ELİT DÜZEY KAYAKLI KOŞUCULARDA BİR YILLIK ANTRENMAN PERİYODUNUN BAZI VÜCUT KOMPOZİSYONLARI VE VO2 MAX DEĞERLERİNE ETKİSİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3, 34 - 44, 24.09.2019

Kürşat Hazar , Harun Akyol

Öz

Elit düzey kayaklı koşucularda bir yıllık
antrenman periyodunun bazı vücut kompozisyonları ve VO2 MAX değerlerine
etkisinin incelenmesi amacı ile yapılan bu çalışmaya; yaş ortalamaları 17, 58 yıl, boy ortalamaları 170, 16 cm, vücut ağırlık
ortalamaları 61, 00 kg olan 12 erkek, yaş ortalamaları 16, 00 yıl, boy
ortalamaları 161, 40 cm, vücut ağırlık ortalamaları 56, 94 kg olan 5 kadın
olmak üzere toplamda 17 kayaklı koşu branşında yer alan elit düzey sporcu
gönüllü olarak katılmıştır.
Katılımcılara sırasıyla; Boy, vücut ağırlığı, vücut kompozisyonu ölçümleri ve
kardiopulmoner egzersiz testi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel
analizleri kişisel bilgisayarda SPSS 21.00 paket programında yapılmıştır. Ölçüm
sırasında elde edilen veriler anında kaydedilmiştir. Tüm verilerde aritmetik
ortalama ve standart sapmaları hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma gurubunun ön ve son
test değerlerine ait karşılaştırma analizleri parametrik testlerden Paired
Samples t test yöntemi ile yapılarak anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak
kurgulanmıştır. Yapılan istatiksel analiz sonucunda erkek katılımcıların vücut
ağırlığı, yağsız kitle, anaerobik eşikteki VO2 max, solunum eşiğindeki nabız,
solunum eşiğindeki VO2 ve solunum eşiğindeki koşu hızı parametrelerinde, kadın
sporcuların ise yağsız kitle, maksimal nabız, anaerobik eşik nabız ve anaerobik
eşikteki VO2 parametrelerine ait ön ve son test değerleri arasında anlamlı
farklılık olduğu (p<0,01, p<0,05) görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak: Elit düzey kayaklı koşu sporcularında uygulanan bir
yıllık antrenman periyodunun bazı vücut kompozisyonlarında pozitif yönde
değişime neden olduğu görülürken bazı VO2 MAX değerlerinde ise pozitif ve
negatif yönlü değişime neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Antrenörlerin çalışma
planlarını hazırlarken bu değişimleri göz önünde bulundurmalarının sportif
performans açısından önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

THE EFFECT OF ONE-YEAR
TRAINING PERIOD ON SOME BODY COMPOSITIONS AND VO2 MAX VALUES OF ELITE
CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS

ABSTRACT

In this study where the aim is to investigate
the effect of a one-year training period on some body compositions and VO2 MAX
values of elite cross-country skiers; a total of 17 elite cross-country skiers,
12 males whose mean age was 17,58 years, mean height was 170,16 cm, mean
bodyweight was 61,00 kg, 5 females whose mean age was 16,00 years, mean height
was 161,40 cm, mean bodyweight was 56,94 kg participated voluntarily. Participants were subject to height,
bodyweight, body composition measurements and cardiopulmonary exercise test,
respectively. The statistical analysis of the obtained data was done on
a personal computer using the package program SPSS 21.00. The data obtained
during the measurements were recorded immediately. Arithmetic means and
standard deviations of all data were calculated. The comparative analyses of
the pretest and posttest values of the research group were done with Paired
Samples t-test method and the significance level was found to be p<0,05.
According to the results of the conducted statistical analysis, it was seen
that there is a significant difference (p<0,01, p<0,05) between the
pretest and posttest values of the males’ bodyweight, lean body mass, VO2 max
on anaerobic threshold, pulse on the ventilatory threshold, VO2 on ventilatory
threshold, and running speed on ventilatory threshold parameters; females’ lean
body mass, maximal pulse, anaerobic threshold pulse, and VO2 on anaerobic
threshold parameters. As a result: It
was found that the one-year training period of the elite cross-country skiers
resulted in a positive change in some body compositions but caused positive and
negative changes in some VO2 MAX values. It is considered to be important that
in terms of sportive performance, the trainers should take these changes into
consideration when they are preparing their training plans.

 

Keywords:
Cross-country skier, Body composition, VO2 MAX

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kayaklı koşucu, vücut kompozisyonu

Kaynakça

• 1. Ackland T.R. (2003). Aplied Anatomy and Biomechanics in Sport. 2nd ed, Human Kinetics, UK
• 2. Amathya D. (2001). Body Composition Status of Nepalese International Athletes, National Association for Sports Health & Fitness, 1,1-7.
• 3. Andrea T, White and Stephen C, Johnson. “Physiological Aspects and Injury in Elite Alpine Skiers”. Sports
• 4. Aytek A. (2007). Body Composition of Turkish Volleyball Players, EAA Summer School eBook, 1.203-208.
• 5. Canuzakov, K., Zorba, E., Günay, M., Demırhan, B., Bayraktar, A. & Geri S., (2018). Seasonal Changes in Body Fat Ratıos of Elıte Athletes. MANAS Journal of Social Studies. Vol.: 7 No: 3
• 6. Carol, E.G., Julie, S., Mckinney, M.S., Richard, A., Carleton, M.D., “Is Aerobic Dance an Effective Alternative to Walk-Jog Exercise Training” The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 32(2), pp. 136-141, 1992.
• 7. Eston R, Rilly T. (2004). Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual, Volume 1: Anthropometry, Routledge Landon and New York, USA.
• 8. Gaskill, S.E., Serfass, R.C., Rundell, K.W. (1999). ” Upper Body Power Comparison Between Groups of Cross-Country Skiers and Runners”, International JournalSports Medicine. 20: 290-294
• 9. Gil S, Gil J, Ruis F, Irazusta A, Irazusta J. (2007). Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of young soccer players according to their playing position: relevance for the selection process. J Strength Cond Res. 21(2):238-240.
• 10. holmberg HC, Rosdahl H, SvedenhagJ. Lung function, arterial saturationand oxygen uptake in elite crosscountry skiers: influence of exercisemode. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007,17(4): 437–444.
• 11. Ingjer, F. (1991). Maximal oxygen uptake as a predictor of performance ability in women and men elite cross‐country skiers. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 1(1), 25-30.
• 12. MacLennan, A. H., Wilson, D. H., & Taylor, A. W. (2002). The escalating cost and prevalence of alternative medicine. Preventive medicine, 35(2), 166-173.
• 13. Millet, G.Y., Hoffman, M.D. (1998). “Poling Forces During Roller Skiing: Effects ofGrade”,Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 30: 1637-1644
• 14. Ng, A. V., Demment, R. B., Bassett, D. R., Bussan, M. J., Clark, R. R., Kuta, J. M., & Schauer, J. E. (1988). Characteristics and performance of male citizen cross-country ski racers. International journal of sports medicine, 9(03), 205-209
• 15. Nindl, B.C., Harman, E.A., Marx, J.O., Gotshalk, L.A., “Regional Body Composition Changes in Women After 6 Months of Periodized Physical Training”, Journal of Applied Physiology, 88(6), pp. 2251-2259, 2000.
• 16. Osterås, S., Welde, B., Danielsen, J., Van den Tillaar, R., Ettema, G., & Sandbakk, . (2016). Contribution of upper-body strength, body composition, and maximal oxygen uptake to predict double poling power and overall performance in female cross-country skiers. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(9), 2557-2564.
• 17. Rusko, H. (1987). The effect of training on aerobic power characteristics of young cross‐country skiers. Journal of sports sciences, 5(3), 273-286.
• 18. Sandbakk, O., & Holmberg, HC., (2014). A Reappraisal of Success Factors For Olympic Cross-Country Skiing. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 9(1), 117-121.
• 19. Sandbakk, O., Holmberg, H. C., Leirdal, S., Ettema, G. (2010). “The Physiology ofWorld Class Sprint Skiers “, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports.Baskıdan onceki (Eraly Wiev)formatı, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01117.x
• 20. Stoggl, T., Lindinger, S. et al. (2007). “Analysis of a Simulated Sprint Competition inClassical Cross Country Skiing”, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 17(4): 362-372.
• 21. Stoggl. T., Stoggl J., Muller, E. (2009). “Competition Analysis of the Last Decade(1996-2008) iCross Country Skiing”, Science and Skiing IV. İcinde: Lindinger S.,Muller, E., Stoggl, T. Austria, Meyer&Meyer Sport (UK) Ltd. 657-677.
• 22. Tonnessen E, Sylta O, Haugen TA,Hem E, Svendsen IS, Seiler S. Theroad to gold: training and peakingcharacteristics in the year prior to agold medal endurance performance.PLoS ONE 2014: 9(7): e101796
• 23. Tønnessen, E., Haugen, T. A., Hem, E., Leirstein, S., & Seiler, S. (2015). Maximal aerobic capacity in the winter-Olympics endurance disciplines: Olympic-medal benchmarks for the time period 1990–2013. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 10(7), 835-839