Mystery of Anatomy: Robert Knox
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 126 - 135, 31.08.2019
Şenay Gül
,
Serap Şahinoğlu
Öz
Anatomy has been an integral part of medical education for thousands
of years. From the past to the present, the corpses on the dissection tables
have often been the bodies of people dismissed by the community, such as dead
prisoners or the homeless. While dissection studies continued in a similar
manner until the early nineteenth century, the works of Robert Knox, an
anatomist from Edinburgh, played an important role in the emergence of the
Anatomy Act, one of the most striking developments in the field of anatomy.
Robert Knox was a scientist not only interested in anatomy but also art. His
contributions to anatomy and his work in the field of art failed to attract
sufficient and necessary attention due to murders of innocent people committed
by William Hare and William Burke. They murdered these people in order to ensure
the supply of cadavers to anatomists and physicians and compromised Robert Knox
as a knowing participant. This study aims to bring Robert Knox’s contributions
to anatomy and art to light by considering the period in which he lived, the
Industrial Revolution.
Kaynakça
- 1. Faure O. [Hekimin bak›fl›]. In: Corbin A, Courtine JJ, Vigarello G,
editors. Histoire du corps 2. ‹stanbul: Yap› Kredi Yay›nlar›; 2011. p.
15–40.
2. Porter R. The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine. 3th ed.
Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 154–89.
3. Lyons AS, Petrucelli RJ, Bosch J, Barnert AH. Medicine: an illustrated
history. New York (NY): HN Abrams; 1978.
4. Magner LN. A history of medicine. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Taylor
and Francis; 1992. p. 203–6 .
5. Mandressi R. [Teflrih ve anatomi]. Turkish translation from: Corbin
A, Courtine JJ, Vigarello G, editors. Histoire du corps 3. ‹stanbul:
Yap› Kredi Yay›nlar›; 2008.
6. Hildebrandt S. Capital punishment and anatomy: history and ethics
of an ongoing association. Clin Anat 2008;21:5–14.
7. Ayd›n E. Dünya ve Türk t›p tarihi. Ankara: Günefl T›p Kitabevleri;
2016.
8. Bayat AH. T›p tarihi. ‹zmir: Sade Matbaa; 2003. p. 27–9, 95–7, 115–7,
129, 137–9.
9. Uzluk FN. Robert Knox’un u¤rad›¤› felaket. In: Uzluk FN, editor.
Genel t›p tarihi I. Ankara: ‹stanbul Matbaas›; 1958. p. 221–2.
10. Arda B, Kahya E, Bafla¤aç Gül T. Bilim eti¤i ve bilim tarihi. 2. bask›.
Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Bas›mevi; 2009. p. 21.
11. Kahya E, Öner M. Biyoloji tarihi. Ankara: ‹mge Kitabevi; 2007.
p.111–3, 129–36, 151–4.
12. Mitchell PD, Boston C, Chamberlain AT, Chaplin S, Chauhan V,
Evans J, Witkin A. The study of anatomy in England from 1700 to
the early 20th century. J Anat 2011;219:91–9.
13. Richards E. The “moral anatomy” of Robert Knox: the interplay
between biological and social thought in Victorian scientific naturalism.
J Hist Biol 1989;22:373–436.
14. Rosner L. The anatomy murders. Philadelphia (PA): University of
Pennsylvania Press; 2009.
15. Richardson R. Death, dissection and the destitute. New York (NY):
University of Chicago Press; 2000.
16. The anatomy act. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1-, 2019]. Available from:
[http://www.kingscollections.org/exhibitions/specialcollections/
charles-dickens-2/italian-boy/anatomy-act].
17. Gopichand PV. Editorial. Journal of the Anatomical Society of India.
2002;51:143–4.
18. The Anatomy Act. Canadian Legal Information Institute. [Internet]
[Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [http://www.canlii.org/mb/
laws/sta/a-80/20060515/whole.html].
19. Walia MS. Unclaimed bodies. 2003. The Tribune online edition 07/
10/2003. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [http://
www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030710/ mailbag.htm].
20. Collinson S. Robert Knox’s anatomy of race. History Today 1990;
40:44–49.
21. Biddiss MD. The politics of anatomy: Dr. Robert Knox and Victorian
racism. Proc R Soc Med 1976;69:245–50.
22. Lonsdale H. A Sketch of the life and writings of Robert Knox, the
anatomist. London: Macmillan and Co; 1970.
23. Neher A. Robert Knox and the anatomy of beauty. Med Humanit
2011;37:46–50.
24. Currie AS. Robert Knox, anatomist, scientist, and martyr. Proc R
Soc Med 1932;26:39–46.
25. Rostow WW. Sanayi Devrimi nas›l bafllad›? ‹stanbul Üniversitesi
‹ktisat Fakültesi Mecmuas› 1971;30:1–4.
26. Günay D. Sanayi ve sanayi tarihi. Mimar ve Mühendis Dergisi 2002;
31:8–14.
27. Black J. K›sa ‹ngiltere tarihi. 2. bask›. ‹stanbul: Say Yay›nlar›; 2018.
p.117–51.
28. Bates AW. The anatomy of Robert Knox: murder, mad science and
medical regulation in nineteenth-century edinburgh. Brighton:
Sussex Academic Press; 2010.
29. Chamberlain AT. Morbid osteology: evidence for autopsies, dissection
and surgical training from the Newcastle infirmary burial
ground (1753–1845). In: Mitchell P, editor. Anatomical dissection in
enlightenment England and beyond: autopsy, pathology and display.
Farnham: Routledge; 2012. p. 11.
30. Huisman F, Warner JH. Locating medical history: the stories and
their meanings. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press;
2004. p. 380–5.
31. Mcleod M. Edinburgh’s dark history: Burke and Hare. [Internet]
[Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [https://blog.nms.ac.uk/
2015/11/02/Edinburghs-dark-history-burke-and-hare/]
32. Pelin C. Sanatta anatomi. In: Bilim, bilim politikas› ve üniversiteler.
Ankara: Ba¤lam Yay›nc›l›k; 1997. p. 127–30.
33. Krausse AC. Leonardo da Vinci. Rönesanstan günümüze resim
sanat›n›n öyküsü. ‹stanbul: Literatür Yay›nc›l›k; 2005. p. 14–5.
34. Krausse A. Neoklasisizm. Rönesanstan günümüze resim sanat›n›n
öyküsü. ‹stanbul: Literatür Yay›nc›l›k; 2005. p.51–52.
35. Bulut fi. 19. yüzy›l sanayi devriminin toplum ve sanat üzerine etkileri.
Turkish Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 2015;1:1–13.
36. Knox, R. A manual of artistic anatomy: for the use of sculptors,
painters, and amateurs. Miami (FL): Hardpress; 2017.
37. Knox R. Great Artists and Great Anatomists: A Biographical and
Philosophical Study. UK: Forgotten Books; 2017.
38. Rosner L. The anatomy murders: being the true and spectacular history
of edinburghh’s notorious Burke and Hare and of the man of
science who abetted them in the commission of their most heinous
crimes. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Press; 2010.
39. MacLaren I. Robert Knox MD, FRCSEd, FRSEd 1791–1862: the
first conservator of the college museum. J R Coll Surg Edinb 2000;
45:392–7.
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 126 - 135, 31.08.2019
Şenay Gül
,
Serap Şahinoğlu
Kaynakça
- 1. Faure O. [Hekimin bak›fl›]. In: Corbin A, Courtine JJ, Vigarello G,
editors. Histoire du corps 2. ‹stanbul: Yap› Kredi Yay›nlar›; 2011. p.
15–40.
2. Porter R. The Cambridge illustrated history of medicine. 3th ed.
Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 154–89.
3. Lyons AS, Petrucelli RJ, Bosch J, Barnert AH. Medicine: an illustrated
history. New York (NY): HN Abrams; 1978.
4. Magner LN. A history of medicine. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Taylor
and Francis; 1992. p. 203–6 .
5. Mandressi R. [Teflrih ve anatomi]. Turkish translation from: Corbin
A, Courtine JJ, Vigarello G, editors. Histoire du corps 3. ‹stanbul:
Yap› Kredi Yay›nlar›; 2008.
6. Hildebrandt S. Capital punishment and anatomy: history and ethics
of an ongoing association. Clin Anat 2008;21:5–14.
7. Ayd›n E. Dünya ve Türk t›p tarihi. Ankara: Günefl T›p Kitabevleri;
2016.
8. Bayat AH. T›p tarihi. ‹zmir: Sade Matbaa; 2003. p. 27–9, 95–7, 115–7,
129, 137–9.
9. Uzluk FN. Robert Knox’un u¤rad›¤› felaket. In: Uzluk FN, editor.
Genel t›p tarihi I. Ankara: ‹stanbul Matbaas›; 1958. p. 221–2.
10. Arda B, Kahya E, Bafla¤aç Gül T. Bilim eti¤i ve bilim tarihi. 2. bask›.
Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Bas›mevi; 2009. p. 21.
11. Kahya E, Öner M. Biyoloji tarihi. Ankara: ‹mge Kitabevi; 2007.
p.111–3, 129–36, 151–4.
12. Mitchell PD, Boston C, Chamberlain AT, Chaplin S, Chauhan V,
Evans J, Witkin A. The study of anatomy in England from 1700 to
the early 20th century. J Anat 2011;219:91–9.
13. Richards E. The “moral anatomy” of Robert Knox: the interplay
between biological and social thought in Victorian scientific naturalism.
J Hist Biol 1989;22:373–436.
14. Rosner L. The anatomy murders. Philadelphia (PA): University of
Pennsylvania Press; 2009.
15. Richardson R. Death, dissection and the destitute. New York (NY):
University of Chicago Press; 2000.
16. The anatomy act. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1-, 2019]. Available from:
[http://www.kingscollections.org/exhibitions/specialcollections/
charles-dickens-2/italian-boy/anatomy-act].
17. Gopichand PV. Editorial. Journal of the Anatomical Society of India.
2002;51:143–4.
18. The Anatomy Act. Canadian Legal Information Institute. [Internet]
[Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [http://www.canlii.org/mb/
laws/sta/a-80/20060515/whole.html].
19. Walia MS. Unclaimed bodies. 2003. The Tribune online edition 07/
10/2003. [Internet] [Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [http://
www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030710/ mailbag.htm].
20. Collinson S. Robert Knox’s anatomy of race. History Today 1990;
40:44–49.
21. Biddiss MD. The politics of anatomy: Dr. Robert Knox and Victorian
racism. Proc R Soc Med 1976;69:245–50.
22. Lonsdale H. A Sketch of the life and writings of Robert Knox, the
anatomist. London: Macmillan and Co; 1970.
23. Neher A. Robert Knox and the anatomy of beauty. Med Humanit
2011;37:46–50.
24. Currie AS. Robert Knox, anatomist, scientist, and martyr. Proc R
Soc Med 1932;26:39–46.
25. Rostow WW. Sanayi Devrimi nas›l bafllad›? ‹stanbul Üniversitesi
‹ktisat Fakültesi Mecmuas› 1971;30:1–4.
26. Günay D. Sanayi ve sanayi tarihi. Mimar ve Mühendis Dergisi 2002;
31:8–14.
27. Black J. K›sa ‹ngiltere tarihi. 2. bask›. ‹stanbul: Say Yay›nlar›; 2018.
p.117–51.
28. Bates AW. The anatomy of Robert Knox: murder, mad science and
medical regulation in nineteenth-century edinburgh. Brighton:
Sussex Academic Press; 2010.
29. Chamberlain AT. Morbid osteology: evidence for autopsies, dissection
and surgical training from the Newcastle infirmary burial
ground (1753–1845). In: Mitchell P, editor. Anatomical dissection in
enlightenment England and beyond: autopsy, pathology and display.
Farnham: Routledge; 2012. p. 11.
30. Huisman F, Warner JH. Locating medical history: the stories and
their meanings. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press;
2004. p. 380–5.
31. Mcleod M. Edinburgh’s dark history: Burke and Hare. [Internet]
[Retrieved: June 1, 2019]. Available from: [https://blog.nms.ac.uk/
2015/11/02/Edinburghs-dark-history-burke-and-hare/]
32. Pelin C. Sanatta anatomi. In: Bilim, bilim politikas› ve üniversiteler.
Ankara: Ba¤lam Yay›nc›l›k; 1997. p. 127–30.
33. Krausse AC. Leonardo da Vinci. Rönesanstan günümüze resim
sanat›n›n öyküsü. ‹stanbul: Literatür Yay›nc›l›k; 2005. p. 14–5.
34. Krausse A. Neoklasisizm. Rönesanstan günümüze resim sanat›n›n
öyküsü. ‹stanbul: Literatür Yay›nc›l›k; 2005. p.51–52.
35. Bulut fi. 19. yüzy›l sanayi devriminin toplum ve sanat üzerine etkileri.
Turkish Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 2015;1:1–13.
36. Knox, R. A manual of artistic anatomy: for the use of sculptors,
painters, and amateurs. Miami (FL): Hardpress; 2017.
37. Knox R. Great Artists and Great Anatomists: A Biographical and
Philosophical Study. UK: Forgotten Books; 2017.
38. Rosner L. The anatomy murders: being the true and spectacular history
of edinburghh’s notorious Burke and Hare and of the man of
science who abetted them in the commission of their most heinous
crimes. Philadelphia (PA): University of Pennsylvania Press; 2010.
39. MacLaren I. Robert Knox MD, FRCSEd, FRSEd 1791–1862: the
first conservator of the college museum. J R Coll Surg Edinb 2000;
45:392–7.