12 Haftalık Ustalık Motivasyonel İklimde Uygulanan Kuvvet Antrenmanı Müdahalesinin Bazı Performans Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 1079 - 1095, 28.12.2023

Muhammet Cihat Cıftcı , Salih Çabuk , Baki Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1253811

Öz

Egzersiz ortamlarındaki sosyal bağlamın, egzersizle ilgili potansiyel sonuçlarla ilişkili olduğu öne
sürülmesine rağmen, egzersiz ortamlılarının sosyal bağlamlarını inceleyen çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır.
Araştırmada ustalık motivasyonel iklimde uygulanan 12 haftalık kuvvet antrenmanı müdahalesinin
sedanter bireylerde bazı performans parametreleri üzerine etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada
tekrarlanan ölçüm tasarımı kullanılmıştır. Katılımcılara performans testi olarak squat sıçrama, derinlik
sıçraması ve otur-uzan testi uygulanmıştır. Toplam 29 sedanter birey (yaş = 21.8±1.08) rastgele olarak
deney (n= 14) (DG) ve kontrol (n= 15) grubuna (KG) ayrılmıştır. Katılımcılar haftada 3 gün olacak
biçimde tasarlanan 12 haftalık kuvvet antrenmanı müdahalesini araştırmacılar eşliğinde
uygulamışlardır. DG müdahale programı esnasında algıladıkları güdüsel iklim manipüle edilmiştir.
Katılımcıların manipüle edilen güdüsel iklimden ne düzeyde etkilendiğini incelemek için Sporda Görev
ve Ego Yönelimi (SGEY) ölçeği kullanılmıştır. DG, SGEY ölçeğinde aldıkları toplam puan ve görev
yönelimi alt boyutu puanlarının ortalamaları açısından ön test ve son testte aralarında istatistiksel olarak
anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmıştır (sırasıyla p= 0.001, t= 4.774, d= 0.97; p= 0.002, t= 3.751, d= 1.08).
Doğal logaritmik dönüşümlü squat sıçrama yüksekliği (LN_SSY) (F= 0.297, p= 0.590, η2= 0.01), doğal
logaritmik dönüşümlü derinlik sıçraması yüksekliği (LN_DSY) (F= 0.059, p= 0.810, η2= 0.01), derinlik
sıçramasında zemine temas süresi (DSZTS) (F= 0.454, p= 0.506, η2= 0.02), reaktif kuvvet indeksi
(RKİ) (F= 1.010, p= 0.324, η2= 0.04) ve esneklik (ESN) (F= 2.262, p= 0.144, η2= 0.08) değişkenleri
açısından gruplar arasında ve zaman içerisinde anlamlı bir etkileşim etkisi tespit edilememiştir. Sonuç
olarak; motivasyonel iklimde uygulanan 12 haftalık kuvvet antrenmanı müdahalesinin LN_SSY,
LN_DSY, DSZTS, RKİ ve ESN değişkenleri üzerinde bir etkisi olmadığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Egzersiz motivasyonu, Kuvvet Antrenmanı, Reaktif Kuvvet İndeksi, Spor Psikolojisi

EFFECT OF 12-WEEK MOTIVATIONAL MASTERY OF STRENGTH TRAINING INTERVENTION ON SOME PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

Öz

Researchers have suggested that the social context in exercise settings is linked to individuals' potential exercise-related outcomes. However, studies examining the social contexts of exercise environments are very limited. In this study, it was aimed to examine the effect of 12-week strength training intervention applied in mastery motivational climate on some performance parameters in sedentary individuals. A repeated measurement design was used in the study. Height, body weight and body mass index measurements were used to determine the physical characteristics of the participants. As a performance test, squat jump, 40 cm depth jump and sit and lie down test were applied. 29 sedentary individuals with a mean age of 21.8±1.08 were randomly divided into experimental (n= 14) (EG) and control (n= 15) (CG) groups. The study consisted 12 weeks of strength training as an intervention which was implemented 3 days a week under the observation of the researchers. The motivational climate they perceived within the TARGET framework during the exercise intervention was manipulated. The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Scale (TEOSS) was used to examine the extent to which the participants were affected by the manipulated motivational climate. A statistically significant difference was found in the pretest and posttest in terms of ego and task orientation mean scores for EG (respectively p= 0.001, t= 4.774, d= 0.97; p= 0.002, t). = 3.751, d = 1.08) however there was no statistically significant difference in CG (p>0.05). Non-significant interaction effect was found between the groups over time in terms of squat jump height with natural logarithm (LN_SJH) (F= 0.297, p= 0.590, η2= 0.01), drop jump height with natural logarithm (LN_DJY) (F= 0.059, p= 0.810, η2= 0.01), ground contact time at drop jump (DJGCT) (F= 0.454, p= 0.506, η2= 0.02), reactive strength index (RSI) (F= 1.010, p= 0.324, η2= 0.04) and flexibility (F= 2.262, p= 0.144) , η2= 0.08) variables. As a result; As a conclusion, it can be argued that the 12-week strength training intervention in the motivational climate had no effect on the LN_SJH, LN_DJY, DJGCT, RSI and flexibility variables, and the results were discussed within the framework of the relevant literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Egzersiz motivasyonu, Kuvvet Antrenmanı, Reaktif Kuvvet İndeksi, Spor Psikolojisi

Kaynakça

• Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms gods, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 261-71. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261
• Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1988). Achievement goals in the classroom: Students’ learning strategies and motivation processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 260-67. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.80.3.260
• Attrey, P., Yadav, M., & Singh, S. (2017). Relationship between passive straight leg raising test and v -sıt and reach test in measuring the hamstring flexibility. Indian Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Applied Science, 7(2), 23-30.
• Arı, Ç., Ulun, C., Yarayan, Y. E., Dursun, M., Mutlu, T., & Üstün, Ü. D. (2020). Mindfulness, healthy life skills and life satisfaction in varsity athletes and university students. Progress in Nutrition, 22(2), 1-8.
• Barbosa, A. R., Santarem, J. M., Filho, W. J., & Marucci, M. F. (2002). Effects of resistance training on the sit-and-reach test in elderly women. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(1), 14-18.
• Barkouskis, V., Tsorbatzoudis, H., & Grouios, G. (2008). Manipulation of motivational climate in physical education: Effects of a seven-month intervention. European Physical Education Review, 14(3), 367-87. doi: 10/1177/1356336X08095671
• Blair, S. N., Kohl, H. W., Paffenbarger, R. S., Clark, D. G., Cooper, K. H., & Gibbons, L. W. (1989). Physical fitness and all- cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA, 262(17), 2395-401. doi: 10.1001/jama.262.17.2395
• Braithwaite, R., Spray, C. M., & Warburton, W. E., (2011). Motivational climate interventions in physical education: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(6), 628-38. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.06.005
• Brown, R. D., & Harrison, J. M., (1986). The effects of a strength training program on the strength and self-concept of two female age groups. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 57(4), 315-20. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1986.10608092
• Brown, T. C., Fry, M. D., and Moore, E. W. (2017). A motivational climate intervention and exercise-related outcomes: A longitudinal perspective. Motivation Science, 3(4), 337-53. doi: /10.1037/mot0000059
• Byrne, D. J., Browne, D. T., Byrne, P. J., & Richardson, N. (2017). Interday reliability of the reactive strength index and optimal drop height. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(3), 721-26. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001534
• Chamberlin, J. M., Fry, M. D., & Iwasaki. S. (2017). High school athletes’ perceptions of the motivational climate in their off-season training programs. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(3), 736-42. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001533
• Cohen, J. (1962). The statistical power of abnormal-social psychological research: A review. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 65, 145-53. doi: 10.1037/h0045186.
• Cureton, K. J., Collins, M. A., Hill, D. W., & McElhannon, F. M. (1988). Muscle hypertrophy in men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20(4), 338-44. doi: 10.1249/00005768-198808000-00003
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M, (2002). Self-determination research: Reflections and future directions. In E. L. Deci and R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 431–441), University of Rochester Press.
• Department of Health and Human Services (2000). Healthy People 2010: Understanding and Improving Health (2nd ed,). Washington: DHHS.
• Digelidis, N., Papaioannou, A., Laparidis, K., & Christodoulidis, T. (2003). A one-year intervention in 7th grade physical education classes aiming to change motivational climate and attitudes towards exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(3), 195-210. doi: 10.1016/s1469-0292(02)00002-x
• Dohrn, M., Kwak, L., Oja, P., Sjöström, M., & Hagströmer, M. (2018). Replacing sedentary time with physical activity: A 15-year follow-up of mortality in a national cohort. Clinical Epidemiology, 10, 179-86. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S151613
• Duda, J. L. (1989). Goal perspectives, participation and persistence in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 20(1), 42-56.
• Duda, J. L. (1992). Motivation in sport setting: A goal perspective approach. In Roberts, G. C. (Ed.), Motivation in Sport and Exercise (pp. 57-91), Human Kinetics.
• Duda J. L., & Nicholls, J. G. (1992). Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 290-299. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.290
• Dursun, M., Yarayan, Y. E., Ari, Ç., Ulun, C., & Adas, S. K. (2020). COVID-19 in Turkey: Leisure boredom, psychological resilience, physical activity and emotional state. International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 15, 460-486
• Whitehead, J., & Duda, J. (1998). Measurement of goal perspectives in the physical domain. In J. L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology Measurement (pp. 21-48), Fitness Information Technology.
• Epstein, J. L. (1988). Effective schools or effective students? Dealing with diversity. In R. Hawkins, ve B. Macrae (Eds.), Policies for America’s public schools: Teachers, equity, and indicators (pp. 89-126), Ablex Publishing.
• Epstein, J. L. (1989). Family structure and students motivation: a development perspective. In C. Ames and R. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education (ss.259-295), Academic Press.
• Ersöz, G., Mitat, K. O. Z., Sunay, H., ve Gündüz, N. (1996). Erkek voleybol oyuncularının sezon öncesi, sezon ortası ve sezon sonu fiziksel uygunluk düzeyi parametrelerindeki değişmeler. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(4), 1-7.
• Flatt, A. A., Allen, J., Bragg, A., Keith, C., Earley, R., & Esco, M. E. (2020). Heart rate variability in college football players throughout preseason camp in the heat. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(09), 589-95. doi: 10.1055/a-1145-3754
• Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., Nieman, D. C., Swain, D. P., & American College of Sports Medicine. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(7), 1334-59. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb
• Gelecek, N., Pınar, L., Özdirenç, M., Bediz, C., Akan, P., Kozan, Ö., & Altun, S. Z. (2006). Effect of brisk walking program on plasma homocysteine level and lipid profile in sedentary young subject. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy Rehabilitation, 17(1), 42-46.
• Gencer, E. (2021). Hedef yöneliminin yordayıcısı olarak algılanan motivasyonel iklim: Güreşçiler üzerine bir araştırma. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(3), 71-80. doi: 10.33689/spormetre.858167
• Gökalp, H. A., & Tepeköylü Öztürk, Ö., (2021). Relationship of Physical Activity with Anger and Anger Expression Styles in High School Students. Journal Of Research In Medical and Dental Science , 9(4), 202-213.
• Glatthorn, J. F., Gouge, S., Nussbaumer, S., Stauffacher, S., Impellizzeri, F. M., & Maffiuletti, N. A. (2011). Validity and reliability of optojump photoelectric cells for estimating vertical jump height. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(2), 556-60. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181ccb18d
• Hassan, M. F. H., & Morgan, K. (2015). Effects of a mastery intervention programme on the motivational climate and achievement goals in sport coaching. A pilot study. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 10(2-3), 487-503. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.10.2-3.487
• Hernandez-Alvarez, E. D., Guzman-David, C. A., Ruiz-Gonzalez, J. C., Ortega-Hernandez, A. M., & Ortiz-Gonzalez, D. C. (2018). Effect of a respiratory muscle training program on lung function, respiratory muscle strength and resting oxygen consumption in sedentary young people. Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, 66(4), 605-10. doi: 10.15446/revfacmed.v66n4.60252
• Ivey, F. M., Roth, S. M., Ferrell, R. E., Tracy, B. L., Lemmer, J. T., Hurlbut, D. E., Martel, G. F., Siegel, E. L., Fozard, J. L., Jeffrey, M. E., Fleg, J. L., & Hurley, B. F. (2000). Effects of age, gender, and myostatin genotype on the hypertrophic response to heavy resistance strength training. The Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55(11), M641-M648. doi: 10.1093/gerona/55.11.m641
• Johnson, J. L., Rudisill, M. E., Hastie, P., Wadsworth, D., Strunk, K., Venezia, A., Sassi, J., Morris, M., & Merritt, M. (2019). Changes in fundamental motor-skill performance following a nine-month mastery motivational climate intervention. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90(4), 517-26. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1628909
• Keeler, L. K., Finkelstein, L. H., Miller, W., & Fernhall, B. (2001). Early-phase adaptations of traditional-speed vs, superslow resistance training on strength and aerobic capacity in sedentary individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(3), 309-14.
• Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
• Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2004). Fundamentals of resistance training: Progression and exercise prescription. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(4), 674-88. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000121945.36635.61
• Kyrölainen, H., Hackney, A. C., Salminen, R., Repola, J., Häkkinen, K., & Haimi, J. (2018). Effects of combined strength and endurance training on physical performance and biomarkers of healthy young women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 32(6), 1554-561. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002034
• Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Hughes, M. G., & Williams, C. A. (2009). Reliability and validity of field-based measures of leg stiffness and reactive strength index in youths. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(14), 1565-1573. doi:10.1080/02640410903311572
• Mazini, F. M. L., Aidar, F. J., Gama de, M. D., Costa, M. O., Patrocınio de, O. C. E., Rezende de, O. V. G., Magalhaes, C. V., Menezes, T. H., & Caputo, F. M. E. (2018). Circuit strength training improves muscle strength, functional performance and anthropometric indicators in sedentary elderly women. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(7-8), 1029-036. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06903-1
• Monteiro, W. D., Simao, R., Polito, M. D., Santana, C. A., Chaves, R. B., Bezerra, E., & Fleck, S. J. (2008). Influence of strength training on adult womenʼs flexibility. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(3), 672-77. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31816a5d45
• Morgan, K., & Carpenter, P. (2002). Effects of manipulating the motivational climate in physical education lessons. European Physical Education Review, 8(3), 207-29. doi: 10.1177/1356336X020083003
• Öktem, U., & Akın, M. (2022). Sedanter kadınlarda elektriksel kas uyarımı (EMS) ve geleneksel antrenmanın kuvvet kazanımı ve antropometrik özellikler üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 70-9. doi: 10.33459/cbubesbd.1114526
• Passer M. (2020). Research methods: Concepts and connections, Macmillan Higher Education.
• Roberts, G. C., Treasure, D. C., & Conroy, D. E. (2012). Understanding the dynamics of motivation in sport and physical activity: An achievement goal interpretation. Handbook of Sport Psychology, 1-30. doi: 10.1002/9781118270011.ch1
• Samuel, M., Gonzalez, M. P., Dietze-Hermosa, M. S., Eggleston, J. D., & Dorgo. S. (2021). Common vertical jump and reactive strength index measuring devices: A validity and reliability analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(5), 1234-243. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003988
• Santos, E., Rhea, M. R., Simao, R., Dias I., Freitas de, S. B., Novaes, J., Leite, T., Blair, J. C., & Bunker, D. J. (2010). Influence of moderately intense strength training on flexibility in sedentary young women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(11), 3144-149. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e38027
• Seo, M. W., Jung, S. W., Kim, S. W., Lee J. M., Jung H. C., and Song J. K. (2021). Effects of 16 weeks of resistance training on muscle quality and muscle growth factors in older adult women with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6762. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18136762
• Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2007). Effects of a motivational climate intervention for coaches on young athletes' sport performance anxiety. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29(1), 39-59. doi: 10.1123/jsep.29.1.39
• Theeboom, M., De-Knop, P., & Weiss, M. R. (1995). Motivational climate, psychological responses, and motor skill development in children’s sport: A field-based intervention study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(3), 294-311. doi: 10.1123/jsep.17.3.294
• Thompson, W. R., Gordon, N. F., & Pescatello, L. S. (2009). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ThePoint.
• Toros, T. (2004). Sporda görev ve ego yönelim ölçeği -SGEYÖ-"nın türk sporcular için güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 15(3), 155-66.
• Torres-Banduc, M. A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Garcia-Pinillos, F., Garcia-Hermoso, A., Moran, J., & Jerez-Mayorga, D. (2020). Effects of traditional strength training versus jump training on muscular fitness among physically inactive and sedentary young adults. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 13(1), 12-9. doi: 10.2174/1875399X02013010012
• Van de Pol, P. K. C., & Kavussanu, M. (2011). Achievement motivation across training and competition in individual and team sports. Sport, Exercise and Performance Psychology, 1(2), 91-105. doi: 10.1037/a0025967
• Yıldız, A., Tarakcı, D., & Mutluay, F. K. (2015). Genç erişkinlerde fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile vücut kompozisyonu ilişkisi: Pilot çalışma. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 2(3), 297-305. doi: 10.17681/hsp.15450
• Yildiz, A. B., Arı, Ç., & Yilmaz, B. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin spora yönelik tutumlarinin incelenmesi (Ankara Yildirim Beyazit Üniversitesi Örneği). Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 35-45.
• Yoo, J. (1999). Motivational-behavioral correlates of goal orientation and perceived motivational climate in physical education contexts. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89(1), 262-74. doi: 10.2466/pms.1999.89.1.262
• Yoo, J. (2003). Motivational climate and perceived competence in anxiety and tennis performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96(2), 403-13. doi: 10.2466/pms.2003.96.2.403
• Zorlu, E., Doğu, G., Yıldız, A. B., & Yılmaz, B. (2020). Atletizm branşındaki sporcuların kişilik özelliklerinin başarı motivasyonuna etkisinin incelenmesi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 24-35.