Bilgi Ekonomisi Projeksiyonunda, Türkiye ve AB Ülkelerindeki İstihdam ile İhracatta Teknolojik Dönüşümün Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 579 - 591, 28.06.2021
Mustafa Karakuş
,
Aslı Özen Atabey
Öz
Bilgi ekonomisine geçiş sürecinde yaşanan teknolojik dönüşüm, rekabet üstünlüğü sağlamak isteyen ülkeler için Ar-Ge personeli istihdamını ve yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatını artırmayı zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Bu çalışma, 2007-2019 dönemi için Türkiye ve 27 AB ülkesindeki Ar-Ge personel ve araştırmacı payı ile yüksek teknoloji ihracatı oranının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi yöntemi kullanılan araştırma sonuçları; Ar-Ge personel ve araştırmacı sayısı ile yüksek teknoloji ihracatının ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif etkilediğini, ayrıca Ar-Ge personel ve araştırmacı sayısının büyüme rakamları üzerindeki etkisinin daha büyük olduğunu göstermektedir.
Kaynakça
- Aghion, P. (2000, June). Knowledge and development: a Schumpeterian approach. ABCD Conference, Paris. Access address https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.199.9838&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- Aghıon, P., & Howıtt, P. (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323-351. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951599
- Akarsu, Y., Alacahan, N. D., & Atakişi, A. (2020). Ülke karşılaştırmaları ile araştırma geliştirme harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 9 (4), 159-167.
- Altın, O., & Kaya, A. (2009). Analysis of the casual relationship between R&D expenditures and economic growth for Turkey. Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 9(1), 251-259. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/eab/issue/39855/472601
- Arellano, M., & Bond S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58 (2), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
- Arellano, M., & Bover O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D
European Statistical Office (Eurostat). Access address: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do).
European Statistical Office (Eurostat). Access address: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do
- Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. (3. Edition). England: John Wiley&Sons Ltd.
- Bassanini, A., & Scarpetta, S. (2001). The driving forces of economic growth: panel data evidence for the OECD countries. OECD Economic Studies, 33(2), 9-56. Retrieved from https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00168383/document
- Bayraktutan, Y., & Kethudaoğlu F. (2017). Ar-Ge ve iktisadi büyüme ilişkisi: OECD örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(53), 679-694. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.20175334157
- Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87 (1) 115-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
- Braunerhjelm, P., & Thulin, P. (2008). Can countries create comparative advantages? R&D expenditures, high-tech exports and country size in 19 OECD countries, 1981-1999. International Economic Journal, 22(1), 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168730801887026
- Bongo, P. (2005). The impact of ICT on economic growth. EconWPA Working Paper Series, No: 501008,1-4
- Cuaresma J. C., & Wörz, J. (2005). On export composition and growth. Review of world economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv). Springer;Institut Für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute For The World Economy), 141(1), 33-49.
- Değer, M. K. (2007). İhracatın kompozisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme: Orta gelirli ülkeler üzerine panel veri analizleri (1982-2004). Ankara: İmaj Publishing.
- World Bank. Access address: https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG&country=#
- Erdil, E., Türkcan, B., & Yetkiner, H. (2009). Does information and communication technologies sustain economic growth? the underdeveloped and developing countries case. Science and Technology Policies Research Center Working Paper Series, Paper No. 09/01, 1-16.
- Erkan, H., Atik, H., Taban, S., & Özsoy, C. (2013). Bilgi ekonomisi, 1. Edition. Faculty of Open Education No: 1706, Eskişehir: Rep. of Turkey Anadolu University Publishing, No: 2748
- European Commission (2020a). Innovation union scoreboard 2020. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, (12.02.2021), Access address:https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/42981
- European Commission (2020b), Horizon 2020 strategy, (07.12.2020), Access address: http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/pdf/proposals/horizon_2020_impact_assessment_report.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none
- European Commission (2021). Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. (12.01.2021), Access address: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0118&from=en
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- Grossman, G. M & Helpman E. (1991). Trade, knowledge spillovers, and growth. European Economic Review, 35 (2–3), 517-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(91)90153-A
- Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shın Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53- 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
- Jones C. I. (1995). R&D-Based models of economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, 103(4), 759-784.
- Kılavuz, E,. & Topçu, B. A., (2012). Export and economic growth in the case of the manufacturing industry: panel data analysis of developing countries, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(2), 201-215.
- Kılıç, C., Bayar, Y., & H. Özekicioğlu (2014). Araştırma geliştirme harcamalarının ileri teknoloji ürün ihracatı üzerindeki etkisi: G-8 ülkeleri için bir panel veri analizi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (44), 115-130.
- Kırtay, O. (2020). Gaziantep ili Şahinbey ilçesinde öğrenim gören ortaöğretim 9.sınıf öğrencileri özelinde bilgi toplumu ve dijital kültür kavramı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. PhD Dissertation. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversity
- Kızılkaya, O., Sofuoğlu, E., & Ay, A. (2017). Yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı üzerinde doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ve dışa açıklığın etkisi: gelişmekte olan ülkelerde panel veri analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 18(1), 63-78.
- Korkmaz, S. (2010). Türkiye’de Ar‐Ge yatırımları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin VAR modeli ile analizi, Yaşar Üniversitesi Dergisi, 20(5), 3320-3330. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jyasar/issue/19132/20302
- Köse, Z., & Gültekin, H . (2020). Ar-Ge yatırımları yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi üzerine bir inceleme: Seçilmiş OECD ülkeleri. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4 (2), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.747302
- Landesmann M., & Pfaffermayr, M. (1997). Technological competition and trade performance. Applied Economics, 29(2), 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368497327254
- Lee, J-W., & Hong, K. (2010). Economic growth in Asia: determinants and prospects. Manila: Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series, No. 220.
- Levin, A., Lin, C.F., & Chu, C.S.J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
- Lichtenberg, F.R. (1993). R&D investment and international productivity differences. NBER Working Paper Series, No. 4161.
- Maradana, R. P., Pradhan, R. P., Dash, S., Gaurav, K., Jayakumar, M., & Chatterjee, D. (2017). Does innovation promote economic growth? Evidence from European countries. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 1-23.
- Masuda Y. (1990). Managing in the information society: releasing synergy Japanese style. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
- Moore, N. (2008). The information society. Chapter 20, UNESCO Publications, (20.11.2020), Access address:https:// files. dnb. de/ EDBI/ www .unesco. org/ web world/wirerpt/wirenglish/chap20.pdf
- Özer, M., & Çiftçi N. (2009). Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ihracat ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri panel veri analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (23), 39-49.
- Pohjola, M. (2000). Information technology and economic growth: a cross-country analysis. Helsinki, World Institute for Development Economics Research, Working Paper Series, No. 173.
- Roodman, D. M. (2009). A note on the theme of too many instruments. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71 (1), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00542.x
- Romer, P.M. (1989). What determines the rate of growth and technological change? Policy Research Working Paper Series 279, The World Bank.
- Samimi, A.J., & Alerasoul, S.M. (2009). R&D and economic growth: new evidence from some developing countries. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4), 3464-3469.
- Tatoğlu Yerdelen, F. (2012). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
- Teke, D. (2020). Bilgi toplumunda yaşam boyu öğrenme ve yetişkin eğitimi: öğretmenlerin mesleki çalışmaları üzerine bir araştırma. Master Thesis. Sakarya: Sakarya Üniversity.
- Telatar, O. M., Değer, M. K., & Doğanay, M. A. (2016). Teknoloji yoğunluklu ürün ihracatının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Türkiye örneği (1996:Q1-2015:Q3). Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 30(4), 921-934. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atauniiibd/issue/29909/322132
- Toffler A. (1996). Third wave. (A. Seden, Translator:), 3rd edition, İstanbul: Golden Books.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). Access address: https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33676
- Ülkü, H. (2004). R&D, Innovation, and economic growth: an empirical analysis. IMF Working Paper, 185.
- Wangwe, S. (2007). A review of methodology for assessing the impact on development and economic transformation. African Economic Research Consortium Working Papers, Paper No: ICTWP-02, 1-31.
- Verbič M., Majcen B., Ivanova O., & Čok M. (2011). R&D and economic growth in Slovenia: a dynamic general equilibrium approach with endogenous growth. Panoeconomicus, 58(1), 67-89. https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1101067V
- Wörz, J. (2004). Skill intensity in foreign trade and economic growth. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 04(059/2), 1-31.
- Yeloğlu, H. O. (2009). Bilgi ekonomisi değişkenlerine yönelik ilk izlenimler: Türkiye-OECD ülkeleri karşılaştırmaları (1995-1999). Bilgi Dünya, 10(2), 245-260.
Impact of the Technological Transformation in Employment and Export on Economic Growth in Turkey and the EU Countries in an Information Economy Projection: Dynamic Panel Data Analysis
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 579 - 591, 28.06.2021
Mustafa Karakuş
,
Aslı Özen Atabey
Öz
The technological transformation experienced during the transition to the knowledge economy has made it necessary to increase the employment of R&D personnel and the export of high-tech products for countries that want to gain competitive advantage. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of the share of R&D personnel and researchers and the ratio of high-tech exports on economic growth in Turkey and 27 EU countries for the years 2007-2019. The results of the research using the Dynamic Panel Data Analysis method; It shows that the number of R&D personnel and researchers and high technology exports have a positive effect on economic growth, and the number of R&D personnel and researchers has a greater effect on growth.
Kaynakça
- Aghion, P. (2000, June). Knowledge and development: a Schumpeterian approach. ABCD Conference, Paris. Access address https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.199.9838&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- Aghıon, P., & Howıtt, P. (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323-351. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951599
- Akarsu, Y., Alacahan, N. D., & Atakişi, A. (2020). Ülke karşılaştırmaları ile araştırma geliştirme harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 9 (4), 159-167.
- Altın, O., & Kaya, A. (2009). Analysis of the casual relationship between R&D expenditures and economic growth for Turkey. Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 9(1), 251-259. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/eab/issue/39855/472601
- Arellano, M., & Bond S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58 (2), 277–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
- Arellano, M., & Bover O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D
European Statistical Office (Eurostat). Access address: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do).
European Statistical Office (Eurostat). Access address: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do
- Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. (3. Edition). England: John Wiley&Sons Ltd.
- Bassanini, A., & Scarpetta, S. (2001). The driving forces of economic growth: panel data evidence for the OECD countries. OECD Economic Studies, 33(2), 9-56. Retrieved from https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00168383/document
- Bayraktutan, Y., & Kethudaoğlu F. (2017). Ar-Ge ve iktisadi büyüme ilişkisi: OECD örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(53), 679-694. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.20175334157
- Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87 (1) 115-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8
- Braunerhjelm, P., & Thulin, P. (2008). Can countries create comparative advantages? R&D expenditures, high-tech exports and country size in 19 OECD countries, 1981-1999. International Economic Journal, 22(1), 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168730801887026
- Bongo, P. (2005). The impact of ICT on economic growth. EconWPA Working Paper Series, No: 501008,1-4
- Cuaresma J. C., & Wörz, J. (2005). On export composition and growth. Review of world economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv). Springer;Institut Für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute For The World Economy), 141(1), 33-49.
- Değer, M. K. (2007). İhracatın kompozisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme: Orta gelirli ülkeler üzerine panel veri analizleri (1982-2004). Ankara: İmaj Publishing.
- World Bank. Access address: https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG&country=#
- Erdil, E., Türkcan, B., & Yetkiner, H. (2009). Does information and communication technologies sustain economic growth? the underdeveloped and developing countries case. Science and Technology Policies Research Center Working Paper Series, Paper No. 09/01, 1-16.
- Erkan, H., Atik, H., Taban, S., & Özsoy, C. (2013). Bilgi ekonomisi, 1. Edition. Faculty of Open Education No: 1706, Eskişehir: Rep. of Turkey Anadolu University Publishing, No: 2748
- European Commission (2020a). Innovation union scoreboard 2020. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, (12.02.2021), Access address:https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/42981
- European Commission (2020b), Horizon 2020 strategy, (07.12.2020), Access address: http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/pdf/proposals/horizon_2020_impact_assessment_report.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none
- European Commission (2021). Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. (12.01.2021), Access address: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/DOC/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0118&from=en
- Fagerberg, J. (2003). The dynamics of technology, growth and trade: a Schumpeterian perspective. No 25, Working Papers, Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo, (12.01.2021), Access address: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:tik:wpaper:25
- Grossman, G. M & Helpman E. (1991). Trade, knowledge spillovers, and growth. European Economic Review, 35 (2–3), 517-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(91)90153-A
- Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shın Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53- 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
- Jones C. I. (1995). R&D-Based models of economic growth. Journal of Political Economy, 103(4), 759-784.
- Kılavuz, E,. & Topçu, B. A., (2012). Export and economic growth in the case of the manufacturing industry: panel data analysis of developing countries, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 2(2), 201-215.
- Kılıç, C., Bayar, Y., & H. Özekicioğlu (2014). Araştırma geliştirme harcamalarının ileri teknoloji ürün ihracatı üzerindeki etkisi: G-8 ülkeleri için bir panel veri analizi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (44), 115-130.
- Kırtay, O. (2020). Gaziantep ili Şahinbey ilçesinde öğrenim gören ortaöğretim 9.sınıf öğrencileri özelinde bilgi toplumu ve dijital kültür kavramı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. PhD Dissertation. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversity
- Kızılkaya, O., Sofuoğlu, E., & Ay, A. (2017). Yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı üzerinde doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ve dışa açıklığın etkisi: gelişmekte olan ülkelerde panel veri analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 18(1), 63-78.
- Korkmaz, S. (2010). Türkiye’de Ar‐Ge yatırımları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin VAR modeli ile analizi, Yaşar Üniversitesi Dergisi, 20(5), 3320-3330. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jyasar/issue/19132/20302
- Köse, Z., & Gültekin, H . (2020). Ar-Ge yatırımları yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi üzerine bir inceleme: Seçilmiş OECD ülkeleri. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4 (2), 93-115. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.747302
- Landesmann M., & Pfaffermayr, M. (1997). Technological competition and trade performance. Applied Economics, 29(2), 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368497327254
- Lee, J-W., & Hong, K. (2010). Economic growth in Asia: determinants and prospects. Manila: Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series, No. 220.
- Levin, A., Lin, C.F., & Chu, C.S.J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
- Lichtenberg, F.R. (1993). R&D investment and international productivity differences. NBER Working Paper Series, No. 4161.
- Maradana, R. P., Pradhan, R. P., Dash, S., Gaurav, K., Jayakumar, M., & Chatterjee, D. (2017). Does innovation promote economic growth? Evidence from European countries. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 1-23.
- Masuda Y. (1990). Managing in the information society: releasing synergy Japanese style. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
- Moore, N. (2008). The information society. Chapter 20, UNESCO Publications, (20.11.2020), Access address:https:// files. dnb. de/ EDBI/ www .unesco. org/ web world/wirerpt/wirenglish/chap20.pdf
- Özer, M., & Çiftçi N. (2009). Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ihracat ilişkisi: OECD ülkeleri panel veri analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (23), 39-49.
- Pohjola, M. (2000). Information technology and economic growth: a cross-country analysis. Helsinki, World Institute for Development Economics Research, Working Paper Series, No. 173.
- Roodman, D. M. (2009). A note on the theme of too many instruments. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71 (1), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00542.x
- Romer, P.M. (1989). What determines the rate of growth and technological change? Policy Research Working Paper Series 279, The World Bank.
- Samimi, A.J., & Alerasoul, S.M. (2009). R&D and economic growth: new evidence from some developing countries. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4), 3464-3469.
- Tatoğlu Yerdelen, F. (2012). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
- Teke, D. (2020). Bilgi toplumunda yaşam boyu öğrenme ve yetişkin eğitimi: öğretmenlerin mesleki çalışmaları üzerine bir araştırma. Master Thesis. Sakarya: Sakarya Üniversity.
- Telatar, O. M., Değer, M. K., & Doğanay, M. A. (2016). Teknoloji yoğunluklu ürün ihracatının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Türkiye örneği (1996:Q1-2015:Q3). Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 30(4), 921-934. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/atauniiibd/issue/29909/322132
- Toffler A. (1996). Third wave. (A. Seden, Translator:), 3rd edition, İstanbul: Golden Books.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). Access address: https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33676
- Ülkü, H. (2004). R&D, Innovation, and economic growth: an empirical analysis. IMF Working Paper, 185.
- Wangwe, S. (2007). A review of methodology for assessing the impact on development and economic transformation. African Economic Research Consortium Working Papers, Paper No: ICTWP-02, 1-31.
- Verbič M., Majcen B., Ivanova O., & Čok M. (2011). R&D and economic growth in Slovenia: a dynamic general equilibrium approach with endogenous growth. Panoeconomicus, 58(1), 67-89. https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1101067V
- Wörz, J. (2004). Skill intensity in foreign trade and economic growth. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 04(059/2), 1-31.
- Yeloğlu, H. O. (2009). Bilgi ekonomisi değişkenlerine yönelik ilk izlenimler: Türkiye-OECD ülkeleri karşılaştırmaları (1995-1999). Bilgi Dünya, 10(2), 245-260.