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Mystery of Anatomy: Robert Knox

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 126 - 135, 31.08.2019

Öz




Anatomy has been an integral part of medical education for thousands
of years. From the past to the present, the corpses on the dissection tables
have often been the bodies of people dismissed by the community, such as dead
prisoners or the homeless. While dissection studies continued in a similar
manner until the early nineteenth century, the works of Robert Knox, an
anatomist from Edinburgh, played an important role in the emergence of the
Anatomy Act, one of the most striking developments in the field of anatomy.
Robert Knox was a scientist not only interested in anatomy but also art. His
contributions to anatomy and his work in the field of art failed to attract
sufficient and necessary attention due to murders of innocent people committed
by William Hare and William Burke. They murdered these people in order to ensure
the supply of cadavers to anatomists and physicians and compromised Robert Knox
as a knowing participant. This study aims to bring Robert Knox’s contributions
to anatomy and art to light by considering the period in which he lived, the
Industrial Revolution.




Kaynakça

  • 1. Faure O. [Hekimin bak›fl›]. In: Corbin A, Courtine JJ, Vigarello G, editors. Histoire du corps 2. ‹stanbul: Yap› Kredi Yay›nlar›; 2011. p. 15–40. 2. Porter R. The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine. 3th ed. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 154–89. 3. Lyons AS, Petrucelli RJ, Bosch J, Barnert AH. Medicine: an illustrated history. New York (NY): HN Abrams; 1978. 4. Magner LN. A history of medicine. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Taylor and Francis; 1992. p. 203–6 . 5. Mandressi R. [Teflrih ve anatomi]. Turkish translation from: Corbin A, Courtine JJ, Vigarello G, editors. Histoire du corps 3. ‹stanbul: Yap› Kredi Yay›nlar›; 2008. 6. Hildebrandt S. Capital punishment and anatomy: history and ethics of an ongoing association. Clin Anat 2008;21:5–14. 7. Ayd›n E. Dünya ve Türk t›p tarihi. Ankara: Günefl T›p Kitabevleri; 2016. 8. Bayat AH. T›p tarihi. ‹zmir: Sade Matbaa; 2003. p. 27–9, 95–7, 115–7, 129, 137–9. 9. Uzluk FN. Robert Knox’un u¤rad›¤› felaket. In: Uzluk FN, editor. Genel t›p tarihi I. Ankara: ‹stanbul Matbaas›; 1958. p. 221–2. 10. Arda B, Kahya E, Bafla¤aç Gül T. Bilim eti¤i ve bilim tarihi. 2. bask›. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Bas›mevi; 2009. p. 21. 11. Kahya E, Öner M. Biyoloji tarihi. Ankara: ‹mge Kitabevi; 2007. p.111–3, 129–36, 151–4. 12. Mitchell PD, Boston C, Chamberlain AT, Chaplin S, Chauhan V, Evans J, Witkin A. The study of anatomy in England from 1700 to the early 20th century. J Anat 2011;219:91–9. 13. Richards E. The “moral anatomy” of Robert Knox: the interplay between biological and social thought in Victorian scientific naturalism. J Hist Biol 1989;22:373–436. 14. Rosner L. The anatomy murders. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Press; 2009. 15. Richardson R. Death, dissection and the destitute. New York (NY): University of Chicago Press; 2000. 16. The anatomy act. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1-, 2019]. Available from: [http://www.kingscollections.org/exhibitions/specialcollections/ charles-dickens-2/italian-boy/anatomy-act]. 17. Gopichand PV. Editorial. Journal of the Anatomical Society of India. 2002;51:143–4. 18. The Anatomy Act. Canadian Legal Information Institute. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [http://www.canlii.org/mb/ laws/sta/a-80/20060515/whole.html]. 19. Walia MS. Unclaimed bodies. 2003. The Tribune online edition 07/ 10/2003. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [http:// www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030710/ mailbag.htm]. 20. Collinson S. Robert Knox’s anatomy of race. History Today 1990; 40:44–49. 21. Biddiss MD. The politics of anatomy: Dr. Robert Knox and Victorian racism. Proc R Soc Med 1976;69:245–50. 22. Lonsdale H. A Sketch of the life and writings of Robert Knox, the anatomist. London: Macmillan and Co; 1970. 23. Neher A. Robert Knox and the anatomy of beauty. Med Humanit 2011;37:46–50. 24. Currie AS. Robert Knox, anatomist, scientist, and martyr. Proc R Soc Med 1932;26:39–46. 25. Rostow WW. Sanayi Devrimi nas›l bafllad›? ‹stanbul Üniversitesi ‹ktisat Fakültesi Mecmuas› 1971;30:1–4. 26. Günay D. Sanayi ve sanayi tarihi. Mimar ve Mühendis Dergisi 2002; 31:8–14. 27. Black J. K›sa ‹ngiltere tarihi. 2. bask›. ‹stanbul: Say Yay›nlar›; 2018. p.117–51. 28. Bates AW. The anatomy of Robert Knox: murder, mad science and medical regulation in nineteenth-century edinburgh. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press; 2010. 29. Chamberlain AT. Morbid osteology: evidence for autopsies, dissection and surgical training from the Newcastle infirmary burial ground (1753–1845). In: Mitchell P, editor. Anatomical dissection in enlightenment England and beyond: autopsy, pathology and display. Farnham: Routledge; 2012. p. 11. 30. Huisman F, Warner JH. Locating medical history: the stories and their meanings. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2004. p. 380–5. 31. Mcleod M. Edinburgh’s dark history: Burke and Hare. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [https://blog.nms.ac.uk/ 2015/11/02/Edinburghs-dark-history-burke-and-hare/] 32. Pelin C. Sanatta anatomi. In: Bilim, bilim politikas› ve üniversiteler. Ankara: Ba¤lam Yay›nc›l›k; 1997. p. 127–30. 33. Krausse AC. Leonardo da Vinci. Rönesanstan günümüze resim sanat›n›n öyküsü. ‹stanbul: Literatür Yay›nc›l›k; 2005. p. 14–5. 34. Krausse A. Neoklasisizm. Rönesanstan günümüze resim sanat›n›n öyküsü. ‹stanbul: Literatür Yay›nc›l›k; 2005. p.51–52. 35. Bulut fi. 19. yüzy›l sanayi devriminin toplum ve sanat üzerine etkileri. Turkish Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 2015;1:1–13. 36. Knox, R. A manual of artistic anatomy: for the use of sculptors, painters, and amateurs. Miami (FL): Hardpress; 2017. 37. Knox R. Great Artists and Great Anatomists: A Biographical and Philosophical Study. UK: Forgotten Books; 2017. 38. Rosner L. The anatomy murders: being the true and spectacular history of edinburghh’s notorious Burke and Hare and of the man of science who abetted them in the commission of their most heinous crimes. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Press; 2010. 39. MacLaren I. Robert Knox MD, FRCSEd, FRSEd 1791–1862: the first conservator of the college museum. J R Coll Surg Edinb 2000; 45:392–7.
Yıl 2019, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 126 - 135, 31.08.2019

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Faure O. [Hekimin bak›fl›]. In: Corbin A, Courtine JJ, Vigarello G, editors. Histoire du corps 2. ‹stanbul: Yap› Kredi Yay›nlar›; 2011. p. 15–40. 2. Porter R. The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine. 3th ed. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 154–89. 3. Lyons AS, Petrucelli RJ, Bosch J, Barnert AH. Medicine: an illustrated history. New York (NY): HN Abrams; 1978. 4. Magner LN. A history of medicine. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Taylor and Francis; 1992. p. 203–6 . 5. Mandressi R. [Teflrih ve anatomi]. Turkish translation from: Corbin A, Courtine JJ, Vigarello G, editors. Histoire du corps 3. ‹stanbul: Yap› Kredi Yay›nlar›; 2008. 6. Hildebrandt S. Capital punishment and anatomy: history and ethics of an ongoing association. Clin Anat 2008;21:5–14. 7. Ayd›n E. Dünya ve Türk t›p tarihi. Ankara: Günefl T›p Kitabevleri; 2016. 8. Bayat AH. T›p tarihi. ‹zmir: Sade Matbaa; 2003. p. 27–9, 95–7, 115–7, 129, 137–9. 9. Uzluk FN. Robert Knox’un u¤rad›¤› felaket. In: Uzluk FN, editor. Genel t›p tarihi I. Ankara: ‹stanbul Matbaas›; 1958. p. 221–2. 10. Arda B, Kahya E, Bafla¤aç Gül T. Bilim eti¤i ve bilim tarihi. 2. bask›. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Bas›mevi; 2009. p. 21. 11. Kahya E, Öner M. Biyoloji tarihi. Ankara: ‹mge Kitabevi; 2007. p.111–3, 129–36, 151–4. 12. Mitchell PD, Boston C, Chamberlain AT, Chaplin S, Chauhan V, Evans J, Witkin A. The study of anatomy in England from 1700 to the early 20th century. J Anat 2011;219:91–9. 13. Richards E. The “moral anatomy” of Robert Knox: the interplay between biological and social thought in Victorian scientific naturalism. J Hist Biol 1989;22:373–436. 14. Rosner L. The anatomy murders. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Press; 2009. 15. Richardson R. Death, dissection and the destitute. New York (NY): University of Chicago Press; 2000. 16. The anatomy act. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1-, 2019]. Available from: [http://www.kingscollections.org/exhibitions/specialcollections/ charles-dickens-2/italian-boy/anatomy-act]. 17. Gopichand PV. Editorial. Journal of the Anatomical Society of India. 2002;51:143–4. 18. The Anatomy Act. Canadian Legal Information Institute. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [http://www.canlii.org/mb/ laws/sta/a-80/20060515/whole.html]. 19. Walia MS. Unclaimed bodies. 2003. The Tribune online edition 07/ 10/2003. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [http:// www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030710/ mailbag.htm]. 20. Collinson S. Robert Knox’s anatomy of race. History Today 1990; 40:44–49. 21. Biddiss MD. The politics of anatomy: Dr. Robert Knox and Victorian racism. Proc R Soc Med 1976;69:245–50. 22. Lonsdale H. A Sketch of the life and writings of Robert Knox, the anatomist. London: Macmillan and Co; 1970. 23. Neher A. Robert Knox and the anatomy of beauty. Med Humanit 2011;37:46–50. 24. Currie AS. Robert Knox, anatomist, scientist, and martyr. Proc R Soc Med 1932;26:39–46. 25. Rostow WW. Sanayi Devrimi nas›l bafllad›? ‹stanbul Üniversitesi ‹ktisat Fakültesi Mecmuas› 1971;30:1–4. 26. Günay D. Sanayi ve sanayi tarihi. Mimar ve Mühendis Dergisi 2002; 31:8–14. 27. Black J. K›sa ‹ngiltere tarihi. 2. bask›. ‹stanbul: Say Yay›nlar›; 2018. p.117–51. 28. Bates AW. The anatomy of Robert Knox: murder, mad science and medical regulation in nineteenth-century edinburgh. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press; 2010. 29. Chamberlain AT. Morbid osteology: evidence for autopsies, dissection and surgical training from the Newcastle infirmary burial ground (1753–1845). In: Mitchell P, editor. Anatomical dissection in enlightenment England and beyond: autopsy, pathology and display. Farnham: Routledge; 2012. p. 11. 30. Huisman F, Warner JH. Locating medical history: the stories and their meanings. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2004. p. 380–5. 31. Mcleod M. Edinburgh’s dark history: Burke and Hare. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [https://blog.nms.ac.uk/ 2015/11/02/Edinburghs-dark-history-burke-and-hare/] 32. Pelin C. Sanatta anatomi. In: Bilim, bilim politikas› ve üniversiteler. Ankara: Ba¤lam Yay›nc›l›k; 1997. p. 127–30. 33. Krausse AC. Leonardo da Vinci. Rönesanstan günümüze resim sanat›n›n öyküsü. ‹stanbul: Literatür Yay›nc›l›k; 2005. p. 14–5. 34. Krausse A. Neoklasisizm. Rönesanstan günümüze resim sanat›n›n öyküsü. ‹stanbul: Literatür Yay›nc›l›k; 2005. p.51–52. 35. Bulut fi. 19. yüzy›l sanayi devriminin toplum ve sanat üzerine etkileri. Turkish Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 2015;1:1–13. 36. Knox, R. A manual of artistic anatomy: for the use of sculptors, painters, and amateurs. Miami (FL): Hardpress; 2017. 37. Knox R. Great Artists and Great Anatomists: A Biographical and Philosophical Study. UK: Forgotten Books; 2017. 38. Rosner L. The anatomy murders: being the true and spectacular history of edinburghh’s notorious Burke and Hare and of the man of science who abetted them in the commission of their most heinous crimes. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Press; 2010. 39. MacLaren I. Robert Knox MD, FRCSEd, FRSEd 1791–1862: the first conservator of the college museum. J R Coll Surg Edinb 2000; 45:392–7.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Historical View
Yazarlar

Şenay Gül

Serap Şahinoğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gül, Ş., & Şahinoğlu, S. (2019). Mystery of Anatomy: Robert Knox. Anatomy, 13(2), 126-135.
AMA Gül Ş, Şahinoğlu S. Mystery of Anatomy: Robert Knox. Anatomy. Ağustos 2019;13(2):126-135.
Chicago Gül, Şenay, ve Serap Şahinoğlu. “Mystery of Anatomy: Robert Knox”. Anatomy 13, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2019): 126-35.
EndNote Gül Ş, Şahinoğlu S (01 Ağustos 2019) Mystery of Anatomy: Robert Knox. Anatomy 13 2 126–135.
IEEE Ş. Gül ve S. Şahinoğlu, “Mystery of Anatomy: Robert Knox”, Anatomy, c. 13, sy. 2, ss. 126–135, 2019.
ISNAD Gül, Şenay - Şahinoğlu, Serap. “Mystery of Anatomy: Robert Knox”. Anatomy 13/2 (Ağustos 2019), 126-135.
JAMA Gül Ş, Şahinoğlu S. Mystery of Anatomy: Robert Knox. Anatomy. 2019;13:126–135.
MLA Gül, Şenay ve Serap Şahinoğlu. “Mystery of Anatomy: Robert Knox”. Anatomy, c. 13, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 126-35.
Vancouver Gül Ş, Şahinoğlu S. Mystery of Anatomy: Robert Knox. Anatomy. 2019;13(2):126-35.

Anatomy is the official journal of Turkish Society of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy (TSACA).