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FATİH WİLLİAM VE MARŞ LORTLARININ KÖKENİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 847 - 864, 18.10.2023

Öz

İngiltere’nin Normanlar tarafından fethi veya Fatih William hakkında çok fazla çalışma bulunmaktadır ancak bu eserlerin çoğu onun askeri kahramanlıklarına odaklanmıştır. Bu çalışma da ise özellikle fetih sonrası İngiltere’nin siyasi alanı ve William’ın Galler ile sorunlara nasıl tepki verdiği olacaktır. Tarihsel literatürde Galler Marşları küçük ama önemli bir ayak izi bırakmıştır. Fatih William, Galler fethine, İngiltere ve Fransa’daki sorunlardan dolayı tam odaklanamamıştı. Ayrıca Galler’in güçlü direnişi de bu dönem de Galler fethini engellemişti. 1270’lerden 1280’lere kadar I. Edward yeni bir Galler fethi başlattı ve nihayet 1282-3’te fetih zaferle tamamlandı. Bu iki fetih arasında ve Edward’ın fethinin başarılı olmasında Marş Lortlarının oynadığı önemli rol geri planda kalmıştır. Bu çalışmanın odak noktası, Galler Marş lortlarının kökenleri ve Fatih William'ın Galler Marşını kurmasına neden olan siyasi koşulları belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca Avrupa ve Türkiye’de doğrudan Marş lortlarının kökenini konu alan bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu yüzden çalışmamız bu alanda yapılacak olan araştırmalara da öncülük eden bir araştırmadır.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, M. V. C. (1998). Three Cries in Early English History: Personalities and Politics during the Norman Conquest, the Reign of King John and Wars of the Roses. Lanham: University Press of America.
  • Barlow, F. (1988). The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042-1216. New York: Longman.
  • ………… (1965). William I and the Norman Conquest. Londra: English Universities Press.
  • Black, J. (2017). İngiltere Tarihi. (çev. Aytaç Yıldız). Ankara: Doğu-Batı Yayınları.
  • ……… (2018). Kısa İngiltere Tarihi. (çev. Ekin Duru). İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Bloch, M. (1961). Feudal Society, (çev. L. A. Manyon). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Brown, E. A. R. (1974). “The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe”. American Historical Review, 79 (4), 1063-1088.
  • Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wale and the Britons 350-1064. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Chibnall, M. (1999). The Debate on the Norman Conquest. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • ……… (2000). The Normans. Oxford: Blacwell Publishers.
  • Clanchy, M. T. (1998). England and Its Rulers 1066-1272. Malden: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Davies, R. R. (1979). “Kings, Lords and Liberties in the March of Wales, 1066-1272”. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 29, 41-61.
  • ……… (1978). Lordship and Society in the March of Wales 1282-1400. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • ……… (2000). The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063-1415. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. (ed. G. H. Martin and Ann Williams). 2003. Londra: Penguin.
  • Douglas, D. (1964). William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Edwards, J. G. (1956). The Normans and the Welsh March. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Maitland, F. W. (1987). Domesday Book and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cowdrey, H.E.J. (1969). "Bishop Ermenfrid of Sion and the Penitential Ordinance following the Battle of Hastings." The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 20 (2), 225-242.
  • Holden, B. W. (2008). Lords of the Central Marches. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Karaimamoğlu, T. – Gürsoy, S. (2021). “İngiltere’nin Yün İmparatorluğuna Dönüşme Süreci: III. Edward’ın Yün Politikası”. Gazi Osman Paşa Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16 (2), 181-188.
  • Karaimamoğlu, T.- Gümüş. T. T. (2020). “İngiliz Şövalyeliğine Dair Bazı Notlar: Dizbağı Şövalyeliği”. Orta Çağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, III (II), 356-360.
  • Karaimamoğlu, T. (2022). “Norman Fethi’nden Magna Carta’ya: İngiltere’de Kralların Ölümlerinin Siyasi Sonuçları”. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20 (3), 113-124.
  • Lieberman, M. (2010a). “The Medieval Marches of Normandy and Wales,” English Historical Review, 125 (517),1357-1381.
  • ……… (2010b). The Medieval March of Wales: The Creation and Perception of a Frontier 1066-1283. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lloyd, J. E. (1967). A History of Wales: From the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest. c. 2. Londra: Longmans.
  • Loyn, H.R. (1967). The Norman Conquest. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
  • Mann, K. (1996). “The March of Wales: A Question of Terminology”. Welsh History Review, 18 (1), 1-13.
  • Patterson, R. B. (2002). The Scriptorium of Margam Abbey and the Scribes of Early Angevin Glamorgan (Secretarial Administration in a Welsh Marcher Barony, C. 1150-1225. Londra: The Boydell Press.
  • Pease, H. (1912). The Lord Wardens of the Marches of England and Scotland. Londra: Constable and Company LTD.
  • Pugh, T.B. (1963). The Marcher Lordships of South Wales 1415-1536. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
  • Reid, R. R. (1917). “The Office of Warden of the Marches: Its Origin and Early History”. The English Historical Review, 32 (128), 479-496.
  • Reynolds, S. (1994). Fief and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Ridpath, G. (1876). The Border-History of England and Scotland. Londra: Printed for T. Cadeil.
  • Swanton, M. (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chornicle. New York: Routledge.
  • Thomas, H. M. (2008). The Norman Conquest: England After William the Conqueror. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Turvey, R. (2002). The Welsh Princes: The Native Rulers of Wales 1063-1283. Londra: Pearson.

The Origin of the Marches Lords and Willam the Conqueror

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 847 - 864, 18.10.2023

Öz

There are many Works on the Norman Conquest of England and William the conqueror. But many of them are focussed on the heroic deads of him. This study deals with the political events after the conquest and how Willam the conqueror reacted to the Welsh problem. Welsh Marches affected the British history litarature deeply. Willam I was not able to focus on the Welsh problem due to the domestic political problems and other problems with France. In addition, strong resistance of the Wales also retarded its conquest. Between the years 1270-80 AD. Edward I started a new Wales conquest process, and finally in 1282-3 the conquest of Wales was achieved. The role of Welsh Marches between these two periods and the role played by Edward I were not stressed enough. This study focusses on the origins of the Welsh Marches and the political reasons why William the Conqueror established the Welsh Marches.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, M. V. C. (1998). Three Cries in Early English History: Personalities and Politics during the Norman Conquest, the Reign of King John and Wars of the Roses. Lanham: University Press of America.
  • Barlow, F. (1988). The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042-1216. New York: Longman.
  • ………… (1965). William I and the Norman Conquest. Londra: English Universities Press.
  • Black, J. (2017). İngiltere Tarihi. (çev. Aytaç Yıldız). Ankara: Doğu-Batı Yayınları.
  • ……… (2018). Kısa İngiltere Tarihi. (çev. Ekin Duru). İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Bloch, M. (1961). Feudal Society, (çev. L. A. Manyon). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Brown, E. A. R. (1974). “The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe”. American Historical Review, 79 (4), 1063-1088.
  • Charles-Edwards, T. M. (2013). Wale and the Britons 350-1064. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Chibnall, M. (1999). The Debate on the Norman Conquest. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • ……… (2000). The Normans. Oxford: Blacwell Publishers.
  • Clanchy, M. T. (1998). England and Its Rulers 1066-1272. Malden: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Davies, R. R. (1979). “Kings, Lords and Liberties in the March of Wales, 1066-1272”. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 29, 41-61.
  • ……… (1978). Lordship and Society in the March of Wales 1282-1400. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • ……… (2000). The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063-1415. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. (ed. G. H. Martin and Ann Williams). 2003. Londra: Penguin.
  • Douglas, D. (1964). William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Edwards, J. G. (1956). The Normans and the Welsh March. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Maitland, F. W. (1987). Domesday Book and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cowdrey, H.E.J. (1969). "Bishop Ermenfrid of Sion and the Penitential Ordinance following the Battle of Hastings." The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 20 (2), 225-242.
  • Holden, B. W. (2008). Lords of the Central Marches. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Karaimamoğlu, T. – Gürsoy, S. (2021). “İngiltere’nin Yün İmparatorluğuna Dönüşme Süreci: III. Edward’ın Yün Politikası”. Gazi Osman Paşa Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16 (2), 181-188.
  • Karaimamoğlu, T.- Gümüş. T. T. (2020). “İngiliz Şövalyeliğine Dair Bazı Notlar: Dizbağı Şövalyeliği”. Orta Çağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, III (II), 356-360.
  • Karaimamoğlu, T. (2022). “Norman Fethi’nden Magna Carta’ya: İngiltere’de Kralların Ölümlerinin Siyasi Sonuçları”. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20 (3), 113-124.
  • Lieberman, M. (2010a). “The Medieval Marches of Normandy and Wales,” English Historical Review, 125 (517),1357-1381.
  • ……… (2010b). The Medieval March of Wales: The Creation and Perception of a Frontier 1066-1283. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lloyd, J. E. (1967). A History of Wales: From the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest. c. 2. Londra: Longmans.
  • Loyn, H.R. (1967). The Norman Conquest. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
  • Mann, K. (1996). “The March of Wales: A Question of Terminology”. Welsh History Review, 18 (1), 1-13.
  • Patterson, R. B. (2002). The Scriptorium of Margam Abbey and the Scribes of Early Angevin Glamorgan (Secretarial Administration in a Welsh Marcher Barony, C. 1150-1225. Londra: The Boydell Press.
  • Pease, H. (1912). The Lord Wardens of the Marches of England and Scotland. Londra: Constable and Company LTD.
  • Pugh, T.B. (1963). The Marcher Lordships of South Wales 1415-1536. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
  • Reid, R. R. (1917). “The Office of Warden of the Marches: Its Origin and Early History”. The English Historical Review, 32 (128), 479-496.
  • Reynolds, S. (1994). Fief and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Ridpath, G. (1876). The Border-History of England and Scotland. Londra: Printed for T. Cadeil.
  • Swanton, M. (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chornicle. New York: Routledge.
  • Thomas, H. M. (2008). The Norman Conquest: England After William the Conqueror. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Turvey, R. (2002). The Welsh Princes: The Native Rulers of Wales 1063-1283. Londra: Pearson.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Sultan Gürsoy 0000-0002-7689-0121

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Gürsoy, S. (2023). FATİH WİLLİAM VE MARŞ LORTLARININ KÖKENİ. Avrasya Sosyal Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(4), 847-864.