In the Light of Cuneiform Documents, Food Supplying Methods of Neo-Assyrian Army during the Campaign

Yıl 2016, , 1 - 14, 26.05.2017

Faruk Akyüz

https://doi.org/10.1501/Archv_0000000121

Öz

    Assyrian State which is starting to permanent army system at
the reign of Tiglathpileser III (B.C. 744-727), had an army consisted of professional soldiers who could embark on an campaign to every
region. In the writing sources, it is mentioned that there was over one
hundred thousand armies consisted of various unions. To feed the
soldiers for in these dimensions army which especially embarking on
campaigns to far regions require to division of labour and a different
organization start long time ago before campaign. At this stage, it is
known that king was at the head of labour and deal with personally it
via his governors. Furthermore in the period of expedition, every kind
of opportunity is evaluated for food supply. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Assyrian army, food supply, campaign

Yazılı Kaynaklar Işığında Yeni Asur Ordusunun Sefer Sürecinde Erzak Temin Yöntemleri

Öz

    II. Tiglatpileser (M.Ö 744-727) zamanında daimi orduya geçen
Asur devleti bu dönemden itibaren her bölgeye sefer düzenleyebilecek
profesyonel askerlerden oluşan bir orduya sahipti. Yazıtlarda çeşitli
birliklerden meydana gelen ve sayıları yüz binleri aşan ordulardan
bahsedilmektedir. Böyle büyük orduların özellikle uzak bölgelere yaptığı
harekâtlarda teçhizat gereksinimleri yanında beslenmesine ilişkin
konularda, sefer sürecinden çok daha önce başlayan bir hazırlık safhası
gerekliydi. Bu aşamada kralın bizzat konuyla ilgilendiği, özellikle valileri
aracılığıyla süreci takip ettiği ve organizasyonu gerçekleştirdiği
anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca sefer sürecinde de gıda temini için haraç, yağma,
ticaret gibi her türlü imkânın da değerlendirildiği görülmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Asur ordusu, erzak temini, sefer

Kaynakça

• ARAB I Luckenbill, D., Ancient Records of Assyria vol. I From the Earliest Times to Sargon, NewYork, 1926.
• ARAB II Luckenbill, D., Ancient Records of Assyria vol. II From Sargon to the End, NewYork, 1927.
• Cifola 1997/1998: Cifola, B., “Ashurnasirpal II’s 9th Campaign: Seizing the Grain Bowl of the Phoenician Cities,” AfO 44 /45, 1997/1998:156–58.
• Çilingiroğlu 1984: Çilingiroğlu A., “Tanrı Assur’a Bir Mektup”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, Sayı 2, 1984: 1-26.
• Dezső 2016: Dezső, T., The Assyrian Army II: Recruitment and Logistics, Budapest, 2016.
• Duymuş 2012: Duymuş Florioti, H. H., “Yeni Asur Metinlerinde Geçen Ay İsimleri”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, Cilt XXVII, Sayı 2, 2012: 359-379.
• Fales 1990: Fales, F. M., “Grain Reserves, Daily Rations, and the Size of the Assyrian Army: A Quantitative Study”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 4/1, 1990: 23-34.
• Fales 2002: Fales, M., “Central Syria in the Letters to Sargon II”, in U. Hübner and E. A. Knauf (eds.), Kein Land für sich allein: Studien zum Kulturkontakt in Kanaan, Israel/Palästina und Ebirnâri für Manfred Weippert zum 65. Geburtstag (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 186), Fribourg and Göttingen: University Press Fribourg and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2002: 134-152.
• Fales – Rigo 2014: Fales, F. M., – Rigo, M., “Everyday Life and Food Practices in Assyrian Military Encampments” , History of the Ancient Near East / Monographs – XIV Paleonutrition and Food Practices in the Ancient Near East Towards A Multidisciplinary Approach Ed. Lucio Milano, S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e Libreria Padova, 2014: 413-437.
• Hasel 2008: Hasel, M. G., “Assyrian Military Practices and Deuteronomy’s Laws of Warfare”, Writing and Reading War Rhetoric, Gender, and Ethics in Biblical and Modern Contexts, Edited by, Brad E. Kelle and Frank Ritchel Ames Foreword by Susan Niditch, Atlanta, 2008: 67-82.
• Gökçek 2015: Gökçek, L. G., Asurlular, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankra, 2015.
• Gökçek - Akyüz 2013: Gökçek, L. G., - Akyüz, F., “Asur Ordusu” Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 32, Sayı 54, 2013: 41-62.
• Grayson 1991: Grayson, A. K., Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium B.C. I (1114—859 BC),(The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, 2), Toronto, 1991.
• King 1915: King, L. W., Bronz Reliefs from Gate of Shalmaneser King of Assyria B.C. 860-825, London, 1915.
• Marriott - Radner 2015: Marriott, J. - Radner, K., “Sustaining the Assyrian Army among Friends and Enemies in 714 BCE”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 67, 2015: 127–143.
• Parker 1961: Parker, B., “Administrative Tablets from the North-West Palace, Nimrud”, Iraq 23/1, 1961: 15-67.
• Payne 2005: Payne, M., Urartian Measures of Volume, Leuven: Peeters,2005.
• Ponchia 2014: Ponchia, S., “Management of Food Resources in The Neo-Assyrian Empire: Data And Problems”, History of the Ancient Near East / Monographs – XIV Paleonutrition and Food Practices in the Ancient Near East Towards A Multidisciplinary Approach Ed. Lucio Milano, S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e Libreria Padova 2014: 385 – 412.
• Postgate 1976: Postgate, J. N., “Fifty Neo-Assyrian Legal Documents” Warminster, 1976.
• Radner 2008: Radner, K., “Esarhaddon’s Expedition from Palestine to Egypt in 671 BCE: A trek through Negev and Sinai”, In: Bonatz, D and Czichon, R and Kreppner, FJ, (eds.) Fundstellen: Gesammelte Schriften zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altvorderasiens ad honorem Hartmut Kühne, Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden, 2008: 305-314
• SAA 1 Parpola, S., The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part I: Letters from Assyria and the West (1987)
• SAA 5 Lanfranchi, G. B. and Parpola, S., The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part II: Letters from the Northern and Northeastern Provinces (1990)
• SAA 8 Hunger, H., Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings, 1992.
• SAA 15 Fuchs, A. and Parpola, S., The Correspondence Of Sargon II, Part III: Letters from Babylonia and the Eastern Provinces, 2001
• SAA 17 Dietrich, M., The Neo-Babylonian Correspondence of Sargon and Sennacherib, 2003.
• SAA 18 Reynolds, S., The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon and Letters to Assurbanipal and Sin-šarru-iškun from Northern and Central Babylonia, 2003.
• SAA 19 Luukko, M., The Correspondence of Tiglath-pileser III and Sargon II from Calaḫ/Nimrud, 2012.
• Schneider - Adalı 2014: Schneider, A. W. – Adalı, S. F., ““No Harvest was reaped”: Demographic and Climatic Factors in the Decline of the Neo-Assyrian Empire”, Climatic Change, Vol. 127, 2014: 435-446.
• Sagss 1963: Sagss, H. W. F., “Asyrian Warfare in Sargonid Period” Iraq 25, 1963: 145-154.