YEME TUTUMLARI ÜZERINDE ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TRAVMALARININ ROLÜ: YALNIZLIK, SOSYAL İZOLASYON VE ZİHİNSELLEŞTİRME PERSPEKTİFLERİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 131 - 150, 30.10.2023

Tuğba Öz , Gaye Saltukoglu

Öz

Yeme davranışı kişinin yaşam deneyimleri sonucunda oluşturduğu tutumlardan olumlu veya olumsuz etkilenen davranış
biçimidir. Yeme bozuklukları ise bozulmuş yeme davranışları ve çarpıtılmış beden algısıyla kendini gösteren psikiyatrik
bozukluklar grubunda yer almaktadır. Yeme bozukluklarının gelişiminde çocukluk çağı kötü muamelelerin önemli rol
oynadığı belirtilmektedir. Bu açıdan erken dönem olumsuz yaşam olaylarının yeme tutumlarına etkisinin, ilerleyen yaşam
dönemlerinde ortaya çıkabilecek bozulmuş yeme davranışlarının anlaşılmasına ve önlenmesine yardımcı olabileceği
düşünülmektedir. Aynı zamanda çocukluk çağında deneyimlenen olumsuz yaşantıların yetişkinlik dönemindeki herkesin
yeme davranışlarını olumsuz etkilemediği düşünüldüğünde, hangi değişkenlerin yeme bozukluklarının oluşumunda daha
fazla etkisi olduğunun anlaşılması önemli görülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çocukluk çağında yaşanan olumsuz olayların
yeme bozuklukları ile ilişkisinde zihinselleştirme, yalnızlık ve sosyal izolasyonun bu ilişkiyi nasıl etkilediğini literatürde
yer alan bilgiler doğrultusunda incelemek önem arzetmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Travma, Zihinselleştirme, Yalnızlık, Sosyal İzolasyon, Yeme Tutumu

Kaynakça

• Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2014). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı. Beşinci Baskı (DSM- 5), Tanı ölçütleri başvuru el kitabı’ndan, (E. Köroğlu, çev.) Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
• Austin, A. E., Lesak, A. M., & Shanahan, M. E. (2020). Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: a review. Current Epidemiology Reports, 7(4), 334-342. https://doi:10.1007/s40471-020-00252-3
• Ayan, A. (2017). Yalnızlık ve utangaçlık düzeyinin özyeterlik ve öfke kontrolü üzerine etkisi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.415657 Barakat, S., McLean, S.A., Bryant, E., Le, A., National Eating Disorders
• Research Consortium, Touyz, S., & Maguıre, S. (2023). Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review. Journal of Eating Disorders, 11(8), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4
• Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Mentalization-based treatment for personality disorders: A practical guide. Oxford University Press. https://doi. org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199680375.001.0001
• Bateman, A. W. & Fonagy, P. (Ed.). (2019). Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice (2. baskı). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
• Bateman, A., Fonagy, p., Campbell, C., Luyten, P., & Debbané, M. (2023). Cambridge Guide to Mentalization- Based Treatment (MBT). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108896054
• Bou Khalil, R., Sleilaty, G., Richa, S., Seneque, M., Iceta, S., Rodgers, R., Alacreu-Crespo, A., Maimoun, L., Lefebvre, P., Renard, E., Courtet, P., & Guillaume, S. (2020). The impact of retrospective childhood maltreatment on eating disorders as mediated by food addiction: A cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 12(10), 1-13. https://doi:10.3390/nu12102969
• Breton, É., Dufour, R., Côté, S. M., Dubois, L., Vitaro, F., Boivin, M., Tremblay, R. E., & Booij, L. (2022). Developmental trajectories of eating disorder symptoms: A longitudinal study from early adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Eating Disorders, 10(84), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s40337-022- 00603-z
• Buluş, M. (1997). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Yalnızlık. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3, 82- 90.
• Caslini, M., Bartoli, F., Crocamo, C., Dakanalis, A., Clerici, M., & Carrà, G. (2016). Disentangling the Association Between Child Abuse and Eating Disorders. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78(1), 79-90. https://doi:10.1097/ psy.0000000000000233
• Cengiz, B., Ayar, D., Arkan, G., & Bektaş, İ. (2020). Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Sosyal, Duygusal Yalnızlık Düzeyleri ve Yeme Davranışlarının İncelemesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 13(1), 2-9.
• Ciccarelli, M., Nigro, G., D’olimpio, F., Griffiths, M. D., Sacco, M., Pizzini, B., & Cosenza, M. (2022). The associations between loneliness, anxiety, and problematic gaming behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of mentalization. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 1- 21. https://doi.org/10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-3257
• Coglan, L., & Otasowie, J. (2019). Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: what do we know so far? BJPsych Advances, 25(02), 90-98. https://doi:10.1192/ bja.2018.48
• Cortés-García, L., Rodríguez-Cano, R., & von Soest, T. (2022). Prospective associations between loneliness and disordered eating from early adolescence to adulthood. International of Journal Eating Disorders, 55(12), 1678-1689. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23793
• Czaja, S. J., Moxley, J. H., & Rogers, W. A. (2021). Social support, isolation, loneliness, and health among older adults in the PRISM randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-14. https://doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.728658
• Çelik, F. G. H., & Hocaoğlu, Ç. (2018). Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları: Bir Gözden Geçirme. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi, 8(4), 695-711. https://doi:10.31832/ smj.454535
• Dalhoff, A. W., Romero Frausto, H., Romer, G., & Wessing, I. (2019). Perceptive body image distortion in adolescent anorexia nervosa: Changes after treatment. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1-20. https://doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00748
• Dos Santos Quaresma, M. V., Marques, C. G., Magalhães, A. C. O., & dos Santos, R. V. T. (2021). Emotional eating, binge eating, physical inactivity, and vespertine chronotype are negative predictors of dietary practices during COVID-19 social isolation: A cross-sectional study. Nutrition, 90, 1-9. https:// doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111223
• Düzen, A., & Bıkmaz, P. S. (2019). Bağlanma ve yeme bozuklukları: Bir derleme çalışması. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(36), 624-636. http://dx.doi. org/10.16990/SOBIDER.4941
• Feinson, M. C., & Hornik-Lurie, T. (2016). “Not good enough:” Exploring selfcriticism’s role as a mediator between childhood emotional abuse & adult binge eating. Eating Behaviors, 23, 1-6. https://doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.06.005
• Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (2006). The Mentalization-focused approach to self pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20(6), 544-576. https:// doi:10.1521/pedi.2006.20.6.54
• Gagliardini, G., Gullo, S., Tinozzi, V., Baiano, M., Balestrieri, M., Todisco, P., Schirone, T. & Colli, A. (2020). Mentalizing subtypes in eating disorders: A latent profile analysis. Frontiers Psychology, 11, 1-13. https://doi: 10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.564291
• Groth, T., Hilsenroth, M., Boccio, D., & Gold, J. (2019). Relationship between trauma history and eating disorders in adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 13, 443-453. https://doi:10.1007/s40653-019-00275-z
• Gümüş, Ç., Alver, E., & Körpe, H. (2020). “Bir sosyal sorumluluk örneği: Pika sendromunun tanıtılmasına yönelik hazırlanan dergi ı̇ lanı tasarımları”. İdil, 70, 937-947. https://doi: 10.7816/idil-09-70-03
• Güneş, F. E., & Çalık, K. B. T. (2015). The relationship between eating attitude and behaviors with self-esteem of the university students. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 16(6), 397-404. https://doi:10.5455/apd.170412
• Halland, M. (2019). Rumination syndrome. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 35(4), 387-393. https://doi:10.1097/mog.0000000000000549
• Hay, P., Chinn, D., Forbes, D., Madden, S., Newton, R., Sugenor, L., Touyz, S., & Ward, W. (2014). Royal Australian and New Zealand college of psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(11), 977-1008. https:// doi:10.1177/0004867414555814
• Heer, C. de, Bi, S., Finkenauer, C., Alink, L. R. A., & Maes, M. (2022). The association between child maltreatment and loneliness across the lifespan: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. Child Maltreatment, 1-24. https://doi:10.1177/10775595221103420
• Jensen, S. L., Bo, S., & Vilmar, J. W. (2021). What is behind the closed door? A case illustration of working with social isolation in adolescents using Adaptive Mentalizati-Based Integrative Treatment (AMBIT). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(5), 1189-1204. https://doi:10.1002/jclp.23145
• Jewell, T., Collyer, H., Gardner, T., Tchanturia, K., Simic, M., Fonagy, P., & Eisler, I. (2015). Attachment and mentalization and their association with child and adolescent eating pathology: A systematic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(4), 354-373. https://doi:10.1002/eat.22473
• Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2002). Childhood adversities associated with risk for eating disorders or weight problems during adolescence or early adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(3), 394- 400. https://doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.394
• Kelton-Locke, S. (2016). Eating disorders, impaired mentalization, and attachment: Implications for child and adolescent family treatment. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 15(4), 337-356. https:// doi:10.1080/15289168.2016.1257
• Kemoli, A. M., & Mavindu, M. (2014). Child abuse: A classic case report with literature review. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 5(2), 256-259. https:// doi:10.4103/0976-237X.132380
• Kitis, C., & Cebirbay, M. A. (2022). Determination of eating attitude and mindful eating scores of patients in Turkey. Progress in Nutrition, 24(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v24i1.12260
• Landry, J., Asokumar, A., Crump, C., Anisman, H. & Matheson, K. (2022). Early life adverse experiences and loneliness among young adults: The mediating role of social processes. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1- 16. https:// doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968383
• Levine, M. P. (2012). Loneliness and Eating Disorders. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 243-257. https://doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.606435
• Levine, M. P. (2021). Prevention of eating disorders: 2020 in review. Eating Disorders, 29(2), 134-150. https://doi:10.1080/10640266.2021.1909794
• Lie, S. Ø., Bulik, C. M., Andreassen, O. A., Rø, Ø., & Bang, L. (2021). Stressful life events among individuals with a history of eating disorders: a case-control comparison. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12888-021-03499-2
• Makri, E., Michopoulos, I., & Gonidakis, F. (2022). Investigation of loneliness and social support in patients with eating disorders: A casecontrol study. Psychiatry International, 3, 142-157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ psychiatryint3020012
• Mason, T. B., Heron, K. E., Braitman, A. L., & Lewis, R. J. (2016). A daily diary study of perceived social isolation, dietary restraint, and negative affect in binge eating. Appetite, 97, 94-100. https://doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.027
• Molendijk, M. L., Hoek, H. W., Brewerton, T. D., & Elzinga, B. M. (2017). Childhood maltreatment and eating disorder pathology: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 47(8), 1402-1416. https://doi:10.1017/s0033291716003561
• Mora, F., Fernandez Rojo, S., Banzo, C., & Quintero, J. (2017). The impact of self-esteem on eating disorders. European Psychiatry, 41, 558. https://doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.802
• Regan, D. T., & Fazio, R. (1977). On the consistency between attitudes and behavior: Look to the method of attitude formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(1), 28-45. https://doi:10.1016/0022- 1031(77)90011-7
• Richard, A., Rohrmann, S., Vandeleur, C. L., Schmid, M., Barth, J., & Eichholzer, M. (2017). Loneliness is adversely associated with physical and mental health and lifestyle factors: Results from a Swiss national survey. PloS one, 12(7), 1-18. https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.018144
• Rikani, A. A., Choudhry, Z., Maqsood Choudhry, A., Ikram, H., Waheed Asghar, M., Kajal, D., Waheed, A., & Jahan Mobassarah, N. (2013). A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders. Annals of Neurosciences, 20(4), 157-161. https://doi:10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200409
• Robinson, P., Skårderud, F., & Sommerfeldt, B. (2019). Hunger: Mentalization- Based Treatments for Eating Disorder. Germany: Springer International Publishing. https://doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95121-8
• Rothschild-Yakar, L., Waniel, A., & Stein, D. (2013). Mentalizing in self vs. parent representations and working models of parents as risk and protective factors from distress and eating disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(6), 510-518. https://doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318294831
• Rothschild-Yakar, L., Levy-Shiff, R., Fridman-Balaban, R., Gur, E., & Stein, D. (2010). Mentalization and Relationships With Parents as Predictors of Eating Disordered Behavior. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(7), 501-507. https://doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181e526c8
• Sacchetti, S., Robinson, P., Bogaardt, A., Clare, A., Ouellet-Courtois, C., Luyten, P., bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2019). Reduced mentalizing in patients with bulimia nervosa and features of borderline personality disorder: A case-control study. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 1-12. https://doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2112-9
• Saine, R., & Zhao, M. (2020). The asymmetrical effects of emotional loneliness vs. social loneliness on consumers’foodpreferences.FoodQualityandPreference, 87,1-6.https://doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104040
• Salvia, M. S., Ritholz, M. D., Craigen, K. L. E., & Quatromoni, P. A. (2023). Women’s perceptions of weight stigma and experiences of weight-neutral treatment for binge eating disorder: A qualitative study. eClinicalMedicine, 56, 1-12. https://doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101811
• Sánchez-Meca, J., Rosa-Alcázar, A. I., & López-Soler, C. (2011). The psychological treatment of sexual abuse in children and adolescents: a metaanalysis. International Journal of Clinical Health Psychology 11(1), 67-93.
• Sander, J., Moessner, M., & Bauer, S. (2021). Depression, anxiety and eating disorder-related impairment: moderators in female adolescents and young adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2-12. https://doi:10.3390/ijerph18052779
• Sepulveda, A.R., Whitney, J., Hankins, M., & Treasure, J. (2008). Development and validation of an Eating Disorders Symptom Impact Scale (EDSIS) for carers of people with eating disorders. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 6, 28, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-6-28
• Shahab, M. K., de Ridder, J. A., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Mook- Kanamori, D. O., & Elzinga, B. M. (2021). A tangled start: The link between childhood maltreatment, psychopathology, and relationships in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 121, 105228. https://doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.1052
• Sjögren, M., Lichtenstein, M. B., & Støving, R. K. (2023). Trauma experiences are common in anorexia Nervosa and related to eating disorder pathology but do not influence weight-gain during the start of treatment. Journal of Personalized medicine, 23(5), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13050709
• Smink, F. R. E., van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(4), 406-414. https://doi:10.1007/s11920- 012-0282-y
• Smits, M. L., Luyten, P., Feenstra, D. J., Bales, D. L., Kamphuis, J. H., Dekker, J. J. M., Verheul, R., & Busschbach, J. J. V. (2022). Trauma and outcomes of Mentalization-Based Therapy for individuals with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 75(1), 12-20. https://doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20210027
• Southward, M. W., Christensen, K. A., Fettich, K. C., Weissman, J., Berona, J., & Chen, E. Y. (2013). Loneliness mediates the relationship between emotion dysregulation and bulimia nervosa/binge eating disorder psychopathology in a clinical sample. Eating and Weight Disorders- Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 19(4), 509-513. https://doi:10.1007/s40519-013-0083-2
• Stewart, W. (2004). The role of perceived loneliness and isolation in the relapse from recovery in patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Clinical Social Work Journal, 32(2), 185-196. https://doi:10.1023/ B:CSOW.0000024327.55424.a9
• Tatsi, E., kamal, A., Turvill, A., & Holler, R. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and loneliness as predictors of food addiction. Journal of Health and Social Sciences, 4(1),43-58. https://doi:10.19204/2019/mtnd5
• Tavolacci, M. P., Grigioni, S., Richard, L., Meyrignac, G., Déchelotte, P., & Ladner, J. (2015). Eating disorders and associated health risks among university students. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47(5), 412- 420. https://doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2015.06.009
• Telléus, G. K., Lauritsen, M. B., & Rodrigo-Domingo, M. (2021). Prevalence of various traumatic events ıncluding sexual trauma in a clinical sample of patients with an eating disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-10. https:// doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687452
• Trottier, K., & MacDonald, D. E. (2017). Update on psychological trauma, other severe adverse experiences and eating disorders: State of the research and future research directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(8), 1-9. https:// doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0806-6
• Tunç, P. (2019). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde çocukluk çağı travması ve yeme tutumları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 11(Suppl 1), 203-219. https://doi. org/10.18863/pgy.612616
• Tunç, P. (2020). cÇocukluk çağı travması ile bozulmuş yeme tutumları ı̇ lişkisinde ebeveyne bağlanmanın düzenleyici rolünün ı̇ ncelenmesi. Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health, 27(2), 75-84 https://doi: 10.4274/tjcamh. galenos.2020.03521
• Uzunian, L. G., & Vitalle, M. S. de S. (2015). Habilidades sociais: fator de proteção contra transtornos alimentares em adolescentes. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 20(11), 3495-3508. https://doi:10.1590/1413- 812320152011.18362014
• van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H. W. (2020). Review of the burden of eating disorders: Mortality, disability, costs, quality of life, and family burden. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 33(6), 521-527. https://doi.org/10.1097/ YCO.0000000000000641
• Vidaña, A. G., Forbush, K. T., Barnhart, E. L., Mildrum Chana, S., Chapa, D. A. N., Richson, B., & Thomeczek, M. L. (2020). Impact of trauma in childhood and adulthood on eatingdisorder symptoms. Eating Behaviors, 39, 1-7. https://doi:10.1016/j. eatbeh.2020.101426
• Wagner-Skacel, J., Riedl, D., & Lampe, A. (2022). Mentalization and dissociation after adverse childhood experiences. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1-7. https://doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10787-8
• World Health Organization. (1999). Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention, 29-31 March 1999, WHO, Geneva. https://apps.who.int/iris/ handle/10665/65900
• World Health Organization. (2022). Child maltreatment. https://www.who.int/ news-room/fact- sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
• Yıldırım, A., Hacıhasanoğlu Aşılar, R., Karakurt, P., Çapık, C., & Kasımoğlu, N. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinde depresif belirti, yalnızlık ve yeme tutumu arasındaki ilişkinin sosyodemografik özelliklerle birlikte incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care,12(4), 264-274. https:// doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.462906
• Zhong, X., Ming. Q., Dong, D., Sun, X., Cheng, C., Xiong, G., Li, C., Zhang, X., & Yao, S. (2020). Childhood maltreatment experience influences neural response to psychosocial stress in adults: An fMRI study. Frontiers Psychology, 10, 1-9. https://doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02961