Spatial and Temporal Change Monitoring in Water Surface Area of Atikhisar Reservoir (Çanakkale, Turkey) by using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Techniques
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 47 - 56, 30.06.2019
Semih Kale
,
Deniz Acarlı
Öz
Spatial and
temporal changes in surface area of Atikhisar Reservoir were monitored by using
remote sensing and geographic information system techniques from 1975 to 2017.
Satellite images were processed, analysed and manually digitized to reveal the
changes in surface area of the reservoir. The results showed that total surface
area of the reservoir was ranged between 1.72km2 and 3.84km2
during the monitoring period. Maximum increase in the surface area has been
observed with 74.6% while maximum decrease has been observed with 31.8%. These
fluctuations could be related with the climatic changes, natural and man-made
processes such as sediment transportation, water leakages, excessive water
exploitation for drinking, domestic or agricultural purposes, and human
interventions along the reservoir. Therefore, surface area should be monitored
continuously and all factors influencing the variation in surface area should
be considered in decision making processes to support water sharing policy
toward the management of water resources.
Kaynakça
- Abdallah, H., Bailly, J. S., Baghdadi, N., and Lemarquand, N., 2011. Improving the assessment of ICESat water altimetry accounting for autocorrelation. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 66(6): 833–844.
- Abu-Faraj, M., Ghatasheh, N., Faris, H., and Harfoushi, O., 2014. Evaluation of spatial image processing approaches for calculating water surface area: Case of the Dead Sea. Life Science Journal 11(4): 114-121.
- Akar, İ., Maktav, D., and Günal, N., 2002. Determination of changes in lake surface using different digital image processing techniques. Havacılık ve Uzay Teknolojileri Dergisi 5(4): 35-51.
- Akbulut, M., Kaya, H., Çelik, E. Ş., Odabaşı, D. A., Sağır Odabaşı, S., and Selvi, K., 2010. Assessment of surface water quality in the Atikhisar Reservoir and Sarıçay Creek (Çanakkale, Turkey). Ekoloji 19(74): 139–149.
- Avdan, U., Demircioğlu Yıldız, N., and Dağlıyar, A., 2013. Akşehir Gölü ve çevresinin arazı kullanımı ve zamansal değişim analizinin uzaktan algılama yöntemleri ile belirlenmesi. In: Türkiye Ulusal Fotogrametri ve Uzaktan Algılama Birliği VII. Teknik Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Trabzon, Turkey, pp. 1-7.
- Bahadır, M., 2013. Determination of spatial changes of Akşehir Lake with remote perception techniques. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi 28: 246-275.
- Battal, S., Güllüdere, B., Çelik, S., Demir, N., Koç-San, D., 2016. Area and change detection of the Lake Eber using SAR and multispectral satellite images. In: 6. Uzaktan Algılama ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Adana, Turkey, pp. 423-429.
- Benson, L. V., and Paillet, F. L., 1989. The use of total lake-surface area as an indicator of climatic change: examples from the Lahontan Basin. Quaternary Research 32(3): 262-275.
- Braud, D. H., and Feng, W., 1998. Semi-automated construction of the Louisiana coastline digital land/water boundary using Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery – Louisiana Applied Oil Spill Research and Development Program, OSRAPD Technical Report Series, Report No 97-002.
- Dolan, R., Fenster, M. S., and Holme, S. J., 1991. Temporal analysis of shoreline recession and accretion. Journal of Coastal Research 7: 723-744.
- Dügel, M., and Kazanci, N., 2004. Assessment of water quality of the Büyük Menderes River (Turkey) by using ordination and classification of macroinvertebrates and environmental variables. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 19: 605-612.
- Durdu, Ö. F., 2010. Effects of climate change on water resources of the Büyük Menderes river basin, western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 34: 319-332.
- Durduran, S. S., 2010. Coastline change assessment on water reservoirs located in the Konya Basin Area, Turkey, using multitemporal Landsat imagery. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 164(1-4): 453–461.
- Ejder, T., Kale, S., Acar, S., Hisar, O., and Mutlu, F., 2016a. Restricted effects of climate change on annual streamflow of Sarıçay Stream (Çanakkale, Turkey). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 5(1): 7–11.
- Ejder, T., Kale, S., Acar, S., Hisar, O., and Mutlu, F., 2016b. Effects of climate change on annual streamflow of Kocabaş Stream (Çanakkale, Turkey). Journal of Scientific Research & Reports 11(4): 1–11.
- Ekercin, S., 2007. Coastline change assessment at the Aegean Sea coasts Turkey using multitemporal Landsat imagery. Journal of Coastal Research 23(3): 691-698.
- Ekercin, S., and Örmeci, C., 2008. An assessment of water reserve changes in Salt Lake, Turkey, through multi-temporal LANDSAT imagery and real-time ground surveys. İtüdergisi/d 7(1): 29–40.
- El-Asmar, H. M., Hereher, M. E., and El-Kafrawy, S. B., 2013. Surface area change detection of the Burullus Lagoon, North of the Nile Delta, Egypt, using water indices: A remote sensing approach. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences 16: 119–123.
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- Feyisa, G. L., Meilby, H., Fensholt, R., and Proud, S.R., 2014. Automated water extraction index: A new technique for surface water mapping using Landsat imagery. Remote Sensing Environment 140: 23–35.
- Frazier, P. S., and Page, K. J., 2000. Water body detection and delineation with Landsat TM data. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 66: 147–167
- Gao, B. C., 1996. NDWI–A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space. Remote Sensing of Environment 58: 257–266.
- Gao, P., Mu, X. M., Wang, F., and Li, R., 2011. Changes in streamflow and sediment discharge and the response to human activities in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15: 1-10.
- Hisar, O., Kale, S., and Özen, Ö., 2015. Sustainability of effective use of water sources in Turkey. In: Leal Filho, W., Sümer, V. (Eds.), Sustainable Water Use and Management: Examples of New Approaches and Perspectives. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland. pp. 205-227.
- Hossen, H., Ibrahim, M. G., Mahmod, W. E., Negm, A., Nadaoka, K., and Saavedra, O., 2018. Forecasting future changes in Manzala Lake surface area by considering variations in land use and land cover using remote sensing approach. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 11(5): 93.
- Jackson, C. R., Meister, R., and Prudhomme, C., 2011. Modelling the effects of climate change and its uncertainty on UK Chalk groundwater resources from an ensemble of global climate model projections. Journal of Hydrology 399: 12-28.
- Ji, X., Li, Y., Luo, X., and He, D., 2018. Changes in the lake area of Tonle Sap: Possible linkage to runoff alterations in the Lancang River?. Remote Sensing 10(6): 866.
- Jiang, Y., Li, S., Shen, D. F., and Chen, W., 2012. Climate change and its impact on the lake environment in the Tibetan Plateau in 1971–2008. Scientia Geographica Sinica 32(12): 1503–1512.
- Kaçan, E., Ülkü, G., and Turan, F., 2007. Total pollution load discharged to creeks and River Buyuk Menderes near Denizli City, In: Proceedings of the International Congress on River Basin Management. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 54-63.
- Kale, M. M., 2018. Historical shoreline change assessment using DSAS: A case study of Lake Akşehir, SW Turkey. In: A. Doğan and G. Gönüllü (Eds.), Current Debates in Sustainable Architecture, Urban Design & Environmental Studies. IJOPEC, London, pp. 187–196.
- Kale, S., and Acarli, D., 2018. Potential Application of geographic information system (GIS) in reservoir fisheries. International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture 2(5): 000149.
- Kale, S., 2017a. Climatic trends in the temperature of Çanakkale city, Turkey. Natural and Engineering Sciences 2(3): 14-27.
- Kale, S., 2017b. Analysis of climatic trends in evaporation for Çanakkale (Turkey). Middle East Journal of Science 3(2): 69-82.
- Kale, S., Ejder, T., Hisar, O., and Mutlu, F., 2016a. Climate change impacts on streamflow of Karamenderes River (Çanakkale, Turkey). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 5(2): 1-6.
- Kale, S., Ejder, T., Hisar, O., and Mutlu, F., 2016b. Effect of climate change on annual streamflow of Bakırçay River. Adıyaman University Journal of Science 6(2): 156-176.
- Kale, S., Hisar, O., Sönmez, A. Y., Mutlu, F., and Filho, W. L., 2018. An assessment of the effects of climate change on annual streamflow in rivers in Western Turkey. International Journal of Global Warming 15(2): 190-211.
- Kale, S., and Sönmez, A. Y., 2018a. Trend analysis of streamflow of Akkaya Stream (Turkey). In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Food, Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 33-45.
- Kale, S., and Sönmez, A. Y., 2018b. Trend analysis of mean monthly, seasonally and annual streamflow of Daday Stream in Kastamonu, Turkey. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 7(2): 60-67.
- Koç, T., 2001. Kuzeybatı Anadolu’da Iklim ve Ortam: Sinoptik, Istatistik ve Uygulama Boyutlarıyla. Çantay, İstanbul, Turkey. 372p.
- Koç, T., 2007. Sustainable usage problems of Atikhisar Dam Basin (Çanakkale). In: Proceedings of International Congress on River Basin Management, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 815-827.
- Köle, M. M., Ataol, M., and Erkal, T., 2016. Spatial changes of Eber and Akşehir lakes between 1990 and 2016. In: Proceedings of International Geography Symposium, Ankara, Turkey, pp. 859–872.
- Liu, Y., and Yue, H., 2017. Estimating the fluctuation of Lake Hulun, China, during 1975–2015 from satellite altimetry data. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 189(12): 630.
- McFeeters, S. K., 1996. The use of the normalized difference water index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features. International Journal of Remote Sensing 17: 1425–1432.
- Mohsen, A., Elshemy, M., and Zeidan, B. A., 2018. Change detection for Lake Burullus, Egypt using remote sensing and GIS approaches. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25(31): 30763-30771.
- Ozesmi, S., and Bauer, M., 2002. Satellite remote sensing of wetlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management 10(5): 381–402.
- Pekel, J. F., Cottam, A., Gorelick, N., and Belward, A. S., 2016. High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes. Nature 540: 418–422.
- Raju, A., Dwarakish, G. S., and Venkat, R., 2015. Automatic shoreline detection and change detection analysis of Netravati-Gurpur Rivermouth using histogram equalization and adaptive thresholding techniques. Aquatic Procedia 4: 563–570.
- Rawat, J. S., Biswas, V., and Kumar, M., 2013. Changes in land use/cover using geospatial techniques: A case study of Ramnagar town area, district Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences 16: 111-117.
- Reis, S., and Yılmaz, H. M., 2008. Temporal monitoring of water level changes in Seyfe Lake using remote sensing. Hydrological Processes 22(22): 4448-4454.
- Sarp, G., and Ozcelik, M., 2017. Water body extraction and change detection using time series: A case study of Lake Burdur, Turkey. Journal of Taibah University for Science 11(3): 381-391.
- Selvi, K., and Kaya, H., 2013. Determination of certain metals in tissues of pike (Esox lucius L, 1758) caught from Atikhisar Reservoir, Çanakkale. Alınteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 25: 23–28.
- Shen, L., and Li, C., 2010. Water body extraction from Landsat ETM+ imagery using adaboost algorithm. In: Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Geoinformatics, Beijing, China, pp. 1–4.
- Shih, S. F., 1985. Comparison of ELAS classification and density slicing Landsat data for water-surface area assessment. Hydrologic Applications of Space Technology 160: 91-97.
- Shiklomanov, I. A., 1993. World fresh water resources. In: Gleick, P. H. (Ed.), Water Crisis: A Guide to the World’s Fresh Water Resources. Oxford University Press, New York, USA, pp. 13-24.
- Sidle, R. C., Ziegler, A. D., and Vogler, J. B., 2007. Contemporary changes in open water surface area of Lake Inle, Myanmar. Sustainable Science 2(1): 55-65.
- Sönmez, A.Y., and Kale, S., 2018. Climate change effects on annual streamflow of Filyos River (Turkey). Journal of Water and Climate Change (In press) doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.060.
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Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1, 47 - 56, 30.06.2019
Semih Kale
,
Deniz Acarlı
Kaynakça
- Abdallah, H., Bailly, J. S., Baghdadi, N., and Lemarquand, N., 2011. Improving the assessment of ICESat water altimetry accounting for autocorrelation. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 66(6): 833–844.
- Abu-Faraj, M., Ghatasheh, N., Faris, H., and Harfoushi, O., 2014. Evaluation of spatial image processing approaches for calculating water surface area: Case of the Dead Sea. Life Science Journal 11(4): 114-121.
- Akar, İ., Maktav, D., and Günal, N., 2002. Determination of changes in lake surface using different digital image processing techniques. Havacılık ve Uzay Teknolojileri Dergisi 5(4): 35-51.
- Akbulut, M., Kaya, H., Çelik, E. Ş., Odabaşı, D. A., Sağır Odabaşı, S., and Selvi, K., 2010. Assessment of surface water quality in the Atikhisar Reservoir and Sarıçay Creek (Çanakkale, Turkey). Ekoloji 19(74): 139–149.
- Avdan, U., Demircioğlu Yıldız, N., and Dağlıyar, A., 2013. Akşehir Gölü ve çevresinin arazı kullanımı ve zamansal değişim analizinin uzaktan algılama yöntemleri ile belirlenmesi. In: Türkiye Ulusal Fotogrametri ve Uzaktan Algılama Birliği VII. Teknik Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Trabzon, Turkey, pp. 1-7.
- Bahadır, M., 2013. Determination of spatial changes of Akşehir Lake with remote perception techniques. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi 28: 246-275.
- Battal, S., Güllüdere, B., Çelik, S., Demir, N., Koç-San, D., 2016. Area and change detection of the Lake Eber using SAR and multispectral satellite images. In: 6. Uzaktan Algılama ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Adana, Turkey, pp. 423-429.
- Benson, L. V., and Paillet, F. L., 1989. The use of total lake-surface area as an indicator of climatic change: examples from the Lahontan Basin. Quaternary Research 32(3): 262-275.
- Braud, D. H., and Feng, W., 1998. Semi-automated construction of the Louisiana coastline digital land/water boundary using Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery – Louisiana Applied Oil Spill Research and Development Program, OSRAPD Technical Report Series, Report No 97-002.
- Dolan, R., Fenster, M. S., and Holme, S. J., 1991. Temporal analysis of shoreline recession and accretion. Journal of Coastal Research 7: 723-744.
- Dügel, M., and Kazanci, N., 2004. Assessment of water quality of the Büyük Menderes River (Turkey) by using ordination and classification of macroinvertebrates and environmental variables. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 19: 605-612.
- Durdu, Ö. F., 2010. Effects of climate change on water resources of the Büyük Menderes river basin, western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 34: 319-332.
- Durduran, S. S., 2010. Coastline change assessment on water reservoirs located in the Konya Basin Area, Turkey, using multitemporal Landsat imagery. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 164(1-4): 453–461.
- Ejder, T., Kale, S., Acar, S., Hisar, O., and Mutlu, F., 2016a. Restricted effects of climate change on annual streamflow of Sarıçay Stream (Çanakkale, Turkey). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 5(1): 7–11.
- Ejder, T., Kale, S., Acar, S., Hisar, O., and Mutlu, F., 2016b. Effects of climate change on annual streamflow of Kocabaş Stream (Çanakkale, Turkey). Journal of Scientific Research & Reports 11(4): 1–11.
- Ekercin, S., 2007. Coastline change assessment at the Aegean Sea coasts Turkey using multitemporal Landsat imagery. Journal of Coastal Research 23(3): 691-698.
- Ekercin, S., and Örmeci, C., 2008. An assessment of water reserve changes in Salt Lake, Turkey, through multi-temporal LANDSAT imagery and real-time ground surveys. İtüdergisi/d 7(1): 29–40.
- El-Asmar, H. M., Hereher, M. E., and El-Kafrawy, S. B., 2013. Surface area change detection of the Burullus Lagoon, North of the Nile Delta, Egypt, using water indices: A remote sensing approach. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences 16: 119–123.
- Erener, A., Sarp, G., and Shirzad, M. R., 2016. Application of remote sensing and GIS technologies to determine changes of reservoir area in lake/dam. In: Proceedings of the Quaternary Symposium of Turkey, İstanbul, Turkey, pp. 64.
- Feyisa, G. L., Meilby, H., Fensholt, R., and Proud, S.R., 2014. Automated water extraction index: A new technique for surface water mapping using Landsat imagery. Remote Sensing Environment 140: 23–35.
- Frazier, P. S., and Page, K. J., 2000. Water body detection and delineation with Landsat TM data. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 66: 147–167
- Gao, B. C., 1996. NDWI–A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space. Remote Sensing of Environment 58: 257–266.
- Gao, P., Mu, X. M., Wang, F., and Li, R., 2011. Changes in streamflow and sediment discharge and the response to human activities in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15: 1-10.
- Hisar, O., Kale, S., and Özen, Ö., 2015. Sustainability of effective use of water sources in Turkey. In: Leal Filho, W., Sümer, V. (Eds.), Sustainable Water Use and Management: Examples of New Approaches and Perspectives. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland. pp. 205-227.
- Hossen, H., Ibrahim, M. G., Mahmod, W. E., Negm, A., Nadaoka, K., and Saavedra, O., 2018. Forecasting future changes in Manzala Lake surface area by considering variations in land use and land cover using remote sensing approach. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 11(5): 93.
- Jackson, C. R., Meister, R., and Prudhomme, C., 2011. Modelling the effects of climate change and its uncertainty on UK Chalk groundwater resources from an ensemble of global climate model projections. Journal of Hydrology 399: 12-28.
- Ji, X., Li, Y., Luo, X., and He, D., 2018. Changes in the lake area of Tonle Sap: Possible linkage to runoff alterations in the Lancang River?. Remote Sensing 10(6): 866.
- Jiang, Y., Li, S., Shen, D. F., and Chen, W., 2012. Climate change and its impact on the lake environment in the Tibetan Plateau in 1971–2008. Scientia Geographica Sinica 32(12): 1503–1512.
- Kaçan, E., Ülkü, G., and Turan, F., 2007. Total pollution load discharged to creeks and River Buyuk Menderes near Denizli City, In: Proceedings of the International Congress on River Basin Management. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 54-63.
- Kale, M. M., 2018. Historical shoreline change assessment using DSAS: A case study of Lake Akşehir, SW Turkey. In: A. Doğan and G. Gönüllü (Eds.), Current Debates in Sustainable Architecture, Urban Design & Environmental Studies. IJOPEC, London, pp. 187–196.
- Kale, S., and Acarli, D., 2018. Potential Application of geographic information system (GIS) in reservoir fisheries. International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture 2(5): 000149.
- Kale, S., 2017a. Climatic trends in the temperature of Çanakkale city, Turkey. Natural and Engineering Sciences 2(3): 14-27.
- Kale, S., 2017b. Analysis of climatic trends in evaporation for Çanakkale (Turkey). Middle East Journal of Science 3(2): 69-82.
- Kale, S., Ejder, T., Hisar, O., and Mutlu, F., 2016a. Climate change impacts on streamflow of Karamenderes River (Çanakkale, Turkey). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 5(2): 1-6.
- Kale, S., Ejder, T., Hisar, O., and Mutlu, F., 2016b. Effect of climate change on annual streamflow of Bakırçay River. Adıyaman University Journal of Science 6(2): 156-176.
- Kale, S., Hisar, O., Sönmez, A. Y., Mutlu, F., and Filho, W. L., 2018. An assessment of the effects of climate change on annual streamflow in rivers in Western Turkey. International Journal of Global Warming 15(2): 190-211.
- Kale, S., and Sönmez, A. Y., 2018a. Trend analysis of streamflow of Akkaya Stream (Turkey). In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Food, Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 33-45.
- Kale, S., and Sönmez, A. Y., 2018b. Trend analysis of mean monthly, seasonally and annual streamflow of Daday Stream in Kastamonu, Turkey. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 7(2): 60-67.
- Koç, T., 2001. Kuzeybatı Anadolu’da Iklim ve Ortam: Sinoptik, Istatistik ve Uygulama Boyutlarıyla. Çantay, İstanbul, Turkey. 372p.
- Koç, T., 2007. Sustainable usage problems of Atikhisar Dam Basin (Çanakkale). In: Proceedings of International Congress on River Basin Management, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 815-827.
- Köle, M. M., Ataol, M., and Erkal, T., 2016. Spatial changes of Eber and Akşehir lakes between 1990 and 2016. In: Proceedings of International Geography Symposium, Ankara, Turkey, pp. 859–872.
- Liu, Y., and Yue, H., 2017. Estimating the fluctuation of Lake Hulun, China, during 1975–2015 from satellite altimetry data. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 189(12): 630.
- McFeeters, S. K., 1996. The use of the normalized difference water index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features. International Journal of Remote Sensing 17: 1425–1432.
- Mohsen, A., Elshemy, M., and Zeidan, B. A., 2018. Change detection for Lake Burullus, Egypt using remote sensing and GIS approaches. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25(31): 30763-30771.
- Ozesmi, S., and Bauer, M., 2002. Satellite remote sensing of wetlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management 10(5): 381–402.
- Pekel, J. F., Cottam, A., Gorelick, N., and Belward, A. S., 2016. High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes. Nature 540: 418–422.
- Raju, A., Dwarakish, G. S., and Venkat, R., 2015. Automatic shoreline detection and change detection analysis of Netravati-Gurpur Rivermouth using histogram equalization and adaptive thresholding techniques. Aquatic Procedia 4: 563–570.
- Rawat, J. S., Biswas, V., and Kumar, M., 2013. Changes in land use/cover using geospatial techniques: A case study of Ramnagar town area, district Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences 16: 111-117.
- Reis, S., and Yılmaz, H. M., 2008. Temporal monitoring of water level changes in Seyfe Lake using remote sensing. Hydrological Processes 22(22): 4448-4454.
- Sarp, G., and Ozcelik, M., 2017. Water body extraction and change detection using time series: A case study of Lake Burdur, Turkey. Journal of Taibah University for Science 11(3): 381-391.
- Selvi, K., and Kaya, H., 2013. Determination of certain metals in tissues of pike (Esox lucius L, 1758) caught from Atikhisar Reservoir, Çanakkale. Alınteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 25: 23–28.
- Shen, L., and Li, C., 2010. Water body extraction from Landsat ETM+ imagery using adaboost algorithm. In: Proceedings of 18th International Conference on Geoinformatics, Beijing, China, pp. 1–4.
- Shih, S. F., 1985. Comparison of ELAS classification and density slicing Landsat data for water-surface area assessment. Hydrologic Applications of Space Technology 160: 91-97.
- Shiklomanov, I. A., 1993. World fresh water resources. In: Gleick, P. H. (Ed.), Water Crisis: A Guide to the World’s Fresh Water Resources. Oxford University Press, New York, USA, pp. 13-24.
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