Aile İstikrarsızlığı Kavramına Bir Bakış: Sistematik Bir Analiz
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 29.06.2024
Esat Özgörenek
,
Hasan Yılmaz
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı son yıllarda aile istikrarsızlığı (family instability) kavramına yönelik gerçekleştirilen araştırmaların incelenmesi ve mevcut duruma ilişkin bir durum tablosu ortaya koymaktır. Aile istikrarsızlığı; boşanma, ebeveyn kaybı, ebeveynin yeniden evlenmesi, iş/gelir kaybı, konut değişikliği gibi ailenin yaşadığı önemli değişimleri ve bireylerin bu değişimlerden hangilerine maruz kaldığını tanımlamak için geliştirilen şemsiye bir kavramdır. Yapılan araştırmada aile istikrarsızlığına yönelik Türkiye’de gerçekleştirilen herhangi bir çalışmaya ulaşılamamıştır. Belirlenen araştırma kriterleri doğrultusunda aile istikrarsızlığına yönelik son altı yılda gerçekleştirilen 31 çalışma sistematik bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında elde edilen bulgular ilgili literatür ışığında tartışılmış olup bazı sonuçlar ve öneriler sunulmuştur.
Etik Beyan
Çıkar çatışması yoktur.
Destekleyen Kurum
Herhangi bir fon desteği alınmamıştır.
Kaynakça
- Ackerman, B. P., Kogos, J., Youngstrom, E., Schoff, K., and Izard, C. (1999). Family instability
and the problem behaviors of children from economically disadvantaged families.
Developmental psychology, 35(1), 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.258
- Adak, N. (2016). Evlilik veya evlilik dışı birlikte yaşama: üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir
araştırma. Sosyoloji Dergisi, 23–40.
- Aslantürk, H., ve Kaya Kılıç, A. (2020). Üvey aileye sahip gençlerde aile aidiyeti : Nitel Bir Analiz.
Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi,24, 1171–1189.
- ASPB. (2011). Tek Ebeveynli Aileler.Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Toplum Hizmetleri Genel
Müdürlüğü.https://www.aile.gov.tr/uploads/athgm/uploads/pages/arastirmalar/tekebeveynli-aileler.pdf adresinden erişildi.
- ASPB. (2015). Türkiye’de evlilik tercihleri.Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Toplum Hizmetleri Genel
Müdürlüğü. https://www.aile.gov.tr/uploads/athgm/uploads/pages/arastirmalar/turkiyede-evlilik-tercihleri-aras-tirmasi-2015.pdf adresinde erişildi
- Bayrak, S. (2019). Türkiye’de işsizlik ve boşanma ilişkisi: 1980-2017 dönemi için nedensellik
analizi. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 10(1), 39–54. www.calismailiskileri.org
- *Bloome, D., Fomby, P., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Childhood family ınstability and young-adult
union experiences: Black–white differences in outcomes and effects. Demography, 60(2),
379–410. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10571816
- *Bosick, S. J., and Fomby, P. (2018). Family instability in childhood and criminal offending
during the transition ınto adulthood. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(11), 1483–1504.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218787000
- Brown, S. L., Stykes, J. B., and Manning, W. D. (2016). Trends in children’s family instability,
1995–2010. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(5), 1173–1183.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12311
- *Cavanagh, S. E., Stritzel, H., Smith, C., and Crosnoe, R. (2018). Family instability and exposure
to violence in the early life course. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28(2), 456–472.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12347
- *Cavanagh, S., and Fomby, P. (2019). Family instability in the lives of American children. Annual
Review of Sociology, 45(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-
022633.Family
- Child Trends & Social Trends Institute. (2014). World Family Map: Mapping family change and
child well-being outcomes. Bethesda, MD: Child Trends. New York, NY: Social Trends
Institute.
- *Choi, K. H., and Goldberg, R. E. (2021). Multiracial children’s experiences of family instability.
Journal of Marriage and Family, 83(3), 627–643. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12763
- Çobanoğlu, A., ve Tek, S. (2021). Türkiye’de yeniden evlenme olgusu: cinsiyet ve psikososyal
değişkenler bağlamında bir değerlendirme. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi,
18(44). https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.935681
- *Coe, J. L., Davies, P. T., Hentges, R. F., and Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2020). Understanding the
nature of associations between family instability, unsupportive parenting, and children’s
externalizing symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 32(1), 257–269.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001736
- *Coe, J. L., Davies, P. T., and Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2017). The multivariate roles of family
ınstability and ınterparental conflict in predicting children’s representations of ınsecurity
in the family system and early school adjustment problems. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 45, 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0164-6
- *Coe, J. L., Davies, P. T., and Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2018). Family instability and young children’s
school adjustment: Callousness and negative ınternal representations as mediators. Child
Development, 89(4), 1193–1208. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12793
- *Evans, E. J., McCarthy, B., Benoit, C., and Jansson, M. (2018). Early trouble, long-term
consequences: Does family ınstability keep people from doctors?. Social Science Quarterly,
99(2), 599–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12448
- Evans, G. W., Li, D., and Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development.
Psychological Bulletin, 139(6), 1342–1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031808
- Fomby, P., and Cherlin, A. J. (2016). Family instability and child well-being. American Sociological
Review, 72(2), 181–204.
- *Fomby, P., and Osborne, C. (2017). Family instability, multipartner fertility, and behavior in
middle childhood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(1), 75–93.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12349
- Forman, E. M., and Davies, P. T. (2003). Family instability and young adolescent maladjustment:
The mediating effects of parenting quality and adolescent appraisals of family security.
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 94–105.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3201_09
- *Gaydosh, L., ve Harris, K. M. (2018). Childhood family ınstability and young adult health.
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 59(3), 139–148.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146518785174.Childhood
- *Goldberg, R. E., Tienda, M., ve Adserà, A. (2017). Age at migration, family instability, and
timing of sexual onset. Social Science Research, 63, 292–307.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.021
- *Hadfield, K., Amos, M., Ungar, M., Gosselin, J., ve Ganong, L. (2018). Do changes to family
structure affect child and family outcomes? A systematic review of the ınstability
hypothesis. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 10(1), 87–110.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12243
- *Hadfield, K., Ungar, M., ve Nixon, E. (2018). Rethinking discourses of family instability. Journal
of Family Social Work, 21(2), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2017.1410268
- Halisdemir, D., ve Nazlı, S. (2023). Boşanmaya uyum programının velayeti üstlenmiş anne ve
çocuklarının boşanmaya uyum , psikolojik sağlamlık ve aile yaşam doyumlarına etkisi. Aile
Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 6(1), 1–36.
- *Halpern-Meekin, S., and Turney, K. (2022). Family instability and adolescent relationships: The
role of parental relationship churning. Youth & Society, 54(5), 730–765.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X20985148
- Karapınar Kocağ, E. (2023). An individual level investigation on the relationship between being
a single parent and poverty. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 450–460.
https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1272664
- *Lessem, R., and Sanders, C. (2019). The effects of family ınstability on children’s outcomes.
Society for Economic Dynamics, 1–43.
- *Li, Z., Sturge-Apple, M. L., and Davies, P. T. (2022). Family instability, parenting, and child
externalizing problems: Moderation by maternal sympathetic stress reactivity. Development
and Psychopathology, 35(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095457942200058x
- *Li, Z., Sturge-Apple, M. L., Martin, M. J., and Davies, P. T. (2019). Interactive effects of family
ınstability and adolescent stress reactivity on socioemotional functioning. Developmental
Psychology, 176(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000784.Interactive
- *Lu, Y., Zhang, R., and Du, H. (2021). Family structure, family ınstability, and child psychological
well-being in the context of migration: evidence from sequence analysis in China. Child
Development, 92(4), e416–e438. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13496
- *Mallette, J. K., Futris, T. G., and Schramm, D. G. (2018). Fostering a culture of family‐centred
care: Child welfare professionals’ beliefs about fathers, family instability, and the value of
relationship education. Child & Family Social Work, 23(3), 354–363.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12422
- Minner, D. D., Levy, A. J., and Century, J. (2010). Inquiry-based science instruction-what is it
and does it matter? Results from a research synthesis years 1984 to 2002. Journal of Research
in Science Teaching, 47(4), 474–496. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20347
- Öksüzler Cabılar, B. ve Yılmaz, A. E. (2022). Boşanma ve boşanma sonrası uyum: tanımlar,
modeller ve uyumun değerlendirilmesi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14(1), 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.910766
- Osborne, C., Berger, L. M., and Magnuson, K. (2012). Family structure transitions and changes
in maternal resources and well-being. Demography, 49(1), 23–47.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0080-x
- *Robinson, B. A. (2018). Conditional families and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer
youth homelessness: Gender, sexuality, family instability, and rejection. Journal of Marriage
and Family, 80(2), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12466
- *Sánchez, A. R. (2023). The complex effects of family instability on adolescent problem behavior
in a U . S . birth cohort. 1–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/xuvn6
- *Schmeer, K. K., Ford, J. L., and Browning, C. R. (2019). Early childhood family instability and
immune system dysregulation in adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 102, 189–195.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.014
- *Schoon, I. (2019). The well-being of children in the face of socio-economic deprivation and
family instability. Revue des politiques sociales et familiales, 189–202.
https://doi.org/10.3406/caf.2019.3359
- *Smith, C., Crosnoe, R., and Cavanagh, S. E. (2017a). Family instability and children’s health.
Family Relations, 66(4), 601–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12272
- *Smith, C., Crosnoe, R., and Cavanagh, S. E. (2017b). Family instability and children’s health.
Family Relations, 66(4), 601–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12272
- Sroufe, L. A. (1997). Psychopathology as an outcome of development. Development and
Psychopathology, 9(2), 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579497002046
- *Sturge-Apple, M. L., Davies, P. T., Cicchetti, D., Hentges, R. F., ve Coe, J. L. (2017). Family
instability and children’s effortful control in the context of poverty: Sometimes a bird in
the hand is worth two in the bush. Development and Psychopathology, 29(3), 685–696.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000407
- *Thomson, E., Winkler-Dworak, M., and Beaujouan, É. (2019). Contribution of the rise in cohabiting parenthood to family instability: Cohort change in Italy, Great Britain, and
Scandinavia. Demography, 56(6), 2063–2082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00823-
0
- *Turney, K., ve Halpern-Meekin, S. (2021). Incarceration and family instability: Considering
relationship churning. Journal of Marriage and Family, 83(5), 1287–1309.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12794
- TÜİK, (2021). İstatistiklerle aile.https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Aile2021-45632 adresinden erişildi.
- TÜİK, (2022). İstatistiklerle aile. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Aile2022-49683 adresinden erişildi.
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al%C4%B1%20N%C3%BCfus%20Kay%C4%B1t%20Sistemi,7'sini%20k%C4%B1z%2
0%C3%A7ocuklar%20olu%C5%9Fturdu adresinden erişildi.
- Varol, A., Albayrak-Kaymak, D., Akmehmet-Şekerler, S., ve Markell, M. A. (2021). Attachment
patterns, mourning reactions, and dysfunctional romantic relationship beliefs among
young adults with and without early parental loss. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 38(1),
43–69. https://doi.org/10.52597/buje.994857
- Uman, L.S.(2011). Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child
and Adolescent, 20(1), 57-59.
- *Womack, S. R., Clifford, S., Wilson, M. N., Shaw, D. S., ve Lemery-Chalfant, K. (2021). Genetic
moderation of the association between early family instability and trajectories of aggressive
behaviors from middle childhood to adolescence. Behavior Genetics, 51, 476–491.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-021-10069-5
- *Womack, S. R., Wilson, M. N., Tong, X., Lemery-Chalfant, K., ve Shaw, D. S. (2022).
Trajectories of early childhood family instability and the development of externalizing
behaviors from middle childhood to adolescence: A prospective study of at-risk families.
Child Development, 93(3), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13726
- Yıldırım, O. (2021). Divorce, loss and grief: An overview of their effect on children and
adolescents and theoretical framework. Sosyal Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi, 4(2), 297–308.
https://doi.org/10.53047/josse.945281
- Not: Çalışma kapsamında sistematik analize dâhil edilen makalelerin başına "*" işareti koyularak
belirtilmiştir.
An Overview of the Concept of Family Instability: A Systematic Analysis
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 29.06.2024
Esat Özgörenek
,
Hasan Yılmaz
Öz
The aim of this study is to analyze the recent studies on the concept of family instability and to present a situation table on the current situation. Family instability is an umbrella term developed to describe the important changes experienced by the family and to which of these changes individuals have been exposed such as divorce, loss of a parent, remarriage of a parent, loss of job/income, change of residence. In the research conducted, no studies on family instability could be found in Turkey. In line with the determined research criteria, 31 studies on family instability conducted in the last six years were analyzed systematically. The findings obtained within the scope of the study were discussed in the light of the relevant literature and some results and suggestions were presented.
Etik Beyan
There is no conflict of interest.
Destekleyen Kurum
No funding has been received.
Kaynakça
- Ackerman, B. P., Kogos, J., Youngstrom, E., Schoff, K., and Izard, C. (1999). Family instability
and the problem behaviors of children from economically disadvantaged families.
Developmental psychology, 35(1), 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.258
- Adak, N. (2016). Evlilik veya evlilik dışı birlikte yaşama: üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir
araştırma. Sosyoloji Dergisi, 23–40.
- Aslantürk, H., ve Kaya Kılıç, A. (2020). Üvey aileye sahip gençlerde aile aidiyeti : Nitel Bir Analiz.
Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi,24, 1171–1189.
- ASPB. (2011). Tek Ebeveynli Aileler.Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Toplum Hizmetleri Genel
Müdürlüğü.https://www.aile.gov.tr/uploads/athgm/uploads/pages/arastirmalar/tekebeveynli-aileler.pdf adresinden erişildi.
- ASPB. (2015). Türkiye’de evlilik tercihleri.Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Toplum Hizmetleri Genel
Müdürlüğü. https://www.aile.gov.tr/uploads/athgm/uploads/pages/arastirmalar/turkiyede-evlilik-tercihleri-aras-tirmasi-2015.pdf adresinde erişildi
- Bayrak, S. (2019). Türkiye’de işsizlik ve boşanma ilişkisi: 1980-2017 dönemi için nedensellik
analizi. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 10(1), 39–54. www.calismailiskileri.org
- *Bloome, D., Fomby, P., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Childhood family ınstability and young-adult
union experiences: Black–white differences in outcomes and effects. Demography, 60(2),
379–410. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10571816
- *Bosick, S. J., and Fomby, P. (2018). Family instability in childhood and criminal offending
during the transition ınto adulthood. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(11), 1483–1504.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218787000
- Brown, S. L., Stykes, J. B., and Manning, W. D. (2016). Trends in children’s family instability,
1995–2010. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(5), 1173–1183.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12311
- *Cavanagh, S. E., Stritzel, H., Smith, C., and Crosnoe, R. (2018). Family instability and exposure
to violence in the early life course. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28(2), 456–472.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12347
- *Cavanagh, S., and Fomby, P. (2019). Family instability in the lives of American children. Annual
Review of Sociology, 45(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-
022633.Family
- Child Trends & Social Trends Institute. (2014). World Family Map: Mapping family change and
child well-being outcomes. Bethesda, MD: Child Trends. New York, NY: Social Trends
Institute.
- *Choi, K. H., and Goldberg, R. E. (2021). Multiracial children’s experiences of family instability.
Journal of Marriage and Family, 83(3), 627–643. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12763
- Çobanoğlu, A., ve Tek, S. (2021). Türkiye’de yeniden evlenme olgusu: cinsiyet ve psikososyal
değişkenler bağlamında bir değerlendirme. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi,
18(44). https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.935681
- *Coe, J. L., Davies, P. T., Hentges, R. F., and Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2020). Understanding the
nature of associations between family instability, unsupportive parenting, and children’s
externalizing symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 32(1), 257–269.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001736
- *Coe, J. L., Davies, P. T., and Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2017). The multivariate roles of family
ınstability and ınterparental conflict in predicting children’s representations of ınsecurity
in the family system and early school adjustment problems. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 45, 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0164-6
- *Coe, J. L., Davies, P. T., and Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2018). Family instability and young children’s
school adjustment: Callousness and negative ınternal representations as mediators. Child
Development, 89(4), 1193–1208. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12793
- *Evans, E. J., McCarthy, B., Benoit, C., and Jansson, M. (2018). Early trouble, long-term
consequences: Does family ınstability keep people from doctors?. Social Science Quarterly,
99(2), 599–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12448
- Evans, G. W., Li, D., and Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development.
Psychological Bulletin, 139(6), 1342–1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031808
- Fomby, P., and Cherlin, A. J. (2016). Family instability and child well-being. American Sociological
Review, 72(2), 181–204.
- *Fomby, P., and Osborne, C. (2017). Family instability, multipartner fertility, and behavior in
middle childhood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(1), 75–93.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12349
- Forman, E. M., and Davies, P. T. (2003). Family instability and young adolescent maladjustment:
The mediating effects of parenting quality and adolescent appraisals of family security.
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 94–105.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3201_09
- *Gaydosh, L., ve Harris, K. M. (2018). Childhood family ınstability and young adult health.
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 59(3), 139–148.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146518785174.Childhood
- *Goldberg, R. E., Tienda, M., ve Adserà, A. (2017). Age at migration, family instability, and
timing of sexual onset. Social Science Research, 63, 292–307.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.021
- *Hadfield, K., Amos, M., Ungar, M., Gosselin, J., ve Ganong, L. (2018). Do changes to family
structure affect child and family outcomes? A systematic review of the ınstability
hypothesis. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 10(1), 87–110.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12243
- *Hadfield, K., Ungar, M., ve Nixon, E. (2018). Rethinking discourses of family instability. Journal
of Family Social Work, 21(2), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2017.1410268
- Halisdemir, D., ve Nazlı, S. (2023). Boşanmaya uyum programının velayeti üstlenmiş anne ve
çocuklarının boşanmaya uyum , psikolojik sağlamlık ve aile yaşam doyumlarına etkisi. Aile
Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 6(1), 1–36.
- *Halpern-Meekin, S., and Turney, K. (2022). Family instability and adolescent relationships: The
role of parental relationship churning. Youth & Society, 54(5), 730–765.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X20985148
- Karapınar Kocağ, E. (2023). An individual level investigation on the relationship between being
a single parent and poverty. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 450–460.
https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1272664
- *Lessem, R., and Sanders, C. (2019). The effects of family ınstability on children’s outcomes.
Society for Economic Dynamics, 1–43.
- *Li, Z., Sturge-Apple, M. L., and Davies, P. T. (2022). Family instability, parenting, and child
externalizing problems: Moderation by maternal sympathetic stress reactivity. Development
and Psychopathology, 35(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095457942200058x
- *Li, Z., Sturge-Apple, M. L., Martin, M. J., and Davies, P. T. (2019). Interactive effects of family
ınstability and adolescent stress reactivity on socioemotional functioning. Developmental
Psychology, 176(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000784.Interactive
- *Lu, Y., Zhang, R., and Du, H. (2021). Family structure, family ınstability, and child psychological
well-being in the context of migration: evidence from sequence analysis in China. Child
Development, 92(4), e416–e438. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13496
- *Mallette, J. K., Futris, T. G., and Schramm, D. G. (2018). Fostering a culture of family‐centred
care: Child welfare professionals’ beliefs about fathers, family instability, and the value of
relationship education. Child & Family Social Work, 23(3), 354–363.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12422
- Minner, D. D., Levy, A. J., and Century, J. (2010). Inquiry-based science instruction-what is it
and does it matter? Results from a research synthesis years 1984 to 2002. Journal of Research
in Science Teaching, 47(4), 474–496. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20347
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- Not: Çalışma kapsamında sistematik analize dâhil edilen makalelerin başına "*" işareti koyularak
belirtilmiştir.