OPEC Üyesi Orta Doğu Ülkelerinde CO2 Emisyonu, Enerji Tüketimi ve Ticari Açıklık: Panel ARDL Yaklaşımı

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 83 - 102, 15.01.2021

Gizem Akbulut Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.16951/atauniiibd.737957

Cited By: 1

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı 6 Orta doğu OPEC ülkesinde (İran, Irak, Katar, Suudi Arabistan, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Kuveyt) karbondioksit emisyonu (CO2), enerji tüketimi ve ticari açıklık arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla CO2 emisyonunun, enerji tüketiminin ve ticari açıklığın hem uzun dönem hem de kısa dönem etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada 2003-2014 dönemine ait panel veriler kullanılmıştır. Analizde Panel ARDL-Havuzlanmış Ortalama Grup (PMG) tahmincisi kullanılmıştır. Ardından değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi Panel Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli (VECM) ile test edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucuna göre i) enerji tüketimi katsayısı sadece uzun dönemde istatiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif, ticari açıklık katsayısı ise uzun dönemde istatiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif iken kısa dönemde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif olarak tespit edilmiştir, ii) Kısa dönem nedensellik analizine göre ise sadece enerji tüketiminden CO2 emisyonuna tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Uzun dönemde ise CO2 emisyonundan ticari açıklık ve enerji tüketimine tek yönlü, enerji tüketimi ile ticari açıklık arasında ise çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CO2 Emisyonu, Enerji Tüketimi, Ticari Açıklık, OPEC

Kaynakça

• AKIN, C. S. (2014). The Impact Of Foreign Trade, Energy Consumption And Income On CO2 Emissions. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4(3), 465-475. ALI, H. S., LAW, S. H., & ZANNAH, T. I. (2016). Dynamic Impact Of Urbanization, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, And Trade Openness On CO2 Emissions In Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(12), 12435-12443. AL-MULALI, U. (2012). Factors Affecting CO2 Emission In The Middle East: A Panel Data Analysis. Energy, 44(1), 564-569. ATTİAOUI, I., TOUMI, H., AMMOURI, B., & GARGOURI, I. (2017). Causality Links Among Renewable Energy Consumption, CO 2 Emissions, And Economic Growth In Africa: Evidence From A Panel ARDL-PMG Approach. Environmental science and pollution research, 24(14), 13036-13048. BASHIR, F., REHMAN, H., CHAUDHRY, I. S., & BAKAR, A. (2016). A Panel Data Analysis of Energy Consumption and Trade Openness In Developing Countries. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS), 36(1). BEŞER, M. K., & HIZARCI BEŞER, B. (2017). The Relationship Between Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions And GDP Per Capita: A Revisit Of The Evidence From Turkey. Alphanumeric Journal, 5(3), 353-368. BİLGİLİ, F., KOÇAK, E., & BULUT, Ü. (2016). The Dynamic Impact Of Renewable Energy Consumption On CO2 Emissions: A Revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845. DREZNER, D. W. (2006). The Race To The Bottom Hypothesis: An Empirical And Theoretical Review. The Fletcher School, Tufts University. EIA (2017), International Energy Outlook. EIA (2019), Global Energy & CO2 Status Report 2019: The Latest Trends In Energy And Emissions In 2018, https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-co2-status-report-2019 ERDEM, E., GULOGLU, B., & NAZLIOGLU, S. (2010). The Macroeconomy And Turkish Agricultural Trade Balance With The EU Countries: Panel ARDL Analysis. Journal of Economic & Management Perspectives, 4(1), 371. ERTUGRUL, H. M., CETİN, M., SEKER, F., & DOGAN, E. (2016). The Impact Of Trade Openness On Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Evidence From The Top Ten Emitters Among Developing Countries. Ecological Indicators, 67, 543-555. FARHANI, S., SHAHBAZ, M., & AROURI, M. E. H. (2013). Panel Analysis of CO2 Emissions, GDP, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness And Urbanization For MENA Countries, MPRA Paper No. 49258. FRANKEL, J. A., & ROSE, A. K. (2005). Is Trade Good Or Bad For The Environment? Sorting Out The Causality. Review of economics and statistics, 87(1), 85-91. GHOUALI, Z. Y., BELMOKADDEM, M., SAHRAOUI, M. A., & GUELLIL, M. S. (2015). Factors Affecting CO2 Emissions In The BRICS Countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 114-125. IM, K. S., PESARAN, M. H., & SHIN, Y. (2003). Testing For Unit Roots In Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74. INGLESI-LOTZ, R., & DOGAN, E. (2018). The Role Of Renewable Versus Non-Renewable Energy To The Level Of CO2 Emissions A Panel Analysis Of Sub-Saharan Africa’s Βig 10 Electricity Generators. Renewable Energy, 123, 36-43. JAYANTHAKUMARAN, K., VERMA, R., & LIU, Y. (2012). CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Trade And Income: A Comparative Analysis Of China And India. Energy Policy, 42, 450-460. KASMAN, A., & DUMAN, Y. S. (2015). CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Trade And Urbanization In New EU Member And Candidate Countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Economic modelling, 44, 97-103. KIM, D. H., SUEN, Y. B., & LIN, S. C. (2019). Carbon Dioxide Emissions And Trade: Evidence From Disaggregate Trade Data. Energy Economics, 78, 13-28. LEVİN, A., LİN, C. F., & CHU, C. S. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests In Panel Data: Asymptotic And Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24. LV, Z., & XU, T. (2019). Trade Openness, Urbanization And CO2 Emissions: Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Of Middle-Income Countries. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 28(3), 317-330. MANAGİ, S., HİBİKİ, A., & TSURUMİ, T. (2009). Does Trade Openness Improve Environmental Quality?. Journal of Environmental Economics And Management, 58(3), 346-363. OPEC (2019), OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin, https://asb.opec.org/index.php/foreword OPEC( 2020), https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 22.02.2020 PAUL, S., & BHATTACHARYA, R. N. (2004). CO2 Emission From Energy Use In India: A Decomposition Analysis. Energy Policy, 32(5), 585-593. SABOORİ, B., & SULAİMAN, J. (2013). CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption And Economic Growth In Association Of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Countries: A Cointegration Approach. Energy, 55, 813-822. SHAFİEİ, S., & SALİM, R. A. (2014). Non-Renewable And Renewable Energy Consumption And CO2 Emissions In OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Energy Policy, 66, 547-556. SHAHBAZ, M., NASREEN, S., AHMED, K., & HAMMOUDEH, S. (2017). Trade Openness–Carbon Emissions Nexus: The Importance Of Turning Points Of Trade Openness For Country Panels. Energy Economics, 61, 221-232. SHARMA, S. S. (2011). Determinants Of Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Empirical Evidence From 69 Countries. Applied Energy, 88(1), 376-382. SİKDAR, C., & MUKHOPADHYAY, K. (2018). The Nexus Between Carbon Emission, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth And Changing Economic Structure In India: A Multivariate Cointegration Approach. The Journal of Developing Areas, 52(4), 67-83. SUPERSBERGER, N., TÄNZLER, D., FRİTZSCHE, K., SCHÜWER, D., & VALLENTİN, D. (2009). Energy Systems In OPEC Countries Of The Middle East And North Africa: System Analytic Comparison Of Nuclear Power, Renewable Energies And Energy Efficiency, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Berlin. WORLD BANK (2020), World Development Indicators. WORLDOMETERS (2020), https://www.worldometers.info/co2-emissions, Erişim Tarihi:20.02.2020. YU, C., NATALİİA, D., YOO, S. J., & HWANG, Y. S. (2019). Does Trade Openness Convey A Positive Impact For The Environmental Quality? Evidence From A Panel Of CIS Countries. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 60(3), 333-356. ZAİDİ, S., & SAİDİ, K. (2018). Environmental Pollution, Health Expenditure And Economic Growth In The Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: Panel ARDL Approach. Sustainable Cities And Society, 41, 833-840. ZAFAR, M. W., MİRZA, F. M., ZAİDİ, S. A. H., & HOU, F. (2019). The Nexus Of Renewable And Nonrenewable Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, And CO 2 Emissions In The Framework Of EKC: Evidence From Emerging Economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15162-15173. ZHANG, S., LİU, X., & BAE, J. (2017). Does Trade Openness Affect CO2 Emissions: Evidence From Ten Newly İndustrialized Countries?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(21), 17616-17625.