Lakes of Turkey: Comprehensive Review of Lake Çıldır

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 1, 54 - 63, 09.01.2024

Özgür Eren Zariç , Abuzer Çelekli , Sidar Yaygır

https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20241353730

Öz

Lake Çıldır, situated in eastern Turkey, is one of the most noteworthy freshwater lakes in the region, distinguished for its aesthetic allure and its paramount ecological and socio-economic roles. This review thoroughly examines Lake Çıldır, beginning with an introduction that contextualizes its importance. The climatic conditions influencing the lake's dynamics, its hydrographic characteristics, and the physicochemical variables determining its water quality have been specified. Our review synthesizes findings about the lake's biological attributes, including its varied flora and fauna. Detailed sections are dedicated to the fish species, macrophytes, benthic macroinvertebrates, and phytoplankton that inhabit the lake. Using land cover data, temporal changes in the lake's environmental structure have been evaluated. The lake's trophic state and overall ecological health are critically discussed, shedding light on its current status. Furthermore, the potential and existing ecotourism practices around Lake Çıldır are explored, emphasizing its value as a tourist destination. In conclusion, the challenges faced by the lake are addressed, advocating for robust conservation and management initiatives. This comprehensive review of Lake Çıldır's complex ecosystem is a foundation for forthcoming research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ecology, Ecotourism, Environmental structure, Lake Çıldır, Land cover, Trophic state

Etik Beyan

There is no need for ethical approval for this study.

Destekleyen Kurum

Gaziantep University

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

-

Kaynakça

• Akbulut, A., & Yıldız, K. (2002). The Planktonic Diatoms of Lake Çıldır (Ardahan-Turkey). Turkish Journal of Botany, 26(2), 55-75. google scholar
• Akbulut, N. E., Bayarı, S., Akbulut, A., Özyurt, N. N., & Sahin, Y. (2022). Rivers of Turkey. In Rivers of Europe (pp. 853-882). Elsevier. https:// doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102612-0.00021-3 google scholar
• Akgül, G., & Aytaç, Z. (2008). Çıldır ve Aktaş (Ardahan) Gölleri Arasında Kalan Bölgenin Florası. The Herb Journal of Systematic Botany, 15, 37-70. google scholar
• AlgaeBase. (2023). AlgaeBase. Retrieved from https://www.algaebase. org/ (accessed 16.06.23) google scholar
• Ali, H., & Khan, E. (2019). Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in food chains/webs—Concepts and implications for wildlife and human health. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 25(6), 1353-1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1469398 google scholar
• Alkan, A., Gökcek, Ç., Akbas, U., & Alkan, N. (2016). Spatial Distributions of Heavy Metals in the Water and Sediments of Lake Çıldır, Turkey. Ekoloji, 25(98), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.5053/ekoloji.2015.23 google scholar
• Anas, M. M., & Mandrak, N. E. (2021). Drivers of native and non-native freshwater fish richness across North America: Disentangling the roles of environmental, historical and anthropogenic factors. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 30(6), 1232-1244. google scholar
• Armağan, M., Özgökçe, F., & Çelik, A. (2017). Notes on the genus Gypsophila (Caryophyllaceae) in Turkey, with a description of G. guvengorkii sp. nov. Phytotaxa, 295(3), 271-279. https://doi. org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.3.8 google scholar
• Arslan, N., & Mercan, D. (2020). The aquatic oligochaete fauna of Lake Çıldır, Ardahan-Kars, Turkey, including an updated checklist of freshwater annelids known to occur in the country. Zoosymposia, 17(1), 53-76. https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.17.1.8 google scholar
• Atalay, İ., Saydam, C., Kadir, S., & Eren, M. (2018). Pedogeomorphology (S. Kapur, E. Akça, & H. Günal (eds.); pp. 75-103). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64392-2_6 google scholar
• Aykır, D., & Fıçıcı, M. (2022). Çıldır Gölü Havzasında Erozyon Risk Analizi. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9, 38-49. https://doi.org/10.46453/jader.1144699 google scholar
• Azizoğlu, E., & Adızel, Ö. (2020). Ornithofauna of Ardahan Province (Turkey). Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(2), 711-718. https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.684942 google scholar
• Başçınar, N. S., Düzgüneş, E., Mısır, D. S., Polat, H., & Zengin, B. (2009). Growth and flesh yield of the swan mussel [Anodonta cygnea (Linnaeus, 1758)] (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in Lake Çıldır (Kars, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 9(2), 127-132. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2009.0201 google scholar
• Beck, M. W., & Hatch, L. K. (2009). A review of research on the development of lake indices of biotic integrity. Environmental Reviews, 17(NA), 2144. https://doi.org/10.1139/A09-001 google scholar
• Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F., Allen, A. P., Savage, V. M., & West, G. B. (2004). Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology, 85(7), 1771-1789. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-9000 google scholar
• Çakır, N., & Çiçek, E. (2015). Çıldır Gölü Acanthobrama microlepis (De filippi, 1863) populasyonu için bazı populasyon dinamiği parametrelerinin belirlenmesi [Master’s Thesis]. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University. google scholar
• Carlson, R. E. (1977). A trophic state index for lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 22(2), 361-369. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361 google scholar
• Çelekli, A. (2016). Guide Document of Phytoplankton Indexes. Directorate General for Water Management of the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs Republic of Turkey, Ankara. google scholar
• Çelekli, A., Kayhan, S., & Çetin, T. (2020). First assessment of lakes’ water quality in Aras River catchment (Turkey); Application of phytoplankton metrics and multivariate approach. Ecological Indicators, 117, 106706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106706 google scholar
• Çelekli, A., Yaygır, S., & Zariç, Ö. E. (2023). A review of climate change-induced migration. Acta Biologica Turcica, 36(2), 1-3. https://doi. org/10.5281/zenedo.8190755 google scholar
• Çiçek, E., & Birecikligil, S. S. (2016). Ichthyofauna of the Turkish parts of Kura-Aras River Basin. FishTaxa, 1(1), 14-26. google scholar
• Çiçek, E., Seçer, B., Sungur, S., Eagderi, S., & Bahçeci, H. (2022). Length-Weight Relationships and Condition Factors of Eight Exotic Fish Species from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Water Science and Management, 6(2), 260-274. https://doi.org/10.31807/tjwsm.1067360 google scholar
• Çimen, H., & Erginal, G. (2015). Donan Göllerin Turizm Potansiyeli: Çıldır Gölü Örneği. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi Sürdürülebilir Turizm Kongresi, 82. google scholar
• Çıldır District Governorate. (2023). Bird Observation Tower in Lake Çıldır. Retrieved from http://cildir.gov.tr/ (accessed 10.08.23) google scholar
• Crivelli, A., & Vizi, O. (1981). The Dalmatian pelican, Pelecanus crispus Bruch 1832, a recently world-endangered bird species. Biological Conservation, 20(4), 297-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(81)90016-1 google scholar
• Huys, R., Oidtmann, B., Pond, M., Goodman, H., & Clark, P. F. (2014). Invasive crayfish and their symbionts in the Greater London area: New data and the fate of Astacus leptodactylus in the Serpentine and Long Water Lakes. Ethology Ecology and Evolution, 26(2-3), 320-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2014.903433 google scholar
• Jouladeh-Roudbar, A., Ghanavi, H. R., & Doadrio, I. (2020). Ichthyofauna from iranian freshwater: Annotated checklist, diagnosis, taxonomy, distribution and conservation assessment. Zoological Studies, 59, 1-303. https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2020.59-21 google scholar
• Kalous, L., Bohlen, J., Rylkovâ, K., & Petrty, M. (2012). Hidden diversity within the Prussian carp and designation of a neotype for Carassius gibelio (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 23(1), 11-18. google scholar
• Karaoğlu, M., & Çelim, Ş. (2018). Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi ve Iğdır’ın Jeolojisi ve Toprak Özellikleri. Journal of Agriculture, 1(1), 14-26. google scholar
• Koçyiğit, A., & Önder, A. (2018). Çıldır Gölü’ndeki Kerevit (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) Avcılığının Sosyal, Yapısal Ve Ekonomik Yönden Değerlendirilmesi. International Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research, 1(3), 8-12. google scholar
• Kükrer, S., Erginal, A. E., Şeker, S., & Karabıyıkoğlu, M. (2015). Distribution and environmental risk evaluation of heavy metal in core sediments from Lake Çıldır (NE Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4685-1 google scholar
• Lahn, E. (1947). Çıldır Gölü ve Hazapin Gölünün jeolojisi hakkında (Kars ili). Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 2(1), 113-117. google scholar
• Langdon, P. G., Ruiz, Z., Wynne, S., Sayer, C. D., & Davidson, T. A. (2010). Ecological influences on larval chironomid communities in shallow lakes: Implications for palaeolimnological interpretations. Freshwater Biology, 55(3), 531-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02345.x google scholar
• Lenard, T., Ejankowski, W., & Poniewozik, M. (2018). Does an increase in water color intensity affect the lake trophic status and phytoplankton metrics. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 2018-Janua(419). https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2018035 google scholar
• Marchetto, A., Padedda, B. M., Mariani, M. A., Luglie, A., & Sechi, N. (2009). A numerical index for evaluating phytoplankton response to changes in nutrient levels in deep mediterranean reservoirs. Journal of Limnology, 68(1), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2009.106 google scholar
• Mercan, D., Arslan, N., Çamur Elipek, B., Ertorun, N., & Odabaşı, D. A. (2022). First evaluation of three lakes’ (Çıldır, Aktaş and Aygır) macrozoobentic community structure in Aras River basin (North Eastern Türkiye). Aquatic Research, 5(4), 307-318. https://doi. org/10.3153/ar22030 google scholar
• Özkoç, Ö. Ü. (2020). Kars ilinde üreyen ve geçit yapan kuş türleri. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21(2), 179-187. google scholar
• Öztürk, M., Tatlı, Â., Özçelik, H., & Behçet, L. (2015). General Characteristics of Flora and Vegetation Formations of Eastern Anatolia Region and Its Environs (Türkiye). SDU Journal of Science (E-Journal), 10(1), 23-48. google scholar
• Poniewozik, M., & Lenard, T. (2022). Phytoplankton Composition and Ecological Status of Lakes with Cyanobacteria Dominance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073832 google scholar
• POWO. (2023). Plants of the World Online (POWO). Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved from http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org (accessed 10.08.23) google scholar
• Ruppert, J. L. W., Docherty, C., Neufeld, K., Hamilton, K., MacPherson, L., & Poesch, M. S. (2017). Native freshwater species get out of the way: Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) impacts both fish and benthic invertebrate communities in North America. Royal Society Open Science, 4(10). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170400 google scholar
• Savran, A. (2021). Lathyrus karsianus [photograph]. Türkiyebitkileri. Retrieved from https://turkiyebitkileri.com/ (accessed 10.08.23) google scholar
• Sezer, B. (2022). Assessment of Ecotourism Potential in Çıldır Disrtict and its Surroundings in Ardahan Province. Necmettin Erbakan University. google scholar
• Şimşek, O. (2019). Some Geographical Observations In Çıldır And Aktaş Lakes. Belgü, 4, 103-127. google scholar
• The Fishes of North Carolina. (2023). The Fishes of North Carolina. The Fishes of North Carolina. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0042875218020157 google scholar
• Turkish State Meteorological Service. (2018). Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Turkish State Meteorological Service. google scholar
• Yerli, S. V. (1993). The assessment of fish stocks in Çıldır Lake. Aquaculture Studies, 2005(4). google scholar
• Yerli, S. V. (1997). An Investigation on The Growth Criterias of Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758 in Çıldır Lake-Ardahan. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 21(1), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0179.2996 google scholar
• Yılmaz, H., Mutlu, E., Mutlu, B., Demir, M., & Irmak, A. (2018). Çıldır Gölü’nün Rekreasyonel Turizm Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesi. International Symposium on Urbanization and Environmental Problems; Eskişehir, Turkey, 282-288. google scholar
• Zariç, Ö. E., Yeşildağ, İ., Yaygır, S., & Çelekli, A. (2022). Removal of Harmful Dyes Using Some Algae. 3rd International Congress on Plant Biology; Rize, Turkey, 1st Edition,173. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8190776 google scholar
• Zariç, Ö. E. (2023). Lake Çıldır [photograph]. google scholar
• Zengin, M., Yerli, S. V, Dağtekin, M., Ö Akpinar, İ., Ürünleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü, S., Üniversitesi, H., Bölümü, B., & Ana Bilim Dalı, H. (2012). Çıldır Gölü Balıkçılığında Son Yirmi Yılda Meydana Gelen Değişimler. Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 10-24. google scholar