Batarya Tedarikçileri ile Elektrikli Araç Üreticileri Arasındaki Şirketler Arası İlişkiler: Bir Ağ Analizi

Year 2020, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 527 - 551, 21.06.2020

Ayfer Ustabaş , Ayşe Döner

Abstract

Küresel otomotiv endüstrisi, elektrikli ulaşıma geçişte önemli bir dönüşümün eşiğinde. Bu geçiş sadece otomobil tedarik zincirini değil, aynı zamanda batarya üretimini de etkilemektedir, çünkü batarya elektrikli otomobillerin üretiminin önemli bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle, çeşitli üreticiler ve ülkeler bu konuda sadece yarışmakla kalmıyor, aynı zamanda batarya üretimi konusundaki teknoloji yarışının önünde olmak ve dolayısıyla ekonomik rekabetçiliklerini ve inovasyon kabiliyetlerini geliştirmek için işbirliği yapıyor. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1997-2019 dönemi için ağ analizini kullanarak, batarya tedarikçileri ile elektrikli otomobil üreticileri arasındaki ilişkiler yoluyla elektrikli araç (EV) batarya imalat sanayinin gelişimini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın bir diğer amacı da bu şirketler arası ilişkilerin, EV batarya üretim endüstrisinin ana aktörlerinin belirlenmesindeki rolünü incelemektir. Çalışma, elektrikli araçlar bağlamında yüksek düzeyde yenilik gerektiren batarya imalatına ve otomobil endüstrisine ait endüstriyel aktörlerin geleceğini öngörmek açısından önem taşımaktadır.

Keywords

Ağ analizi, Sanayi İktisadı, elektrikli araçlar, batarya üretimi, inovasyon ekonomisi

Inter-firm Relations Between Battery Suppliers and Electrical Vehicles Manufacturers: A Network Analysis

Abstract

Global automotive industry is on the verge of a significant transformation into the transition to electrified transportation. This transition affects not only the automobile supply chain but also the battery manufacturing because batteries constitute an important part of electrical cars’ production. Therefore, various manufacturers and countries are not only racing but also collaborating for battery manufacturing to be ahead of the technology race and hence improve their economic competitiveness and innovation capability. The aim of the study is to reveal the evolution of electrical vehicle battery manufacturing industry through the relationships between battery suppliers and electrical auto-makers by using the network analysis for 1997-2019 period. Another aim of the study is to investigate the role of these inter-firm relationships on determining the main actors of the electrical vehicle battery manufacturing industry. The study may have important implications to foresee the future of industrial actors belonging to battery manufacturing and automobile industry requiring both high level of innovation in the context of electrical vehicles

Keywords

Network analysis, industrial economics

References

• Abbott, J.P. (2003) Developmentalism and Dependency in Southeast Asia, The case of the automotive industry, RoutledgeCurzon, Taylor and Francis Group.
• Ahuja, G. (2000) “Collaboration networks, structural holes, and innovation: A longitudinal study”, Administrative science quarterly, 45(3), pp. 425-455
• Bellamy, M. A., and Basole, R. C. (2013) “Network analysis of supply chain systems: A systematic review and future research”, Systems Engineering, 16(2), pp. 235-249.
• Berylls Strategy Advisors. (2018) Battery Production Today And Tomorrow Report.
• Bloomberg New Energy Finance. (2018) Electric Vehicle Outlook 2018. Retrieved from: https://about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook/.
• Borgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G. and Freeman, L.C. (2002) Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
• Borgatti, S. P., and Li, X. (2009) “On social network analysis in a supply chain context”, Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45(2), pp. 5-22.
• Borgatti, S.P., Mehra, A., Brass D.J., Labianca, G. (2009) “Network Analysis in the Social Sciences”, Science, 323, pp. 892-895
• Burt, R.S. (1992) Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
• Choi, T. Y., and Hong, Y. (2002) “Unveiling the structure of supply networks: case studies in Honda, Acura, and DaimlerChrysler”, Journal of Operations Management, 20(5), pp. 469-493.
• Chung, D., Elgqvist, E., and Santhanagopalan, S. (2015) Automotive Lithium-ion Battery (LIB) Supply Chain and United States Competitiveness Considerations.
• Dicken, P. (2015) Global Shift, Mapping the Changing Contours of World Economy. The Guilford Press, 7th ed., New York.
• Freeman, L. C. (1978) Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification. Social networks, 1(3), pp. 215-239.
• Global EV Outlook 2019. (2019) ElectricVehicleBoom: ICE-ingThe Combustion Engine.
• Goldman Sachs. (2017) ElectricVehicleBoom: ICE-ingThe Combustion Engine. The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.
• Hobday, M., (2000) “The project-based organisation: an ideal form for managing complex products and systems?”, Research Policy, 29(7), pp. 871–894.
• Hobday, M., Davies, A. and Prencipe, A., (2005) Systems integration: a core capability of the modern corporation. Industrial and Corporate Change, 14(6), pp. 1109-1143.
• Horowitz, J., and Coffin, D. “The Supply Chain for Electric Vehicle Batteries”, United States International Trade Commission Journal of International Commerce and Economics. [online] https://www.usitc.gov/journals (Accessed 15 December 2019).
• Jarillo, J.C., (1988) On strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, 9(1), pp. 31-41.
• Kim, Y., Choi, T. Y., Yan, T., and Dooley, K. (2011) “Structural investigation of supply networks: A social network analysis approach”, Journal of Operations Management, 29(3), pp. 194-211.
• Lau, A. K., Kajikawa, Y., and Sharif, N. (2019) “The roles of supply network centralities in firm performance and the moderating effects of reputation and export-orientation”, Production Planning & Control, pp. 1-18.
• Madhavan, R., Koka, B. R., and Prescott, J. E. (1998) “Networks in transition: How industry events (re) shape inter-firm relationships”, Strategic management journal, 19(5), pp. 439-459.
• Monden, Yasuhiro. (2018) Economics of Incentives for Inter-firm Innovation, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore.
• Nikkei Asian Review (2019), [online] https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cover-Story/Battery-wars-Japan-and-South-Korea-battle-China-for-future-of-EVs (Accessed 14 November 2019).
• Nikkei Asian Review (2019), [online] https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Tokyo-s-utility-poles-to-serve-as-EV-chargers?utm_campaign=RN%20Free%20newsletter&utm_medium= JP%20update%20 newsletter%20free&utm_source=NAR%20Newsletter&utm_content=article %20link (Accessed 11 June 2019).
• Prencipe, A., (2005) Corporate strategy and systems integration capabilities: managing networks in complex systems industries. In A. Prencipe, A. Davies, and M. Hobday, eds. The business of systems integration. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 114–132.
• Provan, K. G., Fish, A., and Sydow, J. (2007) “Inter-organizational networks at the network level: A review of the empirical literature on whole networks”, Journal of management, 33(3), pp. 479-516.
• Xiao, Z., and Tsui, A. S. (2007) “When brokers may not work: The cultural contingency of social capital in Chinese high-tech firms”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(1), pp. 1-31.
• Wasserman, S. and Faust, K. (1994) Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Zelenko, M. (2018) The Verge, Part of Battey Issue, “The US is losing the high-stakes global battery war”, [online]https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/13/17675708/great-battery-war-steve-levine-powerhouse-book-interview (Accessed 13 August 2019)
• Web sites
• Automotive World. [online] https://www.automotiveworld.com/articles/96413-china-kandi-details-hangzhou-ev-supply-contract/ (Accessed 10 August 2019).
• Autonews. [online] https://www.autonews.com/article/20170703/OEM10/170709941/honda-hitachi-formalize-jv-for-ev-motors (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Autovista. [online] https://www.autovistagroup.com/news-and-insights/solid-state-battery-electric-vehicles-could-be-available-2025 (Accessed 13 June 2019).
• Bloomberg. [online] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-04-16/the-world-s-biggest-electric-vehicle-company-looks-nothing-like-tesla (Accessed 22 November 2019).
• Bloomberg. [online] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-27/vw-to-reshuffle-56-billion-battery-push-as-samsung-deal-at-risk (Accessed 23 November 2019).
• BMW Blog (2019) [online] https://www.bmwblog.com/2019/06/13/volkswagen-joins-bmw-invests-in-swedens-northvolt-battery-plant/ (Accessed 22 September 2019).
• Business Korea. [online] http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=32962 (Accessed 12 September 2019).
• Cleantechnica. [online] https://cleantechnica.com/2018/07/10/bmw-volkswagen-to-get-ev-batteries-from-catl-factory-in-germany/ (Accessed 22 August 2019).
• CNET. [online] https://www.cnet.com/news/battery-maker-working-with-gm-on-hybrids-gets-40-million/ (Accessed 20 June 2019).
• CNET. [online] https://www.cnet.com/news/a123-systems-plugs-lithium-ion-batteries-into-power-grid/ (Accessed 21 July 2019).
• CNET. [online] https://www.cnet.com/news/think-enerdel-to-supply-electric-drive-to-japan/ (Accessed 12 August 2019).
• Continental. [online] https://www.continental.com/en/press/press-releases/2018-01-15-audi-48-volt-119096 (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Eco-business. [online] https://www.eco-business.com/news/electric-vehicle-batteries-power-korea-ahead/(Accessed 15 November 2019).
• Electrek. [online] https://electrek.co/2017/03/06/sk-innovation-expanding-battery/ (Accessed 15 May 2019).
• Electric Cars Report. [online] https://electriccarsreport.com/2011/11/toshiba-batteries-for-honda%E2%80%99s-fit-ev/ (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Electric Cars Report. [online] https://electriccarsreport.com/2014/04/electrovaya-delivers-next-gen-batteries-dongfeng-motors/ (Accessed 12 November 2019).
• Electrive. [online] https://www.electrive.com/2019/03/21/volkswagen-northvolt-form-the-european-battery-union/ (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Electrive. [online] https://www.electrive.com/2018/03/16/volkswagen-partners-up-with-korean-battery- manufacturers/ (Accessed 15 November 2019).
• Electrive. [online] https://www.electrive.com/2019/05/15/volvo-group-secures-supplier-deals-with-catl-and-lg-chem/ (Accessed 16 November 2019).
• Electrive. [online] https://www.electrive.com/2019/01/02/geely-catl-found-battery-jv-in-china/ (Accessed 17 November 2019).
• Electrive. [online] https://www.electrive.com/2019/06/08/toyota-to-ramp-up-bev-turn-to-catl-and-byd/ (Accessed 17 November 2019).
• Electrive. [online] https://www.electrive.com/2019/01/22/lishen-may-supply-cells-for-teslas-plant-in-china/ (Accessed 18 November 2019).
• Energy. [online] https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f13/arravt005_es_trumm_2013_p.pdf (Accessed 20 May 2019).
• Europe Autonews. [online] https://europe.autonews.com/article/20180629/ANE/180629753/bmw-signs-battery-order-with-china-s-catl (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Europe Autonews. [online] https://europe.autonews.com/article/20180502/ANE/180509961/daimler-to-buy-ev-battery-cells-from-chinese-upstart-catl (Accessed 11 November 2019).
• EV Wind. [online] https://www.evwind.es/2010/02/07/lg-chem-to-supply-batteries-to-changan-auto/3839 (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• EV Wind. [online] https://www.evwind.es/2010/04/28/lg-chem-to-provide-lithium-ion-batteries-to-volvo/5411 (Accessed 11 November 2019).
• EV Wind. [online] https://www.evwind.es/2010/01/07/lg-chemicals-supply-battery-to-eaton/3220 (Accessed 11 November 2019).
• Fortune. [online] https://fortune.com/2017/02/07/honda-hitachi-electric-vehicle-joint-venture/ (Accessed 15 November 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/07/eaton-selects-compact-power-lg-chem-to-supply- battery-technology-for-hybrid-power-systems-battery-ce.html (Accessed 20 September 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/06/evaya-20110614.html (Accessed 23 September 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2017/07/20170713-evaya.html (Accessed 11 November 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/11/ac-propulsion-s.html (Accessed 12 November 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/01/usabc-awards-co.html (Accessed 12 November 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/08/usabc_awards_jo.html (Accessed 15 November 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/09/usabc-awards-65.html (Accessed 16 November 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/01/sk-conti-20120110.html (Accessed 16 November 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/05/enerdel-fisker-20090508.html (Accessed 17 November 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/07/focus-cpi-20100713.html (Accessed 20 November 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2007/06/gm_awards_advan.html (Accessed 21 November 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/02/profile-li-ion.html (Accessed 22 November 2019).
• Green Car Congress. [online] https://www.greencarcongress.com/2019/04/20190411-solidpower.html (Accessed 25 November 2019).
• Green Car Reports. [online] https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1073237_battery-maker-a123-to-supply-cells-for-tata-hybrid-buses (Accessed 20 September 2019).
• Green Car Reports. [online] https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1048198_a123-spins-out-energy-storage-startup-loses-chrysler-deal (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Green Car Reports. [online] https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1033931_a123-systems-gets-249-million-government-grant-to-build-battery-factory-in-michigan (Accessed 15 November 2019).
• Green Car Reports. [online] https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1037925_lg-chem-signs-joint-venture-to-supply-hyundai-mobis-with-li-ion-batteries (Accessed 16 November 2019).
• Green Car Reports. [online] https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1085827_battery-maker-lg-chem-biggest-electric-car-winner-of-all (Accessed 17 November 2019).
• Green Car Reports. [online] https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1102176_bolt-ev-powertrain-how-did-gm-and-lg-collaborate-on-design-production (Accessed 18 November 2019).
• Green Car Reports. [online] https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1100562_2017-chevy-bolt-ev-development-gm-lg-chem-reveal-deep-partnership (Accessed 20 November 2019).
• Greentech Media. [online] https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/boston-power-to-build-batteries-for-chinese-evs-via-beijing-ev-loses-ceo#gs.p7krr1 (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Greentech Media. [online] https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/bankrupt-bought-out-ev-maker-coda-tries-energy-storage (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Greentech Media. [online] https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/energy-jobs-coda-is-bankrupt-warrior-is-new-ceo-at-nextev-plus-acore-am#gs.m0ufu0 (Accessed 15 November 2019).
• Greentech Media. [online] https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/is-the-third-time-a-charm-for-codas-energy-storage-business#gs.m0uie0 (Accessed 18 November 2019).
• Gs-Yuasa. [online] https://www.gs-yuasa.com/en/newsrelease/pdf/20090324e.pdf (Accessed 11 November 2019).
• Gs-Yuasa. [online] https://www.gs-yuasa.com/en/newsrelease/article.php?ucode=gs171113461410_446 (Accessed 12 November 2019).
• Gs-Yuasa. [online] https://www.gs-yuasa.com/en/newsrelease/pdf/20120312e.pdf (Accessed 13 November 2019).
• Hitachi. [online] http://www.hitachi.us/press/05192015 (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Hitachi. [online] http://www.hitachi.eu/sites/default/files/fields/document/press-release/_release_battery_pack_for_nissan.pdf (Accessed 15 November 2019).
• Huffpost. [online] https://www.huffpost.com/entry/chrysler-picks-a123-syste_n_183666 (Accessed 20 September 2019).
• InsideEVs. [online] https://insideevs.com/news/335303/bmw-teams-with-solid-power-for-solid-state-batteries/ (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• InsideEVs. [online] https://insideevs.com/news/324350/sk-innovation-ends-battery-joint-venture-with-continental/ (Accessed 15 November 2019).
• InsideEVs. [online] https://insideevs.com/news/324996/hyundai-commits-to-2016-launch-of-midsize-electric-car-powered-by-next-generation-lg-chem-batteries/ (Accessed 25 November 2019).
• InsideEVs. [online] https://insideevs.com/news/321787/renault-inks-battery-deal-with-lg-chem/ (Accessed 26 November 2019).
• InsideEVs. [online] https://insideevs.com/reviews/350645/2012-tesla-model-s-vs-audi-etron (Accessed 27 November 2019).
• InsideEVs. [online] https://insideevs.com/news/341186/vw-turns-to-sk-innovation-as-cell-supplier-for-us-electric-cars/ (Accessed 28 November 2019).
• InsideEVs. [online] https://insideevs.com/news/320573/full-details-released-on-2015-kia-soul-evs-advanced-battery/ (Accessed 30 November 2019).
• Investors. [online] https://www.investors.com/news/general-motors-honda-electric-car-batteries-gm-tesla-rivalry/ (Accessed 20 November 2019).
• Korea Times. [online] http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2019/06/419_269888.html (Accessed 30 November 2019).
• LG Chem. [online] https://www.lgchem.com/global/vehicle-battery/car-batteries-Different/product-detail-PDEB0002 (Accessed 20 November 2019).
• Money CNN [online] https://money.cnn.com/2013/05/01/autos/electric-car-coda-bankrupcty/index.html (Accessed 30 November 2019).
• Mitsubishi. [online] https://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/corporate/pressrelease/corporate /detail1626.html (Accessed 23 June 2019).
• Panasonic. [online] https://news.panasonic.com/global/press/data/en120224-10/en120224-10.html (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Qnovo. [online] https://qnovo.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-a123-systems/ (Accessed 30 June 2019).
• Reuters [online] https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bmw-catl-batteries/chinas-catl-to-build-its-first-european-ev-battery-factory-in-germany-idUSKBN1JZ11Y (Accessed 20 September 2019).
• Reuters [online] https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-batteries-europe-factbox/factbox-plans-for-electric-car-battery-production-in-europe-idUSKCN1J10N8 (Accessed 28 September 2019).
• Reuters. [online] https://www.reuters.com/article/lgchem-renault-battery/south-koreas-lg-chem-to-supply- batteries-to-renault-idUSBJL00207320100930 (Accessed 29 September 2019).
• Reuters. [online] https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mitsubishi-toshiba/mitsubishi-motors-to-use-toshiba-battery-in-ev-report-idUSTRE70K1AM20110121(Accessed 29 September 2019).
• Reuters. [online] https://www.reuters.com/article/a123-navistar/update-1-a123-to-supply-batteries-for-navistars-trucks-idUSN0721844820100607 (Accessed 30 September 2019).
• Reuters. [online] https://www.reuters.com/article/cbusiness-us-electrovaya-idCATRE49D67D20081014 (Accessed 1 November 2019).
• SAIC Motor. [online] https://www.saicmotor.com/e/latest_news/saic_motor/49717.shtml (Accessed 23 May 2019) Taiwan News. [online] https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3129250 (Accessed 15 November 2019).
• Techspot [online] https://www.techspot.com/news/59830-samsung-looks-further-solidify-ev-supplier-roots-acquisition.html (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Technology Review. [online] https://www.technologyreview.com/s/412956/why-chrysler-chose-a123-batteries/ (Accessed 12 November 2019).
• Technology Review. [online] https://www.technologyreview.com/s/408024/new-batteries-readied-for-gms-electric-vehicle/ (Accessed 18 November 2019).
• Teslarati. [online] https://www.teslarati.com/toyota-panasonic-tesla-partner-ev-battery-2020/ Accessed 3 June 2019).
• Toshiba. [online] https://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2017_04/pr1401.htm (Accessed 10 May 2019).
• Vindy. [online] https://www.vindy.com/news/2008/mar/19/competition-heats-up-to-be-battery-supplier-for/ (Accessed 10 November 2019).
• Yicai Global. [online] https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/guoxuan-high-tech-seals-usd276-million-procurement-contract-with-baic-bjev (Accessed 20 November 2019).
• Yicai Global. [online] https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/china-jac-motors-deepens-cooperation-with-battery-maker-guoxuan (Accessed 25 November 2019).