YÜZEYSEL SULARDA AĞIR METALLERİN ETKİLERİ VE ÖTROFİKASYON İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 4, 214 - 230, 28.10.2017

Emine Metin Dereli , Ali Ertürk , Mehmet Çakmakçı

https://doi.org/10.18864/TJAS201720

Öz

Ağır metaller sucul ekosistemlere doğal
kaynakların yanısıra artan antropojenik baskılar (kentsel ve endüstriyel baskılar,
yayılı kaynaklı baskılar, jeotermal kaynaklı baskılar) ile ulaşmaktadır.
Çalışmada, sucul canlılarda kanserojenik, birikimcilik ve toksik etki yapan ağır
metallerin göllerde doğal bir süreç olan ötrofikasyon ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir.
Ağır metallerin sucul ortamlardaki taşınım, çözünme,
çökelme, kompleks oluşumu, adsorpsiyon ve biyoakümülasyon mekanizmaları oldukça
karmaşık süreçler olup, suyun fizikokimyasal özelliklerinden etkilenmektedir. Buna
göre ağır metal kirliliğine bağlı olarak sucul
canlılarda tür sayısının azaldığı, bazı türlerin ortamdan kaybolduğu ya da ağır
metallere toleransı yüksek olan türlerin ortamda baskın olduğu
görülebilmektedir. Özellikle sucul canlıların karaciğer solungaç gibi
dokularında birikmekte ve besin zincirine girişim yapabilmektedir. Ayrıca
sedimanda depolanan metaller, sedimanda gerçekleşen oksidasyon ve redüksiyon
reaksiyonlarından doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak etkilenmektedirler. Sonuç
olarak, doğal bir süreç olan ötrofikasyon prosesi sucul ortamların birçok
fizikokimyasal özelliğini etkilemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ağır metal, ötrofikasyon, biyoakümülasyon, sediman, toksisite, su kimyası

THE EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS IN SURFACE WATER AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH EUTROPHICATION

Öz

Heavy
metals reach the aquatic ecosystems with natural sources as well as increasing
anthropogenic pressures (urban and industrial pressures, diffuse sources,
geothermal-driven pressures). In the study, the relationship between heavy
metals which are carcinogenic, accumulating and toxic in aquatic life and
eutrophication which is a natural process in lakes is investigated. The
transport, dissolution, precipitation, complex formation, adsorption and
bioaccumulation mechanisms of heavy metals in aquatic environments are highly
complex processes and are influenced by the physicochemical properties of the
water. According to this, it can be seen that due to the heavy metal pollution,
the number of species decreases in aquatic organisms, some species disappear
from the environment or the species with high tolerance to heavy metals are
predominant in the environment. In particular, heavy metals can accumulate in
the liver gill-like tissues of aquatic organisms and can interfere with the
food chain. In addition, the metals stored in the sediments are directly or
indirectly affected by the oxidation and reduction reactions occurring in the
sediments. As a result, the eutrophication process, a natural process, affects
many physicochemical properties of aquatic environments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Heavy metal, eutrofication, bioaccumulation, sediment, toxicity, water chemistry

Kaynakça

• Akdoğan, Z., Küçükdoğan, A., Güven, B. (2015). Yayılı Kirleticilerin Havzalardaki Taşınım Süreçleri: Antibiyotikler, Ağır Metaller ve Besi Maddeleri Üzerine Modelleme Yaklaşımları. Marmara Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 1, 21-31.
• Altindag, A., Yigit, S. (2005). Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the food web of lake Beysehir, Turkey. Chemosphere, 60(4), 552-556.
• Amundsen, P.-A., Staldvik, F.J., Lukin, A.A., Kashulin, N.A., Popova, O.A. and Reshetnikov, Y.S. (1997). Heavy metal contamination in freshwater fish from the border region between Norway and Russia. Science of the Total Environment, 201(3), 211-224.
• Arockia, V.L., Muruganandam, A., Revathi, P., Baskar, B., Jayapriyan, K., Baburajendran, R., Munuswamy, N. (2014). The application of histo-cytopathological biomarkers in the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) to assess heavy metal toxicity in Pulicat Lake, Chennai. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 81(1), 85-93.
• Austin, A., Deniseger, J. (1985). Periphyton community changes along a heavy metals gradient in a long narrow lake. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 25(1) 41-52.
• Austin, A., Munteanu, N. (1984). Evaluation of changes in a large oligotrophic wilderness park lake exposed to mine tailing effluent for 14 years: The phytoplankton. Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological, 33(1), 39-62.
• Baba, A., Ármannsson, H. (2006). Environmental impact of the utilization of a geothermal area in Turkey. Energy Sour, 1, 267-278.
• Baekken, T. (1994). Effects of highway pollutants on a small Norwegian lake. Science of The Total Environment, 146–147, 131-139.
• Barros de Oliveira, S.M., Ruiz Pessenda, L.C., Teixeira Favaro, D.I., Babinski, M. (2012). A 2400-year record of trace metal loading in lake sediments of Lagoa Vermelha, Southeastern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 33(1), 1-7.
• Becker, A., Klöck, W., Friese, K., Schreck, P., Treutler, H.-C., Spettel, B., Duff, M.C. (2001). Lake Süßer See as a natural sink for heavy metals from copper mining. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 74(1-3), 205-217.
• Bhuiyan, M.A.H., Suruvi, N.I., Dampare, S.B., Islam, M.A., Quraishi, S.B., Ganyaglo, S., Suzuki, S. (2011). Investigation of the possible sources of heavy metal contamination in lagoon and canal water in the tannery industrial area in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 175(1), 633-649.
• Byrne, C.J., DeLeon, I.R. (1987). Contributions of heavy metals from municipal runoff to the sediments of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. Chemosphere, 16(10-12), 2579-2583.
• Chandra Sekhar, K., Chary, N.S., Kamala, C.T., Suman Raj, D.S., Sreenivasa Rao, A. (2004). Fractionation studies and bioaccumulation of sediment-bound heavy metals in Kolleru lake by edible fish. Environment International, 29(7), 1001-1008.
• Chen, S.-Y., Huang, Q.-Y. (2014). Heavy metals recovery from printed circuit board industry wastewater sludge by thermophilic bioleaching process. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 89(1), 158-164.
• Chi, Q., Zhu, G. Langdon, A. (2007). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake. China, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19(12), 1500-1504.
• Chiu, J.M.Y., Degger, N., Leung, J.Y.S., Po, B.H.K., Zheng, G.J., Richardson, B.J., Lau, T.C., Wu, R.S.S. (2016). A novel approach for estimating the removal efficiencies of endocrine disrupting chemicals and heavy metals in wastewater treatment processes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 112(1-2), 53-57.
• Cimino, G., Ziino, M. (1983). Heavy metal pollution, Part VII. Emissions from Mount Etna Volcano. Geophhysical Research Letters, 75(1), 31-34.
• Conaway, C.H., Swarzenski, P.W., Cohen, A.S. (2012). Recent paleorecords document rising mercury contamination in LakeTanganyika. Applied Geochemistry, 27, 352-359.
• Çakır M., Minareci O. (2015). Işıklı Gölü Ve Işıklı Çayı’nda (Çivril-Denizli) Deterjan, Fosfat ve Bor Kirliliğinin Araştırılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 30(1), 23-34.
• Çelik E. Ş. (2006). Balıkların Kan Parametreleri Üzerine Ağır Metallerin Etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 23(1), 49-55.
• Demirel Z, Yildirim N. (2002). Boron pollution due to geothermal wastewater discharge into the Buyuk Menderes River, Turkey. International Journal Environment Pollution, 18, 602-608.
• Deniseger, J., Erickson, L.J., Austin, A., Roch, M., Clark, M.J.R. (1990). The effects of decreasing heavy metal concentrations on the biota of Buttle Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Water Research, 24(4), 403-416.
• Diez, E.G., Corella, J.P., Adatte, T., Thevenon, F., Loizeau, J. (2017). High-resolution reconstruction of the 20th century history of trace metals, major elements, and organic matter in sediments in a contaminated area of Lake Geneva, Switzerland, Applied Geochemistry, 78, 1-11.
• Dogdu, M.S., Bayari, C.S. (2005). Environmental impact of geothermal fluids on surface water, groundwater and streambed sediments in the Akarcay Basin, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 47, 325-340.
• Karaca, F., Alagha, O., Elçi, E. (2006). Büyükçekmece Gölü Havzasında Havanın PM 2.5 ve PM 2.5-10 Gruplarında Krom Derişimleri. Ekoloji, 15(61), 16-21.
• Gjessing, E., Lygren, E., Berglind, L., Gulbrandsen, T. and Skanne, R. (1984). Effect of highway runoff on lake water quality, Science of The Total Environment, 33(1-4), 245-257.
• Gondala, M.A., Hussain, T. (2007). Determination of poisonous metals in wastewater collected from paint manufacturing plant using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Talanta, 71(1), 73-80.
• Göksu M. Z. L., Çevik F., Fındık Ö., Sarıhan E. (2003). Seyhan Baraj Gölü’ndeki Aynalı Sazan (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) ve Sudak (Stizostedion lucioperca L.,1758)’larda Fe, Zn, Cd Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 20(1-2), 69-74.
• Grant, S.L., Kim, M., Lin, P., Crist, K.C., Ghosh, S., Kotamarthi, V.R. (2014). A simulation study of atmospheric mercury and its deposition in the Great Lakes. Atmospheric Environment, 94, 164-172.
• Gromaire-Mertz, M.C., Garnaud, S., Gonzalez, A., Chebbo, G. (1999). Characterisation of urban runoff pollution in Paris. Water Science and Technology, 39(2), 1-8.
• Guo, W., Huo, S., Ding, W. (2015). Historical record of human impact in a lake of northern China: Magnetic susceptibility, nutrients, heavy metals and OCPs, Ecological Indicators, 57, 74-81.
• Güven, K.C., Öztürk, B. (2005). Deniz Kirliliği. Tüdav Yayınları, No: 21, İstanbul.
• Hoogenboom, R.L., Kotterman, M.J., Hoek-van Nieuwenhuizen, M., van der Lee, M.K., Mennes, W.C., Jeurissen, S.M., van Leeuwen, S.P. (2015). Dioxins, PCBs and heavy metals in Chinese mitten crabs from Dutch rivers and lakes. Chemosphere. 123, 1-8.
• Hu, X., Jiang, Y., Shu, Y., Hu, X., Liu, L., Luo, F. (2014). Effects of mining wastewater discharges on heavy metal pollution and soil enzyme activity of the paddy fields. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Part B, 147, 139-150.
• John, M., Heuss-Aßbichler, S., Ullrich, A., Rettenwander, D. (2016). Purification of heavy metal loaded wastewater from electroplating industry under synthesis of delafossite (ABO2) by “Lt-delafossite process”. Water Research, 100, 98-104.
• Jónsdóttir, V., Smaradotti, B. (2015). Pollution in water and soil from the eruption in Holuhraun, Iceland: Metal concentration analysis. Chalmers University of Technology, Master Thesis, Gothenburg, Sweden.
• Karayakar, F., Bavbek, O., Cicik, B. (2017). Mersin Körfezi’nde Avlanan Balık Türlerindeki Ağır Metal Düzeyleri. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research, 3, 3, 141-150.
• Kayhan F. E., Muşlu M. N., Koç N. D. (2009). Bazı Ağır Metallerin Sucul Organizmalar Üzerinde Yarattığı Stres Ve Biyolojik Yanıtlar. Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 3(2), 153-162.
• Kikot, P., Viera, M., Mignone, C., Donati, E. (2010). Study of the effect of pH and dissolved heavy metals on the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria by a fractional factorial design. Hydrometallurgy, 104(3-4), 494-500.
• Kozak Z., Niecko J., Kozak D., (1993). Precipitation of heavy metals in the Leczna-Wlodawa Lake Region. The Science of Total Environment, 133, 183-192.
• Larsen, V.J., (1983). The significance of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in four Danish lakes. Science of The Total Environment, 30, 111-127.
• Lee, C., Song, M.K., Ryu, J., Park, C., Choi, J., Lee, S. (2016). Application of carbon foam for heavy metal removal from industrial plating wastewater and toxicity evaluation of the adsorbent. Chemosphere, 153, 1-9.
• Liang, X., Ning, X., Chen, G., Lin, M., Liu, J., Wang, Y. (2013). Concentrations and speciation of heavy metals in sludge from nine textile dyeing plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 98, 128-134.
• Licata, P., Trombetta, D., Cristani, M., Martino, D., Naccari, F. (2004). Organochlorine compounds and heavy metals in the soft tissue of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis collected from Lake Faro, Sicily, Italy. Environment International, 30(6), 805-810.
• Lin, Q., Liu, E., Zhang, E., Li, K., Shen, J. (2016). Spatial distribution, contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Erhai Lake, a large eutrophic plateau lake in southwest China. Catena, 145, 193-203.
• Lindström, M., Håkanson, L. (2001). A model to calculate heavy metal load to lakes dominated by urban runoff and diffuse inflow. Ecological Modelling, 137(1), 1-21.
• Lu C., Cheng J. (2011). Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Sediments from Different Eutrophic Lakes of China. Elsevier Science, 33, 71-79.
• Martin, A.J., McNee, J.J., Pedersen, T.F. (2001). The reactivity of sediments impacted by metal-mining in Lago Junin, Peru. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 74, 175-187.
• Mason, B., Moore, C.B. (1982). Principles of Geochemistry, Fourth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, ABD.
• Minareci O., Öztürk M. (2011). Manisa İli Baraj Göllerinde Bor Kirliliğinin Araştırılması, X. Ulusal Ekoloji Ve Çevre Kongresi, 04-07 Ekim 2011, Çanakkale.
• Moiseenko, T.I., Kudryavtseva, L.P., Rodyushkin, I.V., Dauvalter, V.A., Lukin, A.A., Kashulin, N.A. (1995). Airborne contamination by heavy metals and aluminum in the freshwater ecosystems of the Kola Subarctic region (Russia). Science of The Total Environment, 160-161, 715-727.
• Moncur M. C., Ptacek C. J., Blowes. D. W. (2015). The Occurrence and Implications of Efflorescent Sulfate Minerals At the Former Sherritt–Gordon Zn–Cu Mine, Sherridon, Manitoba, Canada. The Canadian Mineralogist, 53, 961-977.
• Oberholster, P.J., Myburgh, J.G., Ashton, P.J., Botha, A.M. (2010). Responses of phytoplankton upon exposure to a mixture of acid mine drainage and high levels of nutrient pollution in Lake Loskop, South Africa. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73(3), 326-335.
• Ozdemir, C., Karatas, M., Dursun, S., Argun, M.E., Dogan, S. (2005). Effect of MnSO4 on the Chromium Removal from the Leather Industry Wastewater. Environmental Technology, 26, 4, 397-400.
• Öztürk, İ. (2015) Katı atık yönetimi ve AB uyumlu uygulamaları. İSTAÇ Teknik Kitaplar Serisi #2, İstanbul, Türkiye.
• Pawlik-Skowrońska, B. (2003). Resistance, accumulation and allocation of zinc in two ecotypes of the green alga Stigeoclonium tenue Kütz coming from habitats of different heavy metal concentrations. Aquatic Botany, 75, 3, 189-198.
• Pokrovsky, O.S., Shirokova, L.S. (2013). Diurnal variations of dissolved and colloidal organic carbon and trace metals in a boreal lake during summer bloom. Water Research, 47(2), 922-932.
• Praspaliauskas, M., Pedišius, N. (2017). A review of sludge characteristics in Lithuania's wastewater treatment plants and perspectives of its usage in thermal processes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 899-907.
• Ra, K., Bang, J.H., Lee, J.M., Kim, K.T., Kim, E.S. (2011). The extent and historical trend of metal pollution recorded in core sediments from the artificial Lake Shihwa, Korea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62,1814–1821. Radwan, S., Kowalik, W., Kowalczyk, C. (1990). Occurrence of heavy metals in water, phytoplankton and zooplankton of a mesotrophic lake in eastern Poland. Science of The Total Environment, 96(1-2), 115-120.
• Ragnarsdottir, K.V., Gislason, S. (1994). Heavy metal pollution from volcanic gases. In: American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco. American Geophysical Union Transactions (EOS), 75, 44, 717-717.
• Rahman, M.A., Hasegawa, H. ( 2012). Arsenic in freshwater systems: Influence of eutrophication on occurrence, distribution, speciation, and bioaccumulation. Applied Geochemistry, 27, 304-314.
• Razavi, N.R., Arts, M.T., Qu, M., Jin, B., Ren, W., Wang, Y., Campbell, L.M. (2014). Effect of eutrophication on mercury, selenium, and essential fatty acids in Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) from reservoirs of eastern China. Science of the Total Environment, 499, 36-46.
• Reddy, K.R., Xie, T., Dastgheibi, S. (2014). Removal of heavy metals from urban stormwater runoff using different filter materials, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2(1), 282-292.
• Reynolds, G.L., Hamilton-Taylor, J. (1992). The role of planktonic algae in the cycling of Zn and Cu in a productive soft-water lake. Limnology and oceanography, 37(8), 1759-1769.
• Rowan, J.S., Black, S., Franks, S.W. (2012). Sediment fingerprinting as an environmental forensics tool explaining cyanobacteria blooms in lakes. Applied Geography, 32(2), 832-843.
• Samecka-Cymerman A., Kempers, A.J. (2001). Concentrations of heavy metals and plant nutrients in water, sediments and aquatic macrophytes of anthropogenic lakes (former open cut brown coal mines) differing in stage of acidification. Science of Total Environment, 281(1-3), 87-98.
• Sarmiento, A.M., Olías, M., Nieto, J.M., Cánovas, C.R., Delgado, J. (2009). Natural attenuation processes in two water reservoirs receiving acid mine drainage. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 2051-2062.
• Shipp, W.G., Zierenberg, R.A. (2008). Pathways of acid mine drainage to Clear Lake: implications for mercury cycling, Ecological Application, 18(8), A29-54.
• Shuchun, Y., Bin, X. (2010). Nutrients and heavy metals in multi-cores from Zhushan Bay at Taihu Lake, the largest shallow lake in the Yangtze Delta, China. Quaternary International, 226(1-2), 23-28.
• Siegel B., Siegel S. (1978). Mercury emission in Hawaii: Aerometric study of the Kalalua eruption of 1977. Environment Science Technology, 12, 1036-1039.
• Sigg, L., Kuhn, A., Xue, H., Kiefer, E. and Kistler, D. (1995). Cycles of Trace Elements (Copper and Zinc) in a Eutrophic Lake. Advances in Chemistry, 244, 177-194.
• Simate, G.S., Ndlovu, S. (2014). Acid mine drainage: Challenges and opportunities, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2(3), 1785-1803.
• Sisman, I., Imamoglu, M., Aydin A.O. (2002). Determination of heavy metals in roadside soil from Sapanca area highway, Turkey, International Journal of Environmental and Pollution, 17, 306-311.
• Şahinci, A. (1991). Doğal Suların Jeokimyası, Reform Matbaası, İzmir.
• Şener, Ş., Şener, E. (2015). Kovada Gölü (Isparta) Dip Sedimanlarında Ağır Metal Dağılımı ve Kirliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(2), 86-96.
• Şengörür, B., Demirel, A. (2002). Akgöl'de ( Gölkent -Sakarya) Ötrofikasyon Ve Su Kalite Sınıfının Belirlenmesi. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(3), 1-8.
• Tang, W., Shan, B., Zhang, H., Mao, Z. (2010). Heavy metal sources and associated risk in response to agricultural intensification in the estuarine sediments of Chaohu Lake Valley, East China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 176(1-3), 945-951.
• Tao, Y., Yuan, Z., Xiaona, H., Wei, M. (2012). Distribution and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic organisms of different trophic levels and potential health risk assessment from Taihu lake, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 81, 55-64.
• Thevenon, F., Guédron, S., Chiaradia, M., Loizeau, J.-L., Poté, J. (2011). (Pre-) historic changes in natural and anthropogenic heavy metals deposition inferred from two contrasting Swiss Alpine lakes. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30(1-2), 224-233.
• Uzun A., Keleş R., Bal İ. (2014). Sapanca Gölü İçme Suyu Havzasında Otoyol ve Demiryolundan Kaynaklanan Kirliliğin Yağmur SUYU Sulak Alan Metoduyla Giderilmesi, Academic Platform Journal of Engineering and Science, 2(1), 9-15.
• Ünlü, A., Çoban F., Tunç, M.S. (2008). Hazar Gölü Su Kalitesinin Fiziksel ve İnorganikkimyasal Parametreler Açısından İncelenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 119-127.
• Vardanyan, L.G., Ingole, B.S. (2006). Studies on heavy metal accumulation in aquatic macrophytes from Sevan (Armenia) and Carambolim (India) lake systems. Environment International, 32(2), 208-218.
• Vasanthi A. L., Muruganandam A., Revathi P., Baskar B., Jayapriyan K., Baburajendran R., Munuswamy N. (2014). The application of histo-cytopathological biomarkers in the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) to assess heavy metal toxicity in Pulicat Lake, Chennai. Marine Pollution, 15;81(1), 85-93.
• Tünay O., Kabdaşlı N.I. (1996). Physical Chemistry, İstanbul Technical University, Printing Office of Civil Engineering Faculty, ISBN 975-561-087-1. (in Turkish).
• Wagenet, R.J., Grenney, W.J., Wooldridge, G.L., Jurinak, J.J. (1979). An atmospheric -terrestrial heavy metal transport model. I. model theory, Ecological Modelling, 6(3), 253-272.
• Webster, R.E., Dean, A.P. (2011). Pittman, J.K., Cadmium exposure and phosphorus limitation increases metal content in the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Environmental Science Technology, 45, 7489–7496.
• Weiner E.R. (2008). Applications of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry: A Practical Guide, Second Edition, Chapter 4. Behavior of Metal Species in the Natural Environment, CRC Press, ISBN: 978-0-8493-9066-1.
• Wong, C.S.C., Li, X.D., Zhang, G., Qi, S.H., Peng, X.Z. (2003). Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in the Pearl River Delta, China. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 6, 767-776.
• Wong, K.T.H. (1984). Atmospheric input of heavy metals chronicled in lake sediments of the Algonquin Provincal Park, Ontario, Canada, Chemical Geology, 44, 187-201.
• Yu, R., Wang, W. (2004). Biokinetics of cadmium, selenium, and zinc in freshwater alga Scenedesmus obliquus under different phosphorus and nitrogen conditions and metal transfer to Daphnia magna. Environmental Pollution, 129, 443–456.
• Yuan, H., Liu, E., Shen, J. (2015). The accumulation and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in microalgae from a eutrophic lake (Taihu Lake, China). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 17123–17134.
• Yuan, Y., Xiang, M., Liu, C., Theng, B.K.G. (2017). Geochemical characteristics of heavy metal contamination induced by a sudden wastewater discharge from a smelter. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 176, 33–41.
• Zaw, M., Chiswell, B. (1999). Iron and manganese dynamics in lake water. Water Research, 33, 8, 1900-1910.