Araştırma Makalesi
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Economic Sanctions and Weaponization of International Trade: Examples from Global Actors

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 219 - 235, 29.11.2023

Veli Ahmet Çevik

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1277473

Öz

With globalization, the interconnectedness of societies has increased, but they have become more interdependent in international trade. While this level of dependency contributed to world peace, it also made international trade fragile. Today, the asymmetric dependence of countries on each other in international trade has led to the use of trade as a tool in foreign policy. Although the history of sanctions, which is one of these tools, dates back to ancient Greek civilizations, it has started to take place on the agenda of world public opinion more frequently in recent years. Unlike traditional sanctions and trade wars, it has become one of the most important issues of today’s international trade, which countries use as a tool in both commercial and political relations by weaponizing the trade that is advantageous against the target country. The state, which is superior in any area subject to trade, can resort to economic coercion in order to influence the decisions of other states. In this study, the use of sanctions as a foreign policy tool, focusing primarily on economic and financial areas, is examined. Even though the desired results have been obtained from the sanctions, target actors may become insensitive to the sanctions in the future. Moreover, sanctions will not always result in success. Failed sanctions may lead to further exacerbation of the undesirable situation. Secondly, the use of mutual economic dependencies by countries with strong trade as leverage for policy purposes through economic coercion was examined. Interdependency has led to increased global trade and specialization of industries. However, it also brought risks. Sanctions and economic pressures direct target countries to reduce these risks, and this tendency harms free trade and leads countries to protectionist policies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sanction Economic Sanction Economic Coercion Weaponization of Trade

Kaynakça

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Ekonomik Yaptırımlar ve Uluslararası Ticaretin Silahlaştırılması: Küresel Aktörlerden Örnekler

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 219 - 235, 29.11.2023

Veli Ahmet Çevik

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1277473

Öz

Küreselleşme ile birlikte bağlantılılık düzeyi artan toplumlar, uluslararası ticarette birbirine daha bağımlı hale gelmişlerdir. Bu bağımlılık düzeyi dünya barışına katkı sağlarken aynı zamanda uluslararası ticareti kırılgan hale getirmiştir. Günümüzde ülkelerin uluslararası ticarette birbirine asimetrik olarak bağımlı olması, ticaretin dış politikada bir araç olarak kullanılmasına da yol açmıştır. Bu araçlardan biri olan yaptırımların tarihi eski Yunan medeniyetlerine kadar uzansa da son yıllarda dünya kamuoyunun gündeminde çok daha sık şekilde yer almaya başlamıştır. Geleneksel yaptırımlardan ve ticaret savaşlarından farklı olarak, ülkelerin hedef ülkeye karşı avantajlı olduğu ticareti silahlaştırarak hem ticari hem de siyasi ilişkilerinde araç olarak kullanması günümüz uluslararası ticaretinin en önemli konularından biri haline gelmiştir. Ticarete konu herhangi bir alanda üstün olan devlet diğer devletlerin kararlarını etkilemek amacıyla ekonomik zorlamaya başvurabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle yaptırımların ekonomik ve finansal alanlarda yoğunlaşarak, daha fazla dış politika aracı olarak kullanılması incelenmiştir. Yaptırımlardan istenilen sonuç alınmış olsa da, ilerleyen süreçte hedef aktörler yaptırımlara karşı duyarsız hale gelebilecektir. Ayrıca yaptırımlar her zaman başarıyla sonuçlanmayacaktır. Başarısız olan yaptırımlar istenmeyen durumun daha da şiddetlenmesine yol açabilecektir. İkinci olarak ise karşılıklı ekonomik bağımlılıkların güçlü ticarete sahip ülkeler tarafından ekonomik zorlama yoluyla politika amaçlarına kaldıraç olarak kullanılması incelenmiştir. Karşılıklı bağımlılık küresel ticaretin artmasına ve endüstrilerin uzmanlaşmasına yol açmıştır. Ancak riskleri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Yaptırımlar ve ekonomik zorlamalar, hedef ülkeleri bu riskleri azaltmaya yönlendirmekte ve bu eğilim serbest ticarete zarar vererek ülkeleri korumacılık politikalarına sevk etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yaptırım Ekonomik Yaptırım Ekonomik Baskı Ticaretin Silahlaştırılması

Kaynakça

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  • Jopson, B. (2022). Fashion factory: Mango brings production closer to home in rethink on China. https://www.ft.com/content/e1e5770b-dcd3-47ca-992e-84d48aae1d16 (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Aralık 2022)
  • Kirilakha, A., Felbermayr, G.,Syropoulos, C., Yalcin, E., Yotov, Y.,, 2021. The Global Sanctions Data Base: An Update that Includes the Years of the Trump Presidency, School of Economics Working Paper Series 2021-10, LeBow College of Business, Drexel University, revised 15 Mar 2021.
  • Kissinger, H. (2015). World order. Penguin Books.
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  • Krugman, P. (2022). When Trade Becomes a Weapon. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/13/opinion/china-tech-trade-biden.html (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Şubat 2023)
  • Leonard, M. (2016a). Connectivity wars: Why migration, finance and trade are the geo-economic battlegrounds of the future. European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR).
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  • Mattson, G. (2020). Weaponization: Ubiquity and Metaphorical Meaningfulness. Metaphor and Symbol, 35(4), 250–265.
  • McGee, P. (2022). Apple’s business under growing threat from China’s coronavirus wave https://www.ft.com/content/ae7ab334-e769-4035-bab1-b1f42031723e (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Aralık 2022)
  • McKinsey. (2023). The complication of concentration in global trade. https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/the-complication-of-concentration-in-global-trade (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Ocak 2023)
  • Meick, E. ve Salidjanova, N. (2017). China’s Response to US-South Korean Missile Defense System Deployment and its Implications. US-China Economic and Security Review Commission.
  • Milne, R. (2022). ‘There will still be a global trade’: AP Møller-Maersk chief bows out after 40-year voyage. https://www.ft.com/content/875fba0e-b877-4766-9473-24c86f00f06f (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Aralık 2022)
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2022). China: A Development Partner to the Pacific Region. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/202203/t20220311_10650946.html (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023)
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2023). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin’s Regular Press Conference on January 13, 2023. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202301/t20230113_11007137.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Ocak 2023)
  • Mulder, N. (2022). The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War. Yale University Press.
  • Mullen, A. (2022). US-China trade war: timeline of key dates and events since July 2018. https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3177652/us-china-trade-war-timeline-key-dates-and-events-july-2018 (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Ocak 2023)
  • National Bank of Belgium. (2019). Financial Market Infrastructures and Payment Services.
  • Nephew, R. (2017). The art of sanctions: A view from the field. Columbia University Press.
  • O’Donnell, J. ve Sytas, A. (2021). Exclusive: Lithuania braces for China-led corporate boycott. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/exclusive-lithuania-braces-china-led-corporate-boycott-2021-12-09/ (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Aralık 2022)
  • O’rourke, K. H. (2007). War and welfare: Britain, France, and the United States 1807–14. Oxford Economic Papers, 59(suppl_1), i8–i30.
  • Oxford Analytica. (2021). Western use of targeted sanctions is intensifying. Emerald Expert Briefings, (oxan-ga).
  • Patey, L. (2022). Hope for the Best, Prepare for the Worst: How the European Union Can Address China’s Economic Coercion. https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/analysis/hope-best-prepare-worst-how-european-union-can-address-chinas-economic-coercion (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Aralık 2022)
  • Paton, E. (2021). H&M Faces a Boycott in China Over Statement on Uyghurs. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/24/business/handm-boycott-china-uyghurs.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Ocak 2023)
  • Polachek, S. W., & Seiglie, C. (2007). Trade, peace and democracy: an analysis of dyadic dispute. Handbook of defense economics, 2, 1017-1073
  • Portela, C., 2018. Targeted sanctions against individuals on grounds of grave human rights violations – impact, trends and prospects at EU level, EPRS: European Parliamentary Research Service. Belgium.
  • Reinsch, W. A. (2022). Weaponizing Trade. https://www.csis.org/analysis/weaponizing-trade-0 (Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2023)
  • Remeikis, A. (2020). Australia escalates China trade dispute with WTO action. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/dec/16/australia-escalates-china-trade-dispute-with-wto-action (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Ocak 2023)
  • Ristuccia, C. A. (2000). The 1935 Sanctions against Italy: Would coal and oil have made a difference? European Review of Economic History, 4(1), 85–110.
  • Roberts, A. (2023). From Risk to Resilience. Foreign Affairs, 102(6).
  • Rosenberg, E., Harrell, P., Dobriansky, P. J. ve Szubin, A. (2020). America’s Use of Coercive Economic Statecraft. https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/americas-use-of-coercive-economic-statecraft (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Ocak 2023)
  • Şahin, E., Konak, F. ve Karaca, S. S. (2017). Türkiye ve Rusya arasındaki “uçak krizinin” Borsa İstanbul gıda, içecek ve turizm endeksleri üzerine etkisi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(3), 473-486
  • Taubenfeld, R. F., & Taubenfeld, H. J. (1964). The “Economic Weapon”: The League and the United Nations. Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting (1921-1969), 58, 183–205.
  • The Economist. (2020). China punishes Australia for promoting an inquiry into covid-19. https://www.economist.com/asia/2020/05/21/china-punishes-australia-for-promoting-an-inquiry-into-covid-19 (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Ocak 2023)
  • The Economist. (2021). The geopolitics of money is shifting up a gear. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/10/23/the-geopolitics-of-money-is-shifting-up-a-gear (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Şubat 2023)
  • The Economist. (2022). Can foreign-currency reserves be sanction-proofed? https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/21808194/can-foreign-currency-reserves-be-sanction-proofed/21808194 (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Mart 2023)
  • The Economist. (2023). https://www.economist.com/special-report/2023-10-07 (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Ekim 2023)
  • Torbat, A. E. (2005). Impacts of the US trade and financial sanctions on Iran. World Economy, 28(3), 407–434.
  • Tostensen, A., ve Bull, B. (2002). Are smart sanctions feasible?. World politics, 54(3), 373-403.
  • U.S. Department of Justice. (2022). Russian Elites, Proxies, and Oligarchs Task Force Ministerial Joint Statement https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/russian-elites-proxies-and-oligarchs-task-force-ministerial-joint-statement (Erişim Tarihi: 4 Şubat 2023)
  • U.S. Department of State. (2022). The Impact of Sanctions and Export Controls on the Russian Federation https://www.state.gov/the-impact-of-sanctions-and-export-controls-on-the-russian-federation/ (Erişim Tarihi: 3 Şubat 2023)
  • U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2006). Basic Information on OFAC And Sanctions. https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/financial-sanctions/faqs/topic/1501/print (Erişim Tarihi : 18 Ocak 2023)
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  • UNCTAD. (2022). Global trade hits record high of $28.5 trillion in 2021, but likely to be subdued in 2022 https://unctad.org/news/global-trade-hits-record-high-285-trillion-2021-likely-be-subdued-2022 (Erişim Tarihi: 28 Mart 2023)
  • UNWTO. (2019). International Tourism Highlights, 2019 Edition. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Ocak 2023)
  • UNWTO. (2021). International Tourism Highlights, 2020 Edition. World Tourism Organization. doi:10.18111/9789284422456
  • Wadhams, N. ve Mohsin, S. (2020). Trump Set Record Sanctions Use That Biden Is Likely to Keep https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-09/trump-set-record-sanctions-use-that-biden-is-likely-to-maintain (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Ocak 2023)
  • Walterskirchen, J., Mangott, G. ve Wend, C. (2022). Sanction Dynamics in the Cases of North Korea, Iran, and Russia: Objectives, Measures and Effects. Springer Nature.
  • Weber, P. M., ve Schneider, G. (2020). How many hands to make sanctions work? Comparing EU and US sanctioning efforts. European Economic Review, 130, 103595.
  • Weintraub, S. (1981). Economic coercion and US foreign policy: implications of case studies from the Johnson administration. Routledge.
  • Wong, L. ve Nelson, R. M. (2021). International Financial Messaging Systems. https://www.iso20022.org/about-iso-20022. (Erişim Tarihi: 4 Ocak 2023)
  • World Bank. (2020). Poverty and shared prosperity 2020: Reversals of fortune. The World Bank.
  • WTO. (1995). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/ai17_e/gatt1994_e.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Ocak 2023).
  • WTO. (2022). Evolution of trade under the WTO: handy statistics. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/trade_evolution_e/evolution_trade_wto_e.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Ocak 2023)
  • Xu, Q. ve Xiong, A. (2022). The impact of financial sanctions on the international monetary system. China Economic Journal, 15(3), 253–262.
  • Zarate, J. (2013). Treasury’s war: The unleashing of a new era of financial warfare. Hachette UK.
Toplam 105 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Veli Ahmet Çevik 0000-0003-1981-7275

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 13 Kasım 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Kasım 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Nisan 2023
Kabul Tarihi 4 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çevik, V. A. (2023). Ekonomik Yaptırımlar ve Uluslararası Ticaretin Silahlaştırılması: Küresel Aktörlerden Örnekler. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(2), 219-235. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1277473
AMA Çevik VA. Ekonomik Yaptırımlar ve Uluslararası Ticaretin Silahlaştırılması: Küresel Aktörlerden Örnekler. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. Kasım 2023;23(2):219-235. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.1277473
Chicago Çevik, Veli Ahmet. “Ekonomik Yaptırımlar Ve Uluslararası Ticaretin Silahlaştırılması: Küresel Aktörlerden Örnekler”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 23, sy. 2 (Kasım 2023): 219-35. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1277473.
EndNote Çevik VA (01 Kasım 2023) Ekonomik Yaptırımlar ve Uluslararası Ticaretin Silahlaştırılması: Küresel Aktörlerden Örnekler. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 23 2 219–235.
IEEE V. A. Çevik, “Ekonomik Yaptırımlar ve Uluslararası Ticaretin Silahlaştırılması: Küresel Aktörlerden Örnekler”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, c. 23, sy. 2, ss. 219–235, 2023, doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.1277473.
ISNAD Çevik, Veli Ahmet. “Ekonomik Yaptırımlar Ve Uluslararası Ticaretin Silahlaştırılması: Küresel Aktörlerden Örnekler”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 23/2 (Kasım 2023), 219-235. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1277473.
JAMA Çevik VA. Ekonomik Yaptırımlar ve Uluslararası Ticaretin Silahlaştırılması: Küresel Aktörlerden Örnekler. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2023;23:219–235.
MLA Çevik, Veli Ahmet. “Ekonomik Yaptırımlar Ve Uluslararası Ticaretin Silahlaştırılması: Küresel Aktörlerden Örnekler”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, c. 23, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 219-35, doi:10.25294/auiibfd.1277473.
Vancouver Çevik VA. Ekonomik Yaptırımlar ve Uluslararası Ticaretin Silahlaştırılması: Küresel Aktörlerden Örnekler. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2023;23(2):219-35.
Dizinler

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