Wage differentials between temporary and permanent workers in Turkey
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1, 115 - 124, 31.01.2022
Selçuk Gemicioğlu
,
Hasan Şahin
Öz
Temporary employment has been a type of employment that is generally preferred by employers and sometimes workers due to some of the advantages it provides in both developed and developing countries, but it is often associated with low wages. The aim of this study is to investigate the wage gap between temporary and permanent jobs in the Turkish labor market in the context of gender. Analyzes are carried out with the quantile regression using the data obtained from the 2018 Household Labor Force Survey conducted by Turkish Statistical Institute. The findings showed that the wages of those employed in temporary jobs were lower than those employed in permanent jobs for both men and women. These wage penalties created by temporary employment were felt more at the bottom of the wage distribution. Accordingly, there is a sticky floor effect in the Turkish labor market for both men and women, and the sticky floor effect is greater for women compared to men.
Kaynakça
- Bentolila, S. and Dolado, J. J. (1994). Labour Flexibility and Wages: Lessons from Spain. Economic Policy, 9(18), 53-99.
- Booth, A. L., Francesconi, M. and Frank, J. (2002). Labour as a Buffer: Do Temporary Workers Suffer?. Available At SSRN 372479.
- Bosio, G. (2014). The Implications of Temporary Jobs on the Distribution of Wages in I taly: An Unconditional IVQTE Approach. Labour, 28(1), 64-86.
- Choi, Y. (2020). Temporary-Permanent Contracts’ Wage Gap Across the Wage Distribution in South Korea: Using Unconditional Quantile Regression with Individual Fixed-Effects. Quarterly Journal of Labor Policy, 20(1), pp.1-28.
- Comi, S. and Grasseni, M. (2012). Are Temporary Workers Discriminated Against? Evidence from Europe. The Manchester School, 80(1), 28-50.
- Doeringer, P. and Piore, M. (1971). Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis. Lexington, Heath.
- Duman, A. (2019). Wage Penalty for Temporary Workers in Turkey: Evidence from Quantile Regressions. The Developing Economies, 57(4), 283-310.
- Guell, M. (2000). Fixed-Term Contracts and Unemployment: An Efficiency Wage Analysis. Industrial Relations Section Working Paper, (433).
- Heckman, J. J. (1979). Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 153-161.
- ILO (2021). What is Temporary Employment? 20.05.2021 tarihinde https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/non-standard-employment/WCMS_534826/lang--en/index.htm adresinden alındı.
- Koenker, R. (2005). Quantile Regression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Koenker, R. and Bassett Jr, G. (1978). Regression Quantiles. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 33-50.
- Lass, I. and Wooden, M. (2019). The Structure of The Wage Gap for Temporary Workers: Evidence from Australian Panel Data. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 57(3), 453-478.
- Le, T.T.L. and Nguyen-Huu, T. T. (2016). Wage Differentials between Temporary and Permanent Workers in Developing Asian Countries.
- Picchio, M. (2006). Wage Differentials between Temporary and Permanent Workers in Italy. Ancona: Università Politecnica delle Marche.
- Rosen, S. (1986) The Theory of Equalizing Differences, in Handbook of Labor Economics, ed. by Orley Ashenfelter and Richard Layard. Amsterdam: North Holland, 641-692.
- Rebitzer, J. B. and Taylor, L. J. (1991). A Model of Dual Labor Markets When Product Demand is Uncertain. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 1373-1383.
- Tansel, A., Dalgıç, B. and Güven, A. (2019). Wage Inequality and Wage Mobility in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 142(1), 107-129.
- TÜİK (2018). Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması.
Türkiye’de geçici ve kalıcı işlerde çalışanlar arasındaki ücret farklılıkları
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1, 115 - 124, 31.01.2022
Selçuk Gemicioğlu
,
Hasan Şahin
Öz
Geçici istihdam hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sağlamış olduğu bazı avantajlardan ötürü genelde işverenler bazen de işçiler tarafından tercih edilen bir istihdam türü olmuş fakat çoğu zaman düşük ücretlerle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı cinsiyet bağlamında Türkiye işgücü piyasasında geçici ve kalıcı işlerde çalışanlar arasındaki ücret farklılıklarını araştırmaktır. Analizler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından derlenen 2018 yılı Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırmasından elde edilen veriler kullanılarak kantil regresyon yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre hem erkekler hem de kadınlar için kalıcı işlerde istihdam edilenlere göre geçici işlerde istihdam edilenlerin ücretlerinin daha düşük olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Geçici istihdamın yaratmış olduğu bu ücret cezalandırmalarının ücret dağılımın en alt kademesinde daha fazla hissedildiği görülmüştür. Bu doğrultuda hem erkekler hem de kadınlar için Türkiye işgücü piyasasında yapışkan zemin etkisine ulaşılmış ve erkeklere kıyasla kadınlar için yapışkan zemin etkisinin daha büyük olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Bentolila, S. and Dolado, J. J. (1994). Labour Flexibility and Wages: Lessons from Spain. Economic Policy, 9(18), 53-99.
- Booth, A. L., Francesconi, M. and Frank, J. (2002). Labour as a Buffer: Do Temporary Workers Suffer?. Available At SSRN 372479.
- Bosio, G. (2014). The Implications of Temporary Jobs on the Distribution of Wages in I taly: An Unconditional IVQTE Approach. Labour, 28(1), 64-86.
- Choi, Y. (2020). Temporary-Permanent Contracts’ Wage Gap Across the Wage Distribution in South Korea: Using Unconditional Quantile Regression with Individual Fixed-Effects. Quarterly Journal of Labor Policy, 20(1), pp.1-28.
- Comi, S. and Grasseni, M. (2012). Are Temporary Workers Discriminated Against? Evidence from Europe. The Manchester School, 80(1), 28-50.
- Doeringer, P. and Piore, M. (1971). Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis. Lexington, Heath.
- Duman, A. (2019). Wage Penalty for Temporary Workers in Turkey: Evidence from Quantile Regressions. The Developing Economies, 57(4), 283-310.
- Guell, M. (2000). Fixed-Term Contracts and Unemployment: An Efficiency Wage Analysis. Industrial Relations Section Working Paper, (433).
- Heckman, J. J. (1979). Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 153-161.
- ILO (2021). What is Temporary Employment? 20.05.2021 tarihinde https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/non-standard-employment/WCMS_534826/lang--en/index.htm adresinden alındı.
- Koenker, R. (2005). Quantile Regression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Koenker, R. and Bassett Jr, G. (1978). Regression Quantiles. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 33-50.
- Lass, I. and Wooden, M. (2019). The Structure of The Wage Gap for Temporary Workers: Evidence from Australian Panel Data. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 57(3), 453-478.
- Le, T.T.L. and Nguyen-Huu, T. T. (2016). Wage Differentials between Temporary and Permanent Workers in Developing Asian Countries.
- Picchio, M. (2006). Wage Differentials between Temporary and Permanent Workers in Italy. Ancona: Università Politecnica delle Marche.
- Rosen, S. (1986) The Theory of Equalizing Differences, in Handbook of Labor Economics, ed. by Orley Ashenfelter and Richard Layard. Amsterdam: North Holland, 641-692.
- Rebitzer, J. B. and Taylor, L. J. (1991). A Model of Dual Labor Markets When Product Demand is Uncertain. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 1373-1383.
- Tansel, A., Dalgıç, B. and Güven, A. (2019). Wage Inequality and Wage Mobility in Turkey. Social Indicators Research, 142(1), 107-129.
- TÜİK (2018). Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması.