THE SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FAILURE OF UJAMAA POLICY

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 297 - 313, 29.12.2019

İbrahim Keskin , Mohd Juma Abdalla

Öz

The introduction of the Ujamaa[1]
policy was regarded as a step forward to the socio-political and economic
changes in the post-independent period in Tanzania. Nyerere as the founder of
the Ujamaa policy, in his side, stood firm to ensure the Ujamaa policy restore
the personal dignity and the socio-economic welfare of Tanzanians which were lost
during the colonial period. The Ujamaa policy was practiced almost two decades,
and thus it could have brought the intended goals but it couldn’t in the way
that many Tanzanians lost their hopes especially on the means which were used
to operate the Ujamaa policy. The failure of the Ujamaa policy in the restoration
of human dignity and socio-economic and political welfare have been noticed to
be a cornerstone for its decline as argued by many scholars. But this article
explores the main reasons which necessitated to the demise of the Ujamaa policy
and opened the doors for modernization.  

---

[1] Ujamaa:
is a Swahili word which refers to socialism. This was policy was applied by
Nyerere in the establishment of a communal society in post-colonial Tanzania.
also, the term refers to familyhood

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ujamaa policy, villagization, nationalization, liberalization

THE SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FAILURE OF UJAMAA POLICY

Öz

Ujamaa[1]
politikası, bağımsızlık sonrası dönemde sosyo-politik ve ekonomik
değişikliklere doğru atılmış bir adım olarak kabul edilmiştir. Nyerere, kurucu
olarak, kendi açısından
Ujamaa politikasının sömürge döneminde kaybedilen insan
onurunu geri kazanmak için politikayı restore etmek olarak tanıtmıştır. Ujamaa
politikası yaklaşık yirmi yıl uygulanmasına rağmen hedeflenenleri gerçekleştirilememiştir.
Söz konusu başarısızlıkla birlikte bu politikanın uygulanma biçimi birçok
Tanzanyalı’nın umutlarının tüketmesine yol açtımıştır., kaybedilen insan
onurunun restorasyonu ve sosyo-ekonomik ve politik refah elde etmedeki
başarısızlığı, birçok bilim insanının da tartıştığı gibi, Ujamaa politikasının uygulanmasındaki
başarısızlığın ana nedeni olarak görülmüştür. Bu makale, söz konusu nedenlerle
birlikte, Ujamaa politikasından vazgeçmeyi gerektiren diğer nedenleri de gün
yüzüne çıkarmayı ve Tanzanya'nın modernleşme sürecine nasıl girdiğini göstemeyi
amaçlamaktadır.

---

[1]  Ujamaa: Post-kolonyal
dönemde Tanzanya’da  Nyrere tarafından
inşa edilen sosyalist  politikayı referans
için kullanılan ve Tanzanya’nın geleneksel aile yaşamını da çağrıştıran Swahilice
 bir kelimedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ujamaa politikası, Köylüleşme, Devletleştirme, liberalleşme, Tanu

Kaynakça

• Abdullah Mzee, “Julius Nyerere: the west's ultimate anti-Islamic warrior in post-colonial Africa”,https://crescent.icit-digital.org/articles/julius-nyerere-the-west-s-ultimate-anti-islamic-warrior-in-post-colonial-africa.
• Arkadie. B. (1995). Economic Strategy and Structural Adjustment in Tanzania. World Bank. Private Sector Development Department Occasional Paper No. 18
• Biermann, Wagao. (1986). The Quest for Adjustment: Tanzania and the IMF,1980-1986. African Studies, Review, 89-103.
• Brown. A. (2001). Democratization and the Tanzanian State: Emerging Opportunities for Achieving Women's Empowerment. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 67-98.
• Dias, (1970) Tanzanian Nationalizations: 1967-1970,"Cornell International Law Journal: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol4/iss1/4
• Edwards. S. (2014). Toxic Aid: Economic collapse and recovery in Tanzania. Oxford university press.
• Ergas. Z. (1980). Why Did the Ujamaa Village Policy Fail? - Towards a Global Analysis. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 387-410.
• Freyhold. M. (1979) Ujamaa Villages in Tanzania: Analysis of a social experiment. London.
• Fromm Erich, “Marx’s concept of Socialism”, https//www.marxists.com/archive/fromm/works/
• Holtom. D. (2005). Reconsidering the Power of the IFIs: Tanzania & the World Bank, 1978-1985, Review of African Political Economy.
• Hunter. E. (2015). Political Thought and the Public Sphere in Tanzania: Freedom, Democracy, and Citizenship in the Era of Decolonization. Cambridge university press.
• Ibhawoh. B and Dibua J. I. (2003). Deconstructing Ujamaa: The Legacy of Julius Nyerere in the Quest for Social and Economic Development in Africa. African Journal of Political Science 59-83.
• Jennings. M. (2017). Ujamaa. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History.
• Kjekshu. H. (1974). Parliament in a One-Party State-The Bunge of Tanzania, 1965-70. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 19-43.
• Klinghoffer Arthur Jay (1968), “The Soviet View of African Socialism”, African Affairs Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal African Society, Vol. 67, No. 268, ss197-208
• Lawrence, Kihwan. (1991). Liberalization in the Process of Economic Development. University of California Press.
• Linton Neville, “Nyerere's Road to Socialism”, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Taylor & Francis,1968 ss 1-6.
• Mittelman. (1981). Underdevelopment and the Transition to Socialism Mozambique and Tanzania. Academic Press.
• Mngomezulu. (2013). Why did regional integration fail in East Africa in the 1970s? A historical explanation. Dar-es-salaam.
• Nyerere. J. (1968). Ujamaa: Essays on Socialism. Oxford university press.
• Nyerere, J (1967), The Arusha Declaration, trans’ Ayanda Madyibi, https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nyerere/1967/arusha-declaration.htm.
• Ottaway Marina, (1978), “Soviet Marxism and African Socialism”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Cambridge University Press Vol. 16, No. 3 ss. 477-485.
• Pratt. C. (1980). Tanzania: The Development Debate-A Comment. African Affairs, 343-347.
• Resnick. N. (1981). Transition: Building socialism in Tanzania. New York.
• Rodney Walter, (1972) “Tanzanian Ujamaa and Scientific Socialism”, African Review Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, vol 1 no 4, ss 61-76.
• Samoff. J. (1981). Crises and Socialism in Tanzania. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 279-306.
• Scott, (998). Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. Yale University Press.
• Sebelu. P. (1972). The East African Community. Journal of African Law, 345-363.
• Umozurike, Umozurike. (1982). Tanzania's Intervention in Uganda. Archive des Völkerrechts, 301-313.
• Westerlund David, “Christianity and Socialism in Tanzania, 1967-1977”. Journal of Religion in Africa, 1980. ss. 30-55.
• Yacouba, Wologueme, (2018). From the Failure of African Socialism, How to Set a New Trend for a New Generation? Open Journal of Social Sciences: https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2018.6203.