Global Dinamik Yeteneklerin Uluslararasılaşma Sürecinde Kullanımı: İşletme Grupları Perspektifi

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 4, 931 - 956, 16.12.2015

Kader Tan Şahin , Kübra Mert , Tuğba Kaplan

https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002377

Cited By: 2

Öz

Bu çalışmada özellikle sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajı ve çevresel belirsizliğin yüksek olduğu
çevrelerde işletmeler için özellikle önemli hale gelen dinamik yeteneklerin Türk işletme gruplarınca
uluslararasılaşma sürecinde ne derece kullanıldığı Dunning’in OLI Paradigması ve Mathews’un LLL Modeli
dikkate alınarak incelenmiştir. Uluslararası işletmecilik literatüründe henüz yeni sayılabilecek bir kavram
olan “dinamik yetenekler” ile ilgili kavramsal çalışmalar olmasına rağmen, ampirik çalışmaların sınırlı
olduğu görülmektedir. Türk iş sisteminde baskın bir örgütsel form olan işletme gruplarından Kadir Has
Üniversitesi, Vale Columbia Center ve DEİK’in yaptığı araştırmada yer alan 17 işletme grubu örneklem
olarak seçilmiştir. Nitel bir araştırmaya dayanan bu çalışmada açıklayıcı örnek olay yöntemi tercih edilmiştir.
Nitel araştırmaların sahip olduğu tüm kısıtlar bu çalışmada da mevcuttur. Kısıtların giderilebilmesi için
araştırmacılar odak grup olarak çalışmışlardır. Araştırma sonucunda Türk işletme gruplarının
uluslararasılaşma süreçlerinde dinamik yeteneklere sahip oldukları ve bunları uluslararasılaşma süreçlerinde
başarılı bir şekilde global dinamik yeteneklere dönüştürdükleri gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmanın sonunda
bulgular ve araştırmacıların fikirleri ışığında öneriler ve bir kavramsal çerçeve de sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dinamik yetenekler, uluslararasılaşma, işletme grupları, OLI Paradigması, LLL Modeli

The Use of Global Dynamic Capabilities in the Process of Internationalization: The Perspective of Business Groups

Öz

The extent of use of dynamic capabilities in the internationalization of Turkish business groups in an environment including sustainable competition advantage and uncertainty will be examined in this study by using the Dunning’s OLI Paradigm and Mathews’s LLL Model. It has been detected that despite the existence of conceptual studies on the recently emerged concept of “dynamic capabilities”, there are limited number of empirical studies on this concept. 17 Turkish business groups existing in the research conducted by Kadir Has University, Vale Columbia Center and DEIK were selected as a sample of this study. Descriptive case study method was used in this qualitative study. The study includes all the limitations existing in qualitative researches. To reduce these limitations, researchers used focus group. In the conclusion of the study, it has been found that Turkish business groups have dynamic capabilities in the internationalization process and
they turn these capabilities into global dynamic capabilities in a successful manner in the process of internationalization. In addition to findings, some suggestions and a conceptual framework will also be provided at the end of the study

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dynamic capabilities, internationalization, business groups, OLI Paradigm, LLL Model

Kaynakça

• Akkoç, İrfan, Abdullah Çalışkan ve Ömer Turunç (2012), “Gelişim ve Rasyonel Alt Kültürlerinin Girişimci Davranışa Etkisi: Algılanan Çevresel Belirsizliğin Aracılık Rolü”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12 (4): 65-84.
• Aldrich, Howard (1999), Organizations Evolving, (London:Sage).
• Almeida, Paul (1996), “Knowledge Sourcing by Foreign Multinationals: Patent Citation Analysis in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry”, Strategic Management Journal, 17: 155-165.
• Amighini, Alessia, Elisa Giuliani ve Roberta Rabellotti (2007), “Emerging Economic Regional Powers and Local Systems of Production: New Threats or New Opportunities”, PRIN 2007, WP SERIES, N. 04/ 09.
• Augier, Mie ve Teece, David J. (2007), “Dynamic Capabilities and Multinational Enterprise: Penrosean Insights and Omissions”, Management International Review, 47 (2): 175-192.
• Barney, Jay (1991), “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage”, Journal of Management, 17(1): 99-120.
• Barney, Jay (2001), “Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view”, Journal of Management, 27 (6): 643-650.
• Birkinshaw, Julian ve Hood, Neil (1998), "Multinational subsidiary evolution: Capability and charter change in foreign-owned subsidiary companies", Academy of Management Review, 23 (4): 773-795.
• Bonaglia, Federico, Andrea Goldstein ve John Mathews (2006), “Accelerated Internationalisation by Emerging Markets’ Multinationals: The Case of The White Goods Sector”, Journal of World Business, 42 (4): 369-383.
• Buğra, Ayşe (2010), Devlet ve İşadamları, (İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları).
• Calof, Jonathan L. ve Beamish, Paul W. (1995), “Adopting to Foreign Markets: Explaining Internationalization”, International Business Review, 4 (2): 115-131.
• Chang, Sea-Jin (1995), “International expansion strategy of Japanese firms: Capability building through sequential entry”, Academy of Management Journal, 38 (2): 383-407.
• Chang, Sea-Jin ve Rosenzweig, Philip M. (2001), "The choice of entry mode in sequential foreign direct investment", Strategic Management Journal, 22 (8): 747-776.
• Chen, Chun L. ve Jaw, Yi L. (2009), “Building Global Dynamic Capabilities Through Innovation: A Case Study of Taiwan’s Cultural Organizations”, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 26 (4): 247-263.
• Çolpan, Aslı ve Hikino, Takashi (2008), “Türkiye’nin Büyük Şirketler Kesiminde İşletme Gruplarının İktisadi Rolü ve Çeşitlendirme Stratejileri”, Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8 (1-2): 23-58.
• Denford, James S. (2013), "Building Knowledge: Developing a Knowledge-based Dynamic Capabilities Typology", Journal of Knowledge Management, 17 (2): 175-194.
• Dunning, John H. (1977), “Trade Location of Economic Activity and the Multinational Enterprise. A Search for an Eclectic Approach" in The International Allocation of Economic Activity, edited by B. Ohlin, P. 0. Hesselborn, and P. J. Wiskman, (London: MacMillan).
• Dunning, John H. (1995), “Reappraising the Eclectic Paradigm in an Age of Alliance Capitalism”, Journal of International Business Studies, 26 (3): 461-491.
• Dunning, John H. (2000), “The Eclectic Paradigm as an Envelope for Economic and Business Theories of MNE Activity”, International Business Review, 9: 163-190.
• Dunning, John H. (2001), “The Eclectic (OLI) Paradigm of International Production: Past, Present and Future”, International Journal of Economics of Business, 8 (2): 173-190.
• Dunning, John H. (2006), “Comment on Dragon Multinationals: New Players in 21st Century Globalization”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23: 139-141.
• Dunning, John H. ve Lundan, Sarianna M. (2008), Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, (Edward Elgar Publishing, Second Edition, UK).
• Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. ve Martin, Jeffrey A. (2000), "Dynamic Capabilities: What are They?", Strategic Management Journal, 21: 1105–112.
• Gaffney, Nolan, Danielle Cooper, Ben Kedia ve Jack Clampit (2013), “A resource dependency perspective of EMNE FDI strategy”, International Business Review, 22 (6): 1092-1100.
• Gassmann, Oliver ve Keupp Marcus M. (2007), "The competitive advantage of early and rapidly internationalising SMEs in the biotechnology industry: A knowledge-based view", Journal of World Business, 42 (3): 350-366.
• Gökşen Nisan S. ve Üsdiken Behlül (2001), “Uniformity and diversity in Turkish business groups: effects of scale and time founding”, British Journal of Management, 12 (4): 325-340.
• Griffith, David A. ve Harvey, Michael G. (2001), "A resource perspective of global dynamic capabilities", Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (3): 597-606.
• Helfat, Constance E. ve Peteraf, Margaret A. (2003), "The Dynamic Reource Based View: Capability Lifecycles", Strategic Management Journal, 24: 997-1010.
• Hong, Junjie, Chengqi Wang ve Mario Kafouros (2015), “The Role of the State in Explaining the Internationalization of Emerging Market Enterprises”, British Journal of Management, 26 (1): 45-62.
• Jantunen, Ari, Kaisu Puumalainen, Sami Saarenketo ve Kalevi Kyläheiko (2005), “Entrepreneurial Orientation, Dynamic Capabilities and International Performance”, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 3 (3): 223-243.
• Johanson, Jan ve Vahlne, Jan-Erik (1977), "The internationalization process of the firm-a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments", Journal of International Business Studies: 23-32.
• Johanson, Jan ve Vahlne, Jan-Erik (1990), "The mechanism of internationalisation", International Marketing Review, 7 (4).
• Kadir Has Üniversitesi, Vale Columbia Center, DEİK, 2011, Çokuluslu Türk Şirketleri ve Küresel Ekonomik Kriz.
• Khanna, Tarun ve Rivkin, Jan W. (2001), “Estimating the Performance Effects of Business Groups in Emerging Markets”, Strategic Management Journal, 22 (1): 45-74.
• Khanna, Tarun ve Yafeh, Yishay (2007), “Business Groups in Emerging Markets: Paragons or Parasites?”, Journal of Economic Literature, 45 (2): 331–372.
• King, Andrew A. ve Tucci, Christopher L. (2002), "Incumbent entry into new market niches: The role of experience and managerial choice in the creation of dynamic capabilities", Management Science, 48 (2): 171-186.
• Knudsen, Thorbjørn ve Madsen, Tage Koed (2002), "Export strategy: a dynamic capabilities perspective", Scandinavian Journal of Management, 18 (4): 475-502.
• Kogut, Bruce ve Zander, Udo (1992), "Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology", Organization Science, 3 (3): 383-397.
• Langlois, Richard N. (2013), “Business Groups and the Natural State”, Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization, 88: 14-26.
• Li, Peter, P. (2007), “Toward an integrated theory of multinational evolution: The evidence of Chinese multinational enterprises as latecomers”, Journal of International Management, 13 (3): 296-318.
• Li, Peter, P. (2010), “Toward a learning-based view of internationalization: The accelerated trajectories of cross-border learning for latecomers”, Journal of International Management, 16 (1): 43-59.
• Lindsay, William M. ve Rue, Leslie W. (1980), “Impact of the Organization Environment on the Long-Range Planning Process: A Contingency View”, Academy of Management Journal, 23 (3): 385-404.
• Lu, Jane W. ve Beamish, Paul W. (2001), "The internationalization and performance of SMEs", Strategic Management Journal, 22 (6‐7): 565-586.
• Luo, Yadong (2000), “Dynamic capabilities in international expansion”, Journal of World Business, 35 (4): 355-378.
• Luo, Yadong (2002), “Capability exploitation and building in a foreign market: Implications for multinational enterprises”, Organization Science, 1: 48–63.
• Luo, Yadong ve Tung, Rosalie L. (2007), “International Expansion of Emerging Market Enterprises: A Springboard Perspective”, Journal of International Business Studies, 38 (4): 481-498.
• Madsen, Tage K. ve Servais, Per (1997), "The internationalization of born globals: an evolutionary process?", International Business Review, 6 (6): 561-583.
• Makino, Shige, Chung-Ming Lau ve Rhy-Song Yeh (2002), “Asset-exploitation versus Assetseeking: Implications for Location Choice of Foreign Direct Investment from Newly Industrialized Economies”, Journal of International Business Studies, 33 (3): 403-421.
• Mathews, John A. (2002), Dragon Multinational: A New Model For Global Growth, (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
• Mathews, John A. (2006), “Dragon Multinationals: New Players in 21st Century Globalization, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23 (1): 5-27.
• Mert, Kübra (2012), Türkiye’deki İşletme Gruplarının Uluslararasılaşma Motivasyonunun Lokasyon ve Giriş Stratejileri Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Milliken, Frances J. (1987), “Three Types of Perceived Uncertainty About the Environment: State, Effect, and Response Uncertainty”, Academy of Management Review, 12 (1): 133-143.
• Öniş, Ziya ve Türem, Umut (2001), “Business, Globalization and Democracy: A Comparative Analysis of Turkish Business Associations”, Turkish Studies, 2 (2): 94-120.
• Öniş, Ziya ve Türem, Umut (2002), “Entrepreneurs, Democracy, and Citizenship in Turkey”, Comparative Politics, 34 (4): 439-456.
• Özkara, Belkıs, Mustafa Kurt ve Kemal Karayormuk (2008), “Türkiye’de İşletme Grupları: Eskiler ve Yeniler”, Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8 (1-2): 59-83.
• Penrose, Edith T. (1959), The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, ( New York: John Wiley).
• Peteraf, Margaret ve Barney, Jay (2003), “Unraveling the resource-based tangle”, Managerial and Decision Economics, 24 (4): 309-323.
• Peteraf, Margaret, Giada Di Stefano ve Gianmario Verona (2013), "The Elephant in the Room of Dynamic Capabilities: Bringing Two Diverging Conversations Together", Strategic Management Journal, 34 (12): 1389–1410.
• Prange, Christiane ve Verdier, Sylivie (2011), “Dynamic Capabilities, Internationalization Processes and Performance”, Journal of World Business, 46 (1): 126-133.
• Sapienza, Harry J., Erkko Autio, Gerard George ve Shaker A. Zahra (2006), “A Capabilities Perspective on the Effects of Early Internationalization on Firm Survival and Growth”, Academy of Management Review, 31 (4): 914-933.
• Song, Jaeyong (2002), “Firm capabilities and technology ladders: sequential foreign direct investments of Japanese electronics firms in East Asia”, Strategic Management Journal, 23 (3): 191-210.
• Şahin, Kader (2011), “An Investigation Into Why Turkish Business Groups Resist The Adoption of M-form in Post-Liberalization”, African Journal of Business Management, 5 (34): 13330- 13343.
• Şahin, Kader ve Mert, Kübra (2012), Türkiye’deki İşletme Gruplarının Uluslararasılaşma Motivasyonunun Lokasyon ve Giriş Stratejileri Üzerindeki Etkisi, 20. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongre Bildiri Kitabı, 482-486, (Çeşme-İzmir).
• Şahin, Kader ve Mert, Kübra (2014), “Türkiye’deki İşletme Gruplarının Uluslararasılaşma Motivasyonunun Lokasyon ve Giriş Stratejileri Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Tisk Akademi, 9 (18): 74-97.
• Şahin, Kader, Seyfettin Artan ve Seda Tüysüz (2015), “The moderating effects of a board of directors on FDI’s international diversification in Turkey”, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 23 (1): 61-88.
• Tallman, Stephen ve Fladmoe-Lindquist, Karin (2002), “Internationalization, globalization, and capability-based strategy”, California Management Review, 45 (1): 116–135.
• Teece, David J. (1992), “Foreign Investment and the Technological Development in Silicon Valley”, California Management Review, 34 (2): 88-106.
• Teece, David J. ve Pisano, Gary (1994), "The Dynamic Capabilities of Firms: An Introduction", Industrial and Corporate Change, 3 (3): 537-556.
• Teece, David J., Gary Pisano ve Amy Shuen (1997), “Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management”, Strategic Management Journal, 18 (7): 509-533.
• Teece, David J. (2007), "Explicating Dynamic Capabilities: The Nature and Microfoundations of (Sustainable) Enterprise Performance", Strategic Management Journal, 28 (13): 1319– 1350.
• Tsai, Huei-Ting ve Eisingerich, Andreas B. (2010), “Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Markets Firms”, California Management Review, 53 (1): 114-135.
• UNCTAD (2006), World Investment Report 2006, “FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Development”, UN: New York and Geneva, 2006.
• UNCTAD (2012), World Investment Report 2012, “Towards a New Generation of Investment Policies”, UN: New York and Geneva, 2012.
• UNCTAD (2013), World Investment Report 2013, “Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade For Development”, UN: New York and Geneva, 2013.
• Weerawardena, Jay, Gillian S. Mort, Peter W. Liesch ve Gary Knight (2007), “Conceptualizing accelerated internationalization in the born global firm: A dynamic capabilities perspective”, Journal of World Business, 42 (3): 294-306.
• Welch, Lawrence S. ve Luostarinen, Reijo (1988), “Internationalization: Evolution of a concept”, Journal of General Management, 14 (2): 34–55.
• Wernerfelt, Birger (1984), “The resource-based view of the firm”, Strategic Management Journal, 5 (2): 171-180.
• Wernerfelt, Birger (1995), “The resource-based view of the firm: Ten years after”, Strategic Management Journal, 16: 171-171.
• Whitley, Richard (1994), “Dominant Forms of Economic Organization in Market Economies”, Organization Studies, 15 (2): 153-182.
• Wilden, Ralf, Siegfried P. Gudergan, Bo B. Nielsen ve Ian Lings (2013), "Dynamic Capabilities and Performance: Strategy, Structure, and Environment", Long Range Planning, 46: 72-96.
• Winter, Sidney G. (2003), "Understanding Dynamic Capabilities", Strategic Management Journal, 24: 991-995.
• Witt, Michael A. ve Levin, Andrew Y. (2007), “Outward Foreign Direct Investment as Escape Response to Home Country Institutional Constraints”, Journal of Business Studies, 38 (4): 579-594.
• Wu, Lei-Yu (2010), “Applicability of the Resource-Based and Dynamic Capability Views Under Environmental Volatility”, Journal of Business Research, 63 (1): 27-31.
• Yaprak, Attila ve Karademir, Bahattin (2010), “Emerging Market Multinationals’ Role in Facilitating Developed Country Multinationals’ Regional Expansion: A Critical Review of the Literature and Turkish MNC Examples”, Journal of World Business, 46: 438-446.
• Zahra, Shaker ve George, Gerard (2002), "Absorptive Capacity: A Review, Reconceptualization, and Extension", The Academy of Management Review, 27 (2): 185-203.
• Zahra, Shaker, Harry J. Sapienza ve Per Davidsson (2006), "Entrepreneurship and Dynamic Capabilities: A Review, Model and Research Agenda", Journal of Management Studies, 43 (4): 917-955.
• Zollo, Maurizio ve Winter, Sidney (2002), "Deliberate Learning and the Evolution of Dynamic Capabilities", Organization Science, 13 (3): 339-351.
• Zou, Shaoming ve Cavusgil, Tamer S. (1996), "Global strategy: a review and an integrated conceptual framework", European Journal of Marketing, 30 (1): 52-69.