perspectives of strategic management schools. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(3), 302-311.
• Akram, M., Ali, L. & Mughal, M. M. (2012). How leadership behaviors affect organizational performance in Pakistan. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 4(6), 354-363.
• Ascher, D., Da Silva, W. V., Polowczyk, J., da Silva, E. D. & da Veiga, C. P. (2018). Neurostrategy: An advance through the paradigm epistemological in strategic management?. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(2), 1-19.
• Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 421-449. https://doi.org /10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621
• Badenhorst, C. (2015). Identifying and managing the impact of neuroleadership during organisational change (Master’s thesis). Unitec, New Zealand.
• Bakoğlu, R. & Dinç Özcan, E. (2010). İşletme düzeyinde strateji paradokslarının Mintzberg’in on stratejik yönetim okulu açısından değerlendirilmesi. Öneri, 9(34). 57-69.
• Becker, W. J., Cropanzano, R. & Sanfey, A. G. (2011). Organizational neuroscience: Taking organizational theory inside the neural black box. Journal of Management, 37(4), 933-961. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311398955
• Bensimon, E. M., Neumann, A. & Birnbaum, R. (1989). Making sense of administrative leadership: The “L” word in higher education. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report, 1.
• Bickes, D. M. & Yılmaz, C. (2020). Leadership theories. In A Handbook of Leadership Styles, 1-34.
• Bravo, E. A. A., Lora, L. J. R. & Berastegui, Y. B. Z. (2020). Neuroliderazgo como estrategia para el fortalecimiento de la gestión directiva en instituciones educativas. Actualidades Investigativas en Educación, 20(1), 29-37.
• Chaturvedi, S., Rizvi, I. A. & Pasipanodya, E. T. (2019). How can leaders make their followers to commit to the organization? The importance of influence tactics. Global Business Review, 20(6), 1462-1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150919846963
• Choi, Y., Yoon, D. J. & Kim, D. (2020). Leader behavioral integrity and employee in-role performance: The roles of coworker support and job autonomy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4303-4316. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17124303
• Chong, E. & Wolf, H. (2010). Factors influencing followers’ perception of organizational leaders. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(5), 402-419. https://doi.org /10.1108/01437731011056434
• Cristofaro, M. (2017). Herbert Simon’s bounded rationality: Its historical evolution in management and cross-fertilizing contribution. Journal of Management History, 23(2), 1-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JMH-11-2016-0060
• Çubukçu, M. (2019). Stratejik yönetim araştırmalarındaki ilerlemeler ve güncel tartışma konuları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(27), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.20875/makusobed.450569
• De Jong, G. (2016). Successful strategy and alliances. University of Groningen. ISBN: 9789036789929
• De Luque, M. S., Washburn, N. T., Waldman, D. A. & House, R. J. (2008). Unrequited profit: How stakeholder and economic values relate to subordinates' perceptions of leadership and firm performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53(4), 626-654.
• Donde, R. & Williams, C. (2012). Mapping leadership behaviors to neuroleadership models: a NASA case study. NeuroLeadership Journal, 4, 88-108.
• Donohoe, S. (2015). An examination of strategy development and strategic management processes within growth-seeking small businesses (Doctoral dissertation, Middlesex University).
• Elfring, T. & Volberda, H. W. (2001). Schools of thought in strategic management: fragmentation, integration or synthesis. In Rethinking Strategy. 1-25.
• Eryiğit, B. H. (2013). Stratejik planlama, stratejik planlamaya ilişkin alternatif yaklaşımlar ve stratejik yönetim okulları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 4(9), 152-173.
• Fleishman, E. A., Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Levin, K. Y., Korotkin, A. L. & Hein, M. B. (1991). Taxonomic efforts in the description of leader behavior: A synthesis and functional interpretation. The Leadership Quarterly, 2(4), 245-287. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(91)90016-u
• Ghadiri, A., Habermacher, A. & Peters, T. (2013). Neuroleadership: A journey through the brain for business leaders. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN: 9783642301643
• Gilbert, S. & Kelloway, E. K. (2018). Self-determined leader motivation and follower perceptions of leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(5), 608-619. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-09-2017-0262
• Gilkey, R., Caceda, R., Bate, A., Robertson, D. C., & Kilts, C. (2015). Using the Whole Brain to Improve Strategic Reasoning. Neuroleadership Journal, 4, 1-7.
• Gocen, A. (2021). Neuroleadership: A conceptual analysis and educational implications. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology (IJEMST), 9(1), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.1237
• Goleman, D. (1998). What makes a leader?. Harvard Business Review, 3790, 93-103.
• Groener, D. E. (2016). Framework for strategy formulation: Testing Mintzberg’s positioning school and its strategic management tools to the modern approach of strategy formulation within different companies in The Netherlands (Master’s thesis, University of Twente).
• Gün, İ. & Aslan, Ö. (2018). Liderlik kuramları ve sağlık işletmelerinde liderlik. Journal of Health and Nursing Management, 5(3), 217-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.5222 /SHYD.2018.217
• Erat, S., Kitapçı, H. & Akçin, K. (2020). Managerial perception and organizational identity: A comparative analysis. Sustainability, 12(6), 2278-2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390 /su12062278
• Gedik, Y. (2020). Dönüşümsel ve işlemsel liderlik. Uluslararası Liderlik Çalışmaları Dergisi: Kuram ve Uygulama, 3(2), 19-34.
• Ghasabeh, M. S., Soosay, C. & Reaiche, C. (2015). The emerging role of transformational leadership. The Journal of Developing Areas, 49(6), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1353 /jda.2015.0090
• Golensky, M. & Hager, M. A. (2020). Strategic leadership and management in nonprofit organizations: Theory and practice. 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780190097844
• Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Luthans, F. & Harms, P. D. (2008). Leadership efficacy: Review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(6), 669-692. http://dx.doi.org /10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.09.007
• Hannah, S. T., Balthazard, P. A., Waldman, D. A., Jennings, P. & Thatcher, R. (2013). The psychological and neurological bases of leader self-complexity and effects on adaptive decision-making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 393-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0032257
• Herrmann, P. (2005). Evolution of strategic management: The need for new dominant designs. International Journal of Management Reviews, 7(2), 111-130. http://dx.doi.org /10.1111/j.1468-2370.2005.00108.x
• Hogan, R. & Kaiser, R. B. (2005). What we know about leadership. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 169-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.169
• Jacobsen, C. B. & Bøgh Andersen, L. (2015). Is leadership in the eye of the beholder? A study of intended and perceived leadership practices and organizational performance. Public Administration Review, 75(6), 829-841.
• Jeve, Y. B. (2015). Henry Mintzberg: A rebellious scholar of the strategic management. International Journal of Management Research and Business Strategy, 4(1), 111-119.
• Korzeniewska, A. (2017). The behavioral preferences of leaders and team performance–the notions of neuroleader and neuroorganization. Annals of Marketing Management & Economics, 3(2), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.22630/AMME. 2017.3.2.15
• Kraus, S. & Kauranen, I. (2009). Strategic management and entrepreneurship: Friends or foes?. International Journal of Business Science & Applied Management, 4(1), 37-50.
• Kuhlmann, N. & Kadgien, C. A. (2018). Neuroleadership: Themes and limitations of an emerging interdisciplinary field. Healthcare Management Forum, 31(3), 103-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470417747004
• Künzle, B., Kolbe, M. & Grote, G. (2010). Ensuring patient safety through effective leadership behavior: A literature review. Safety Science, 48(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.ssci.2009.06.004
• Laureiro-Martínez, D., Brusoni, S., Canessa, N. & Zollo, M. (2014). Understanding the exploration-exploitation dilemma: An fMRI study of attention control and decision-making performance. Strategic Management Journal, 36(3), 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2221
• Lawal, A. (1993). Management in Focus. Lagos Abdul Industrial Enterprises.
• Medina-Vicent, M. (2019). Neuroleadership: Diversity as a moral value in organizations. In Moral Neuroeducation for a Democratic and Pluralistic Society, 193-208. https://doi.org /10.1007/978-3-030-22562-9_12
• McClelland, J. L. & Ralph, M. A. (2015). Cognitive neuroscience. Elsevier. 2133-2140.
• Mintzberg, H. & Lampel, J. (1999). Reflecting on the strategy process. MIT Sloan Management Review, 40(3), 21-30.
• Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. & Lampel, J. B. (1998). Strategy safari: A guided tour through the wilds of strategic management. The Free Press. ISBN: 0-684 -84743-4
• Myers, I. B. & Kirby, L. K. (1998). Introduction to type: A guide to understanding your results on the Myers-Briggs type indicator. 6th Edition, CPP, Inc.
• Naudé, P., Zaefarian, G., Najafi Tavani, Z., Neghabi, S. & Zaefarian, R. (2014). The influence of network effects on SME performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 43(4), 630-641.
• Nordlund, N. O. & D’Amato, R. C. (2017). Neuroleadership. Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_9155-2
• Otara, A. (2011). Perception: A guide for managers and leaders. Journal of Management and Strategy, 2(3), 21-24.
• Özbozkurt, O. B. (2019a). Liderliğin yeni paradigması: Stratejik liderlik. III. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri ve Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, Nevşehir, 1047-1055.
• Özbozkurt, O. B. (2019b). Premium segment otomotiv sektöründe stratejik liderlik: Porsche, Mercedes-Benz ve Audi bayi yöneticileri üzerine bir araştırma. Sosyal Bilimlerde Güncel Tartışmalar İnsan Çalışmaları 2 Hukuk, Siyasal Bilimler, Ekonomi, 158-174.
• Özbozkurt, O. B. (2020). Adaptif liderlik. Liderlik Tarzları- Çağdaş Yönetim Yaklaşımıyla İnsan Sanatında Ustalaşma, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 527-536. ISBN: 978-625-406-165-3.
• Parincu, A. M. T., Capatina, A., Varon, D. J., Bennet, P. F., & Recuerda, A. M. (2020, July). Neuromanagement: the scientific approach to contemporary management. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 14(1), 1046-1056.
• Parris, D. L. & Peachey, J. W. (2013). A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(3), 377-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551­012­1322­6
• Peleckis, K. (2015). Strategic management schools and business negotiation strategy of company operations. Economics and Management, 7(2), 26-34. http://dx.doi.org /10.12846/j.em.2015.02.04
• Powell, T. C. (2011). Neurostrategy. Strategic Management Journal, 32(13), 1484-1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.969
• Powell, T. C. (2016). Neurostrategy. The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94848-2_554-1
• Powell, T. C. & Puccinelli, N. M. (2012). The brain as substitute for strategic organization. Strategic Organization, 10(3), 207-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476127012452823
• Powell, T. C., Lovallo, D. & Fox, C. R. (2011). Behavioral strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 32(13), 1369-1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.968
• Rialp-Criado, A., Galván-Sánchez, I. & Suárez-Ortega, S. M. (2010). A configuration-holistic approach to born-global firms’ strategy formation process. European Management Journal, 28(2), 108-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2009.05.001
• Ringleb, A. H. & Rock, D. (2008). The emerging field of NeuroLeadership. NeuroLeadership Journal, 1(1), 3-19.
• Rock, D. & Ringleb, A. H. (2009). Neuroleadership in 2009. NeuroLeadership Journal, 2, 1-7.
• Rock, D. & Schwartz, J. (2007). The neuroscience of leadership. Reclaiming children and youth. Brain and Behavior, 16(3), 10-17.
• Salati, M. E. & Leoni, A. (2017). Neuroscience within companies: Some case studies. Neuropsychological Trends, 21, 23-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7358/neur-2017-021-sala
• Sarıoğlu Uğur, S. & Uğur, U. (2014). Yöneticilik ve liderlik ayrımında kişisel farklılıkların rolü. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 122-136.
• Sarvan, F., Arıcı, E. D., Özen, J., Özdemir, B. & İçigen, E. T. (2003). On stratejik yönetim okulu: Biçimleşme okulunun bütünleştirici çerçevesi. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 6, 73-122.
• Schriesheim, C. A. (1979). The similarity of individual directed and group directed leader behavior descriptions. Academy of Management Journal, 22(2), 345-355. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/255594
• Serin, H., Durgun, M. & Durgun, S. (2020). Orman ürünleri sanayindeki davranışsal strateji çalışmaları üzerine bir derleme. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8(1), 1002-1019.
• Silva, A. (2016). What is leadership?. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 8(1), 1.-5
• Simpson, S. (2012). The styles, models & philosophy of leadership. Denmark: Ventus Publishing Aps.
• Sistad, L. (2020). Emotional intelligence and leadership. Which impact does emotional intelligence have on leadership?. Universität Regensburg, Faculty of Human Sciences, 1-25.
• Souza, E. M. & Forte, S. H. A. (2019). A contribution to the theoretical structure for cognitive dynamic capability. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 20(4), 1-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eRAMR190171
• Spence, C. (2016). Neuroscience-inspired design. Organizational Research Methods, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428116672003
• Stogdill, R. M. (1950). Leadership, membership and organization. Psychological Bulletin, 47(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0053857
• Stubbart, C. I. (1987). Cognitive science and strategic management theoretical and methodological issues. In Academy of Management Proceedings, 1, 46-50.
• Swart, T., Chisholm, K. & Brown, P. (2015). Neuroscience for leadership: Harnessing the brain gain advantage. Springer. ISBN: 9781137466853
• Taşgit, Y. E., & Sert, H. T. (2017). Liderlik tarzlarının örgütsel yapıya yansımaları üzerine bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(4), 530-550. http://dx.doi.org/10.20491 /isarder.2017.345
• Tuna, N. (2018). Biyolojik geri bildirimle zihinsel antrenman programının sporcuların performansına etkisi. (Master’s thesis, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• Văcar, A. & Miricescu, D. (2013). Leadership- a key factor to a succesful organization. Procedia Economics and Finance, 6, 430-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016 /S2212-5671(13)00159-7
• Van Wart, M. (2003). Public-sector leadership theory: An assessment. Public Administration Review, 214-228.
• Vidyasagar, S. & Hatti, P. (2018). Leadership and role modelling: Understanding workplace dynamics. Springer International Publishing. ISBN: 9783319690551
• Wang, H., Tsui, A. S. & Xin, K. R. (2011). CEO leadership behaviors, organizational performance, and employees’ attitudes. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.009
• Watson, C. M. (1983). Leadership, management, and the seven keys. Business Horizons, 26(2), 8-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(83)90075-7
• Ward, M. K., Volk, S. & Becker, W. J. (2015). An Overview of Organizational Neuroscience. Monographs in Leadership and Management, 17-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108 /s1479-357120150000007001
• Webb, J. (2020). Hiring for fit: A key leadership skill. Business Expert Press. ISBN: 9781951527549
• Xue, G., Chen, C., Lu, Z. L. & Dong, Q. (2010). Brain imaging techniques and their applications in decision-making research. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 42(1), 120-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2010.00120
• Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of Management, 15(2), 251-289.
• Yücel, A. & Şimşek, A. İ. (2018). Tüketici davranışlarını analiz etmede nöropazarlama yöntem ve araçlarının kullanımı. İnönü University International Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 118-142.
• Zaleznik, A. (1977). Managers and leaders: Are they different? Harvard Business Review, 55(3), 67-76.
• Zwaan, L. A., Viljoen, R., & Aiken, D. (2019). The role of neuroleadership in work engagement. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 17, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4102 /sajhrm.v17i0.1172