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This article aims to investigate whether mathematics is consistently
an axiomatic ground in the philosophical system of Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, a group
of philosophers living in Basra and its environs during 4th/10th century. This
investigation is required by Ikhwān’s claim that mathematics is the basis to all
other sciences by depending upon the Pythagorean philosophy. The relationship
between mathematics and divinity along with natural sciences in the philosophy
of Ikhwān has been subjected in order to inquire this claim. Ikhwān’s teleological
argument focuses on order and design of the nature, therefore it has a progressive
course from mathematics to metaphysic. This gives an impression that they
position mathematics in the centre of their philosophy. However, they ignore
0, do not consider 1 as a number and accept an ontological hierarchy among
numbers when they refer mathematics in several metaphysical issues such
as existence of God, His unity, emanation of beings from Him. Here, Ikhwān
reflects a clear Pythagorean influence, instead of taking into account the results
of mathematical improvement in their age. This obviously points out that they
detach mathematics by imposing metaphysical meanings to it. Consequently,
this imposing weakens their claim that mathematics is the basis to all sciences,
because it has a progressive course from metaphysics to mathematics.
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