POLYCRONICITY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Yıl 2022,
, 1069 - 1084, 30.11.2022
Murat Sağbaş
,
Fahri Alp Erdoğan
,
Reyhan Başaran
Öz
This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review on the concept of "polychronicity", which refers to the preference of individuals to perform more than one task at the same time. The need for individuals who can multitask in the complex structure of today's business world is increasing. The fact that the concept of polychronicity has the feature of preferring to multitask is of critical importance in terms of the performance and efficiency of the enterprises. It is aimed to determine the frequencies of the concepts that polychronicity affects in terms of businesses, with the systematic content analysis method and to contribute to the literature by making inferences about the concept in line with these determinations. In the studies conducted in the literature, no study was found in which the systematic content analysis method was applied for the concept of polychronicity. As a result of the research, it was determined that polychronicity affects 32 different concepts.
Kaynakça
- Agypt, B., & Rubin, B. A. (2012). Time in the new economy: The impact of the interaction of individual and structural temporalities on job satisfaction. Journal of Management Studies, 49(2), 403-428.
- Anser, M. K., Yousaf, Z., Sharif, M., Yijun, W., Majid, A., & Yasir, M. (2020). Investigating employee creativity through employee polychronicity and employee resilience: a glimpse of nurses working in the health-care sector. European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(1), 39-54.
- Araslı, H., Daşkın, M., & Saydam, S. (2014). Polychronicity and intrinsic motivation as dispositional determinants on hotel frontline employees’ job satisfaction: do control variables make a difference?. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 1395-1405.
- Araslı, H., Namin, B. H., & Abubakar, A. M. (2018). Workplace incivility as a moderator of the relationships between polychronicity and job outcomes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(3), 1245–1272.
- Arndt, A., Arnold, T.J., Landry, T.D., 2006. The Effects of Polychromic-Orientation upon Retail Employee Satisfaction and Turnover. Journal of Retailing, 82, s. 319–330.
- Asghar, M., Gull, N., Tayyab, M., Zhijie, S., & Tao, X. (2020). Polychronicity at work: work engagement as a mediator of the relationships between job outcomes. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 470-478.
- Asghar, M., Tayyab, M., Gull, N., Zhijie, S., Shi, R., & Tao, X. (2021). Polychronicity, work engagement, and turnover intention: The moderating role of perceived organizational support in the hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 129-139.
- Bertolotti, F., Mattarelli, E., & Dukerich, J. (2019). The relationship between polychronicity and social networks: A mixed-methods study of research and development professionals. Human Relations, 72(10), 1595-1622.
- Besharat, A., Ladik, D. M., & Carrillat, F. A. (2014). Are maximizers blind to the future? When today’s best does not make for a better tomorrow. Marketing Letters, 25(1), 77-91.
- Bluedorn, A. C. (2007). Polychronicity, Individuals, and Organizations. In Workplace Temporalities. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- Bluedorn, Kalliath, Strube, Martin, (1999),"Polychronicity and the Inventory of Polychronic Values (IPV)", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14 (3), 205-231.
Brooks, S.; Longstreet, P.; and Califf, C. Social media induced technostress and its impact on Internet addiction: A distraction-conflict theory perspective. AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, 9(2) , 99–122.
- Caniëls, M.C. and Veld, M. (2019), “Employee ambidexterity, high performance work systems and innovative work behaviour: how much balance do we need?”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(4), 565-585.
- Capdeferro, N., Romero, M., & Barberà, E. (2014). Polychronicity: review of the literature and a new configuration for the study of this hidden dimension of online learning. Distance Education, 35(3), 294-310.
- Capitano, J., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2018). When work enters the home: Antecedents of role boundary permeability behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 109, 87-100.
- Carmeli, A., Ling, Y., Wei, L. Q., & Xia, J. (2021). Polychronicity in New Technological Venture Teams: The Influence of Founder-CEOs’ Tertius Iungens Orientation and the Implications for Venture Growth. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management.
- Chen, J. (2020). A juggling act: CEO polychronicity and firm innovation. The Leadership Quarterly, 101380.
- Conte, J. M., Aasen, B., Jacobson, C., O’Loughlin, C., & Toroslu, L. (2019). Investigating relationships among polychronicity, work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and work engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 34 (7), 459-473.
- Daskin, M. (2015). Antecedents of extra-role customer service behaviour: polychronicity as a moderator. Anatolia, 26(4), 521-534.
- Daskin, M. (2016). Linking polychronicity to hotel frontline employees’ job outcomes: Do control variables make a difference. EuroMed Journal of Business. 11 (2), 162-180.
- Daskin, M., & Surucu, O. A. (2016). The role of polychronicity and intrinsic motivation as personality traits on frontline employees’ job outcomes: An empirical study from Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration. 8(2), 177-196.
- Daskin, M. (2019). Testing a structural equation model of polychronicity: Moderating role of organization mission fulfilment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 31(7), 2788-2807.
- De Bruin, R., & Barber, L. K. (2019). Social judgments of electronic multitasking in the workplace: The role of contextual and individual factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 94, 110-121.
- Dust, S. B. (2015). Mindfulness, flow, and mind wandering: The role of trait-based mindfulness in state-task alignment. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 8(4), 609–614.
- Finuf, K. D., Sachdev, A. R., ve Grossman, R. (2022). Multiple Team Memberships and Employee Well-Being: Exploring Polychronicity and Support as Moderators. Occupational Health Science, s.1-23.
- Fournier, C., Weeks, W. A., Blocker, C. P., & Chonko, L. B. (2013). Polychronicity and scheduling’s role in reducing role stress and enhancing sales performance. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 33(2), 197-209.
- Goel, L., & Schnusenberg, O. (2019). Why Some People Multitask Better Than Others: Predicting Learning. Information Systems Management, 36(1), 15-23.
- Grobelna, A. (2019). Effects of individual and job characteristics on hotel contact employees’ work engagement and their performance outcomes: A case study from Poland. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. Vol. 31(1), 349-369.
- Grobelna, A. (2021). Hotel employees’ individual characteristics and their service outcomes: the critical role of polychronicity. 14(2) 28-49.
- Gull, N., Song, Z., Shi, R., Asghar, M., Rafique, M. A., & Liu, Y. (2021). Paternalistic Leadership, Polychronicity, and Life Satisfaction of Nurses: The Role of Work-Family Conflict and Family-Work Conflict in Public Sector Hospitals. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
- Haase, R. F., Ferreira, J. A., Santos, E. J. R., Aguyao, G. M., & Fallon, M. M. (2008). Scaling the Information Load of Occupations: Preliminary Findings of the Fit Between Individual Capacities and Environmental Demands. Journal of Career Assessment, 16, s. 156−176
- Jang, J., & George, R. T. (2012). Understanding the influence of polychronicity on job satisfaction and turnover intention: A study of non-supervisory hotel employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 588–595.
- Ilgen, D. R., & Pulakos, E. D. (1999). Employee performance in today’s organizations. In D. R.Ilgen & E. D. Pulakos (Eds.), The changing nature of performance (pp. 1–20). Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.
- Kantrowitz, T. M., Grelle, D. M., Beaty, J. C., & Wolf, M. B. (2012). Time is money: Polychronicity as a predictor of performance across job levels. Human Performance, 25(2), 114-137.
- Karatepe, O.M., Karadas, G., Azar, A.K. and Naderiadib, N. (2013), “Does work engagement mediate the effect of polychronicity on performance outcomes? A study in the hospitality industry in Northern Cyprus”, Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 12(1), pp. 52-70.
- Kaufman-Scarborough, C. (2017). Monochronic and polychronic time. The international encyclopedia of intercultural communication, 1–5.
- Kayaalp, A. (2014). The octopus approach in time management: Polychronicity and creativity. Military Psychology, 26(2), 67-76.
- Kirchberg, D. M., Roe, R. A., & Van Eerde, W. (2015). Polychronicity and multitasking: A diary study at work. Human Performance, 28(2), 112-136.
- Kononova, A., & Chiang, Y. H. (2015). Why do we multitask with media? Predictors of media multitasking among Internet users in the United States and Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 31-41.
- Korabik, K., Rhijn, T. V., Ayman, R., Lero, D. S., & Hammer, L. B. (2017). Gender, polychronicity, and the work–family interface: Is a preference for multitasking beneficial? Community, Work & Family, 20(3), 307–326.
- König, C. J., and Waller, M. J. (2010). Time for reflection: a critical examination of polychronicity. Hum. Perform. 23, 173–190.
- Leunbach, D., Erikson, T., & Rapp-Ricciardi, M. (2020). Muddling through Akerlofian and Knightian uncertainty: The role of sociobehavioral integration, positive affective tone, and polychronicity. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 18(2), 145-164.
- Li, H., Gupta, A., Luo, X., & Warkentin, M. (2011). Exploring the impact of instant messaging on subjective task complexity and user satisfaction. European Journal of Information Systems, 20(2), 139-155.
- Liao, Z. (2016). Temporal cognition, environmental innovation, and the competitive advantage of enterprises. Journal of cleaner production, 135, 1045-1053.
- Lindquist, J. D., & Kaufman-Scarborough, C. (2007). The polychronic—monochronic tendency model PMTS scale development and validation. Time & Society, 16(2), 252–285.
- Liu, J., Cho, S., Yang, S., & Xue, C. (2021). How and when does multitasking affect customer orientation of hotel employees?. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47, 335-342.
- Luximon, Y., Goonetilleke, R.S., 2012. Time use behavior in single and time-sharing tasks. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud.70(5), 332–345.
- Mattarelli, E., Bertolotti, F., & Incerti, V. (2015). The interplay between organizational polychronicity, multitasking behaviors and organizational identification: A mixed-methods study in knowledge intensive organizations. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 79, 6-19.
- Mayring, P. (2015). Qualitative content analysis: Theoretical background and procedures. In Approaches to qualitative research in mathematics education (pp. 365-380). Springer, Dordrecht
- Mittal, R., & Bienstock, J. E. (2019). Transformational leadership and polychronicity as antecedents of work-home boundaries. Management Research Review. 42(4), 460-468.
- Mohammed, S., & Nadkarni, S. (2014). Are we all on the same temporal page? The moderating effects of temporal team cognition on the polychronicity diversity–team performance relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3), 404.
- Mullins, R., Agnihotri, R., & Hall, Z. (2020). The ambidextrous sales force: aligning salesperson polychronicity and selling contexts for sales-service behaviors and customer value. Journal of Service Research, 23(1), 33-52.
- Pachler, D., Kuonath, A., Specht, J., Kennecke, S., Agthe, M., & Frey, D. (2018). Workflow interrup¬tions and employee work outcomes: The moderating role of polychronicity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(3), 417–427.
- Pollard, M. A., ve Courage, M. L. (2017). Working Memory Capacity Predicts Effective Multitasking. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 450-462.
- Poposki, E. M., & Oswald, F. L. 2010. The multitasking preference inventory: Toward an improved measure of individual differences in polychronicity. Human Performance, 23(3): 247–264.
- Richardson, K., & Benbunan-Fich, R. (2011). Examining the antecedents of work connectivity behavior during non-work time. Information and Organization, 21(3), 142-160.
- Robinson, H. (2016). Multiple Media Use, Polychronicity and Multitasking: A Review of Literature and Proposed Research Directions. The Marketing Review, 16(2), 129-147.
- Robinson, H. R., & Kalafatis, S. P. (2020). Why Do People Choose To Multitask with Media?: The Dimensions of Polychronicity as Drivers Of Multiple Media Use—A User Typology. Journal of Advertising Research, 60(3), 251-270.
- Sanderson, K. R., Bruk‐Lee, V., Viswesvaran, C., Gutierrez, S., & Kantrowitz, T. (2013). Multitasking: Do preference and ability interact to predict performance at work?. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 86(4), 556-563.
- Sanjram, P. K., & Khan, A. (2011). Attention, polychronicity, and expertise in prospective memory performance: Programmers' vulnerability to habit intrusion error in multitasking. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 69(6), 428-439.
- Saunders, C., Wiener, M., Klett, S., & Sprenger, S. (2017). The impact of mental representations on ICT-related overload in the use of mobile phones. Journal of Management Information Systems, 34(3), 803-825.
- Sirén, C., Parida, V., Frishammar, J., & Wincent, J. (2020). Time and time-based organizing of innovation: Influence of temporality on entrepreneurial firms’ performance. Journal of Business Research, 112, 23-32.
- Xu-Priour, D. L., Truong, Y., & Klink, R. R. (2014). The effects of collectivism and polychronic time orientation on online social interaction and shopping behavior: A comparative study between China and France. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 88, 265-275.
- Waheed, J., Jun, W., Yousaf, Z., Radulescu, M., & Hussain, H. (2021, July). Towards Employee Creativity in the Healthcare Sector: Investigating the Role of Polychronicity, Job Engagement, and Functional Flexibility. In Healthcare 9, (7), 837.
- Weintraub, J., Pattusamy, M., & Dust, S. B. (2019). Mindful multitasking: Disentangling the effect of polychronicity on work–home conflict and life satisfaction. The Journal of social psychology, 159(4), 497-502.
- Wu, T. J., Gao, J. Y., Wang, L. Y., & Yuan, K. S. (2020). Exploring links between polychronicity and job performance from the person–environment fit perspective—The mediating role of well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3711.
- Vizcaíno, F. V., Martin, S. L., Cardenas, J. J., & Cardenas, M. (2021). Employees’ attitudes toward corporate social responsibility programs: The influence of corporate frugality and polychronicity organizational capabilities. Journal of Business Research, 124, 538-546.
- Yousaf, Z., Majid, A., & Yasir, M. (2019). Is polychronicity a panacea for innovative work behavior among nursing staff? Job embeddedness and moderating role of decentralization. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(1), 173-189
- Zhang, W., Roberts, K. R., Jang, J., & Durtschi, J. (2021). Why Do People Leave? a Study Of Nonsupervisory Restaurant Employees’ Polychronic Time Use Preference and Turnover Intention. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 22(1), 45-63.
Polikronisite kavramına yönelik sistematik alan yazın incelemesi
Yıl 2022,
, 1069 - 1084, 30.11.2022
Murat Sağbaş
,
Fahri Alp Erdoğan
,
Reyhan Başaran
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı bireylerin aynı anda birden fazla görevi yerine getirmeyi tercih etmesini ifade eden “polikronisite” kavramına yönelik sistematik alan yazın incelemesi yapılmasıdır. Günümüz iş dünyasının girift yapısında çoklu görev yapabilen bireylere ihtiyaç giderek artmaktadır. Polikronisitenin çoklu görev yapmayı tercih etme özelliği taşıması işletmelerin performansı ve verimliliği açısından kritik önem taşımaktadır. Polikronisitenin işletmeler açısından etkilediği kavramların, sistematik içerik analizi yöntemiyle sıklıklarının tespit edilmesi ve bu tespitler doğrultusunda kavrama yönelik çıkarımlarda bulunarak literatüre katkı sağlamak hedeflenmektedir. Literatürde, polikronisite kavramına yönelik sistematik içerik analiz yönteminin uygulandığı herhangi bir çalışma tespit edilmemiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, polikronisitenin 32 farklı kavramı etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Polikronisite kavramı ile ilgili çalışmalarının çoğunlukla iş performansı üzerindeki etkisini incelemeye yönelik olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
Kaynakça
- Agypt, B., & Rubin, B. A. (2012). Time in the new economy: The impact of the interaction of individual and structural temporalities on job satisfaction. Journal of Management Studies, 49(2), 403-428.
- Anser, M. K., Yousaf, Z., Sharif, M., Yijun, W., Majid, A., & Yasir, M. (2020). Investigating employee creativity through employee polychronicity and employee resilience: a glimpse of nurses working in the health-care sector. European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(1), 39-54.
- Araslı, H., Daşkın, M., & Saydam, S. (2014). Polychronicity and intrinsic motivation as dispositional determinants on hotel frontline employees’ job satisfaction: do control variables make a difference?. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 1395-1405.
- Araslı, H., Namin, B. H., & Abubakar, A. M. (2018). Workplace incivility as a moderator of the relationships between polychronicity and job outcomes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(3), 1245–1272.
- Arndt, A., Arnold, T.J., Landry, T.D., 2006. The Effects of Polychromic-Orientation upon Retail Employee Satisfaction and Turnover. Journal of Retailing, 82, s. 319–330.
- Asghar, M., Gull, N., Tayyab, M., Zhijie, S., & Tao, X. (2020). Polychronicity at work: work engagement as a mediator of the relationships between job outcomes. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 470-478.
- Asghar, M., Tayyab, M., Gull, N., Zhijie, S., Shi, R., & Tao, X. (2021). Polychronicity, work engagement, and turnover intention: The moderating role of perceived organizational support in the hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 129-139.
- Bertolotti, F., Mattarelli, E., & Dukerich, J. (2019). The relationship between polychronicity and social networks: A mixed-methods study of research and development professionals. Human Relations, 72(10), 1595-1622.
- Besharat, A., Ladik, D. M., & Carrillat, F. A. (2014). Are maximizers blind to the future? When today’s best does not make for a better tomorrow. Marketing Letters, 25(1), 77-91.
- Bluedorn, A. C. (2007). Polychronicity, Individuals, and Organizations. In Workplace Temporalities. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- Bluedorn, Kalliath, Strube, Martin, (1999),"Polychronicity and the Inventory of Polychronic Values (IPV)", Journal of Managerial Psychology, 14 (3), 205-231.
Brooks, S.; Longstreet, P.; and Califf, C. Social media induced technostress and its impact on Internet addiction: A distraction-conflict theory perspective. AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, 9(2) , 99–122.
- Caniëls, M.C. and Veld, M. (2019), “Employee ambidexterity, high performance work systems and innovative work behaviour: how much balance do we need?”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(4), 565-585.
- Capdeferro, N., Romero, M., & Barberà, E. (2014). Polychronicity: review of the literature and a new configuration for the study of this hidden dimension of online learning. Distance Education, 35(3), 294-310.
- Capitano, J., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2018). When work enters the home: Antecedents of role boundary permeability behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 109, 87-100.
- Carmeli, A., Ling, Y., Wei, L. Q., & Xia, J. (2021). Polychronicity in New Technological Venture Teams: The Influence of Founder-CEOs’ Tertius Iungens Orientation and the Implications for Venture Growth. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management.
- Chen, J. (2020). A juggling act: CEO polychronicity and firm innovation. The Leadership Quarterly, 101380.
- Conte, J. M., Aasen, B., Jacobson, C., O’Loughlin, C., & Toroslu, L. (2019). Investigating relationships among polychronicity, work-family conflict, job satisfaction, and work engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 34 (7), 459-473.
- Daskin, M. (2015). Antecedents of extra-role customer service behaviour: polychronicity as a moderator. Anatolia, 26(4), 521-534.
- Daskin, M. (2016). Linking polychronicity to hotel frontline employees’ job outcomes: Do control variables make a difference. EuroMed Journal of Business. 11 (2), 162-180.
- Daskin, M., & Surucu, O. A. (2016). The role of polychronicity and intrinsic motivation as personality traits on frontline employees’ job outcomes: An empirical study from Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration. 8(2), 177-196.
- Daskin, M. (2019). Testing a structural equation model of polychronicity: Moderating role of organization mission fulfilment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 31(7), 2788-2807.
- De Bruin, R., & Barber, L. K. (2019). Social judgments of electronic multitasking in the workplace: The role of contextual and individual factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 94, 110-121.
- Dust, S. B. (2015). Mindfulness, flow, and mind wandering: The role of trait-based mindfulness in state-task alignment. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 8(4), 609–614.
- Finuf, K. D., Sachdev, A. R., ve Grossman, R. (2022). Multiple Team Memberships and Employee Well-Being: Exploring Polychronicity and Support as Moderators. Occupational Health Science, s.1-23.
- Fournier, C., Weeks, W. A., Blocker, C. P., & Chonko, L. B. (2013). Polychronicity and scheduling’s role in reducing role stress and enhancing sales performance. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 33(2), 197-209.
- Goel, L., & Schnusenberg, O. (2019). Why Some People Multitask Better Than Others: Predicting Learning. Information Systems Management, 36(1), 15-23.
- Grobelna, A. (2019). Effects of individual and job characteristics on hotel contact employees’ work engagement and their performance outcomes: A case study from Poland. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. Vol. 31(1), 349-369.
- Grobelna, A. (2021). Hotel employees’ individual characteristics and their service outcomes: the critical role of polychronicity. 14(2) 28-49.
- Gull, N., Song, Z., Shi, R., Asghar, M., Rafique, M. A., & Liu, Y. (2021). Paternalistic Leadership, Polychronicity, and Life Satisfaction of Nurses: The Role of Work-Family Conflict and Family-Work Conflict in Public Sector Hospitals. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
- Haase, R. F., Ferreira, J. A., Santos, E. J. R., Aguyao, G. M., & Fallon, M. M. (2008). Scaling the Information Load of Occupations: Preliminary Findings of the Fit Between Individual Capacities and Environmental Demands. Journal of Career Assessment, 16, s. 156−176
- Jang, J., & George, R. T. (2012). Understanding the influence of polychronicity on job satisfaction and turnover intention: A study of non-supervisory hotel employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 588–595.
- Ilgen, D. R., & Pulakos, E. D. (1999). Employee performance in today’s organizations. In D. R.Ilgen & E. D. Pulakos (Eds.), The changing nature of performance (pp. 1–20). Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.
- Kantrowitz, T. M., Grelle, D. M., Beaty, J. C., & Wolf, M. B. (2012). Time is money: Polychronicity as a predictor of performance across job levels. Human Performance, 25(2), 114-137.
- Karatepe, O.M., Karadas, G., Azar, A.K. and Naderiadib, N. (2013), “Does work engagement mediate the effect of polychronicity on performance outcomes? A study in the hospitality industry in Northern Cyprus”, Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 12(1), pp. 52-70.
- Kaufman-Scarborough, C. (2017). Monochronic and polychronic time. The international encyclopedia of intercultural communication, 1–5.
- Kayaalp, A. (2014). The octopus approach in time management: Polychronicity and creativity. Military Psychology, 26(2), 67-76.
- Kirchberg, D. M., Roe, R. A., & Van Eerde, W. (2015). Polychronicity and multitasking: A diary study at work. Human Performance, 28(2), 112-136.
- Kononova, A., & Chiang, Y. H. (2015). Why do we multitask with media? Predictors of media multitasking among Internet users in the United States and Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 31-41.
- Korabik, K., Rhijn, T. V., Ayman, R., Lero, D. S., & Hammer, L. B. (2017). Gender, polychronicity, and the work–family interface: Is a preference for multitasking beneficial? Community, Work & Family, 20(3), 307–326.
- König, C. J., and Waller, M. J. (2010). Time for reflection: a critical examination of polychronicity. Hum. Perform. 23, 173–190.
- Leunbach, D., Erikson, T., & Rapp-Ricciardi, M. (2020). Muddling through Akerlofian and Knightian uncertainty: The role of sociobehavioral integration, positive affective tone, and polychronicity. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 18(2), 145-164.
- Li, H., Gupta, A., Luo, X., & Warkentin, M. (2011). Exploring the impact of instant messaging on subjective task complexity and user satisfaction. European Journal of Information Systems, 20(2), 139-155.
- Liao, Z. (2016). Temporal cognition, environmental innovation, and the competitive advantage of enterprises. Journal of cleaner production, 135, 1045-1053.
- Lindquist, J. D., & Kaufman-Scarborough, C. (2007). The polychronic—monochronic tendency model PMTS scale development and validation. Time & Society, 16(2), 252–285.
- Liu, J., Cho, S., Yang, S., & Xue, C. (2021). How and when does multitasking affect customer orientation of hotel employees?. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47, 335-342.
- Luximon, Y., Goonetilleke, R.S., 2012. Time use behavior in single and time-sharing tasks. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud.70(5), 332–345.
- Mattarelli, E., Bertolotti, F., & Incerti, V. (2015). The interplay between organizational polychronicity, multitasking behaviors and organizational identification: A mixed-methods study in knowledge intensive organizations. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 79, 6-19.
- Mayring, P. (2015). Qualitative content analysis: Theoretical background and procedures. In Approaches to qualitative research in mathematics education (pp. 365-380). Springer, Dordrecht
- Mittal, R., & Bienstock, J. E. (2019). Transformational leadership and polychronicity as antecedents of work-home boundaries. Management Research Review. 42(4), 460-468.
- Mohammed, S., & Nadkarni, S. (2014). Are we all on the same temporal page? The moderating effects of temporal team cognition on the polychronicity diversity–team performance relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3), 404.
- Mullins, R., Agnihotri, R., & Hall, Z. (2020). The ambidextrous sales force: aligning salesperson polychronicity and selling contexts for sales-service behaviors and customer value. Journal of Service Research, 23(1), 33-52.
- Pachler, D., Kuonath, A., Specht, J., Kennecke, S., Agthe, M., & Frey, D. (2018). Workflow interrup¬tions and employee work outcomes: The moderating role of polychronicity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(3), 417–427.
- Pollard, M. A., ve Courage, M. L. (2017). Working Memory Capacity Predicts Effective Multitasking. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 450-462.
- Poposki, E. M., & Oswald, F. L. 2010. The multitasking preference inventory: Toward an improved measure of individual differences in polychronicity. Human Performance, 23(3): 247–264.
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