Almanya’da Göçmen Politikaları ve Türkiyeli Göçmenlerin Trajedisi: Yurttaşlık, Haklar ve Eşitsizlikler Üzerine

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1 - 16, 29.03.2014

Fuat Güllüpınar

https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.37339

Cited By: 3

Öz

Bu çalışmada yurttaşların hiyerarşisi tezi üzerinde durularak, Almanya’da kurumsal dışlama ve ayrımcılık mekanizmalarına temel oluşturan göçmen ve yurttaşlık politikaları analiz edilmektedir. Almanya’da yurttaşlık hakları oldukça farklılaştırılmış ve eşitsizdir. Bu durum, ayrıcalıklı olmayan üçüncü dünya vatandaşlarına karşı yasal olarak korunan ayrıcalıklı yurttaşlar ayrımı yaratmıştır. Bu ayrıcalıklı yurttaşlar hiyerarşik olarak Alman, etnik Alman (Aussiedler), Avrupa Birliği vatandaşı şeklinde sıralanmaktadır. Bu yurttaşlar hiyerarşisi sisteminde, hakların uygulanması milliyet, oturum süresi, statüler ve gelir seviyesine göre işlemektedir. Bu şartlar içinde geldiğiniz ülkenin yurttaşlık kartı ve kökeniniz önemlidir ve fark yaratmaktadır. Almanya’da vatandaşlığa kabul koşulları gibi emek piyasasına erişim ve aile birleşmeleri yasaları, hiyerarşik olarak içinde Türkiyeli göçmenlerin de olduğu üçüncü dünya vatandaşlarına oldukça seçici ve ayrımcı bir şekilde uygulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Göçmen Politikaları, Türkiyeli Göçmenler,, Yurttaşlık, Entegrasyon, Almanya

Kaynakça

• Bade, Klaus, J. (2009). “Almanya’da Entegrasyon ve Katılımcılık”, Die Gaste, sayı: 8: 3-9.
• Balibar. E. (1991). “Es Gibt Keinen Staat in Europa: Racism and Politics in Europe Today,” New Left Re- view, 1(186), March-April: 5-19.
• Bigo, D. (2003). “Criminalization of ‘Migrants’: The Side Effect of the Will to Control the Frontiers and the Sovereign Illusion”. Irregular Migration and Human Rights Conference. Centre for European Law and Integration, University of Leicester.
• Brubaker, R.W. (1992). Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.
• Canefe, N. (1998). “Citizens versus permanent guests: cultural memory and citizenship laws in a reunifed Germany”, Citizenship Studies, 2(3): 519–544.
• Castles, S (1995). “How Nation-states Respond to Im- migration and Ethnic Diversity,” New Community, 21(3): 293-308.
• Castles, S (1996). “Democracy and multiculturalism in Western Europe”, Journal of Contemporary Europe- an Studies, 4(8): 51-76
• Castles, S. ve Miller, M. J. (2008). Göçler Çağı, Modern Dünyada Uluslararası Göç Hareketleri, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları: İstanbul.
• Castles, S. ve Miller, M. J. (2003). The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World (Third edition), Palgrave-Macmillan: Ba- singstoke.
• Cohen, R. (2006). Migration and its Enemies: Global Capital, Migrant Labour and the Nation-State, Al- dershot: Ashgate.
• Constant, A. vd., (2009). “Ethnocizing Immigrants,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 69(3): 274-287.
• Diehl, C. ve Blohm, M. (2003). ”Rights or Identity? Na- turalization Processes among ‘Labor Migrants’ in Germany”, International Migration Review, 37(1): 133-162.
• Faist, T (1994). “Immigration, integration and the ethnicization of politics: A review of German lite- rature”, European Journal of Political Research 25: 439-459.
• Fekete, L. (2004). “Anti-Muslim Racism and the Euro- pean Security State,” Race and Class, 46(3): 3-29.
• Green, S (2003). “Legal Status of Turks in Germany”, Immigrants &Minorities, 22(2&3): 228-246
• Goodman, W. S. (2010). “Naturalisation Policies in Europe: Exploring Patterns of Inclusion and Exclu- sion,” RSCAS/EUDO-CIT-Comp. 2010/7, (Euro- pean University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship Obser- vatory),http://hdl.handle.net/1814/19577 (erişim: 12.01.2013).
• Helbling, M. (2010). “Public debates on integration and immigration in six West European coun- tries,” RSCAS Working Paper 2010/22 (European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship Observa- tory), http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13588 (erişim: 23.02.2012).
• Home Office (2002). Secure Borders, Safe Haven: In- tegration with Diversity in Modern Britain. Lon- don: The Stationery Office.
• Howard, E. (2006). “The Case for a Considered Hie- rarchy of Discrimination Grounds in EU Law,” Ma- astricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 13(4): 445-470.
• Howard, M. M. (2008). “The Causes and Consequen- ces of Germany’s New Citizenship Law,” German Politics, 17(1): 41–62
• Ignatieff, M. (1987).”The Myth of Citizenship”, Queen`s Law Journal, 12: 399-420
• Jorgensen, M. B. (2008). National and Transnational Identities: Turkish Organising Processes and Identity Construction in Denmark, Sweden and Germany, unpublished phD dissertation,http://www.alevi. dk/ENGELSK/MBJ%20afhandling%20alevi%20 org.pdf, (erişim 02/02/2011).
• Kanstroom, D (1993). “Wer Sind Wir Wieder? Laws of Asylum, Immigration and Citizenship in the Struggle for the Soul of the New Germany,” Yale Jo- urnal of International Law, 18 (1): 155-209.
• Kivisto, P. (2002). Multiculturalism in a Global Society, Blackwell: Oxford.
• Kochenov, D. (2011). “EU Citizenship and the Cultu- re of Prejudice,” RSCAS Working Paper 2011/06 (European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship Observatory), (erişim: 12.03.2012).
• Kofman, E. (2005). “Citizenship, Migration and the Reassertion of National Identity”, Citizenship Stu- dies, 9(5): 453–467
• Kofman, E. ve Kraler. A. (2006). “Civic Stratification, Gender and Family Migration Policies in Europe”, Paper presented at Conference European Dyna- mics of Citizenship. Public policies and migrant activities IMISCOE Network Cluster B3 Legal Stratus, citizenship and Political Participation, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary, 31 May – 2 June 2006.
• Kostakopoulou, T. (2008). ‘Citizenship Goes Public: The Institutional Design of Anational Citizenship’, Journal of Political Philosophy, 17(3): 275-306.
• Kraler, A. (2010) “Civic Stratification, Gender and Fa- mily Migration Policies in Europe”, Final Report, International Centre for Migration Policy Deve- lopment (ICMPD).
• Liebig, T. (2007). “The Labor Market Integration of Immigrants in Germany”, OECD Social, Emp- loyment and Migration Working Papers, No. 47, OECD Publishing.
• Lister, M. (2008). “Introduction: Europeanization and Migration: Challenging the Values of Citizenship in Europe?” Citizenship Studies, 12(6): 527-532.
• Lockwood, D. (1996). “Civic Integration and Class Formation Source” The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 47(3), Special Issue for Lockwood (Sep.): 531- 550.
• Miera, F. (2007). “Labour Market Discrimination and Legal Challenges in Germany”, Emilie, pp: 1-41, http://emilie.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uplo- ads/2009/07/wp4-germany-formatted.pdf (erişim: 18/07/2010)
• Miera, F. (2008). “Country Report on Education: Ger- many”, http://emilie.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uplo- ads/2009/08/edumigrom_backgroundpaper_ger- many_educ.pdf
• Morris, L (1997). “A Cluster of Contradictions: The Politics of Migration in the European Union”, So- ciology, 31: 241-259.
• Morris, L. (2000). Rights and controls in the manage- ment of migration: the case of Germany, Sociological Review, 48(2): 224-240
• Morris, L. (2001). “Stratified Rights and The Manage- ment of Migration: National distinctiveness in Eu- rope”, European Societies, 3(4): 387-411.
• Morris, L. (2002). Managing Migration: Civic Stratifi- cation and Migrants Rights, Routledge: London.
• Morris, L. (2003). “Managing contradiction: Civic stratification and migrants’ rights”, The Internatio- nal Migration Review, Spring, 37(1): 74-100.
• Morris, L (2007). “New Labour’s Community of Rights: Welfare, Immigration and Asylum”, Journal of Social Policy, 36(1): 39–57.
• Mueller, C. (2006). “Integrating Turkish communities: a German dilemma”, Population Research Policy Review, 25: 419–441.
• Muller, B. (2004). “(Dis)qualified bodies: Securitiza- tion, Citizenship and `Identity management’,” Citi- zenship Studies, 8(3): 279-294.
• Munck, R. (2008). “Globalisation, Governance and Migration: An Introduction,” Third World Quar- terly, 29(7): 1227-1246.
• Pecoud, A. ve de Guchteneire, P. (2006). “International Migration, Border Controls and Human Rights: Assessing the Relevance of a Right to Mobility,” Journal of Borderlands Studies, 12(1): 69-86.
• Sainsbury, D (2006). “Immigrants’ social rights in comparative perspective: welfare regimes, forms of immigration and immigration policy regimes”, Journal of European Social Policy 0958-9287; 16(3): 229–244
• Samers, M. (1998). ``Immigration, `ethnic minorities’, and `social exclusion’ in the European Union: A critical perspective”, Geoforum, 29: 123-144.
• Sezer, K ve Dağlar, N (2009). TASD-Spektrum 2: Die Identifikation der TASD mit Deutschland, Krefeld/ Dortmund.
• Snyder, J. (2000). From Voting to Violence: Democra- tization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: W.W. Norton.
• Şahin, B ve Altuntaş, N (2009). “Between Enlightened Exclusion and Conscientious Inclusion: Tolerating the Muslims in Germany”, Journal of Muslim Mino- rity Affairs, 29(1): 27-41.
• Wimmer, A. ve Glick-schiller, N. (2002). “Methodo- logical Nationalism and Beyond: Nation-state Bu- ilding, Migration and the Social Sciences,” Global Networks, 2 (4): 301-334.
• Weiss, A. (2011). “Hukuki Dışlanma Deneyimi: Yüksek Vasıflı Göçmenler ve Yabancılar Hukuku,” Nohl, Arnd-Michael vd. (der.) Göç ve Kültürel Sermaye. Türkiye, Almanya, Kanada ve Büyük Britanya’da Yüksek Vasıflı Göçmenler içinde, Kitapyayınevi: İse- tanbul: 173-196.
• Whitaker, B. E. (2005). “Citizens and Foreigners: Det- mocratization and the Politics of Exclusion in Af- rica,” African Studies Review, 48 (1): 109-126.