The Regional Status of Jordan: An Analysis on the Notion of Small State

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 70 Sayı: 2, 377 - 401, 21.07.2015

Nuri Yeşilyurt

https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002356

Cited By: 2

Öz

Although small states comprise the majority within the international system, their security and foreign policy experience are deemed relatively unimportant and thus ignored by the mainstream perspectives in International Relations. This article aims to analyse the status of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan within the Middle East regional system with a reference to the concept of “small state”. The first section focuses on the notion of small state and suggests an authentic definition of the concept. The piece, then, analyses the major sources of vulnerability and resilience of Jordan as a small state. The article aims to make two contributions to the current literature: Firstly, to develop a regional perspective for the definition of small state; and secondly, to show the outstanding advantages enjoyed by the small states that can eventually balance their weaknesses due to their size. Jordan is an ideal case to investigate the subject within the Middle Eastern context

Anahtar Kelimeler

Small state, Jordan, Middle East, regional politics, regional security complex

Ürdün'ün Bölgesel Konumu: Küçük Devlet Kavramı Çerçevesinde Bir İnceleme

Öz

Uluslararası sistemdeki devletlerin çoğunluğunu oluşturmalarına karşın, küçük devletlerin güvenlik ve dış politika deneyimleri ana akım uluslararası ilişkiler yaklaşımları tarafından genelde önemsiz bulunmuş ve göz ardı edilmiştir. Bu makale, Ürdün Haşimi Krallığı’nın Ortadoğu bölgesel sistemindeki konumunu “küçük devlet” kavramı çerçevesinde değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunun için öncelikle küçük devlet kavramına eğilmekte ve özgün bir küçük devlet tanımı geliştirmeye çalışmaktadır. Daha sonra, bir küçük devlet olarak Ürdün’ün belli başlı incinebilirliklerinin ve dirençliliğinin analizini yapmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın mevcut yazına yapmayı amaçladığı katkı, iki noktada özetlenebilir: İlki, küçük devlet tanımı konusunda yeni ve bölgesel bir perspektif geliştirmektir. İkincisi, küçük devletlerin küçük olmaktan kaynaklanan tüm zayıflıklarına karşın, bunu dengeleyecek önemli avantajlara da sahip olabileceğini göstermektir. Ortadoğu bağlamında Ürdün bu duruma iyi bir örnek oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küçük devlet, Ürdün, Ortadoğu, bölgesel siyaset, bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi

Kaynakça

• Abdullah II, King of Jordan (2001), "Remarks by His Majesty King Abdullah II at the State Banquet Hosted by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth and His Royal Highness Prince Philip", http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/speeches/view/id/121.html (03.10.2014).
• Abdullah II, King of Jordan (2002), "Remarks by His Majesty King Abdullah II at the State Banquet Hosted by His Excellency the President of the Swiss Federation Kaspar Villiger", http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/speeches/view/id/108.html (03.10.2014).
• Abdullah II, King of Jordan (2011), Our Last Best Chance: The Pursuit of Peace in a Time of Peril (Waterville, Me.: Thorndike Press).
• Abdullah II, King of Jordan (2013), "In His Own Words: Jordan's Security BackboneThe Thoughts of His Majesty King", World Policy Journal, 30 (31): 39-42.
• Abu Jaber, Kamel S. ve Ian J. Bickerton (2012), "Jordan", Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/306128/Jordan (08.09.2012).
• Açar, Dilaver Arıkan (2008), Small State Playing the Assymetric Game: Continuity and Change in Albanian Foreig Policy, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi (Ankara: ODTÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
• Al Arabiya (2013), "Jordan taps $5 billion Gulf fund to ease economic woes", http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2013/02/27/268715.html (17.10.2014).
• Ayoob, Mohammed (1993), "Unravelling the Concept: 'National Security' in the Third World", Korany, Bahgat, Paul Noble ve Rex Brynen (Der.), The Many Faces of National Security in the Arab World (New York: St. Martin's Press): 31-55.
• Baehr, Peter R. (1975), "Review: Small States: A Tool for Analysis", World Politics, 27 (3): 456-466.
• Baldwin, David A. (1980), "Interdependence and Power: A Conceptual Analysis", International Organization, 34 (4): 471-506.
• Barston, Ronald P. (1971), "The External Relations of Small States", Schou, August Ed ve Arne Olav Ed Brundtland (Der.), Small States in International Relations (New York: Almqvist and Wiksell): 39-56.
• Binder, Leonard (1958), "The Middle East as a Subordinate System", World Politics, 10 (3): 408- 429.
• Bjol, Erling (1971), "The Small State in International Politics", Schou, August Ed ve Arne Olav Ed Brundtland (Der.), Small States in International Relations (New York: Almqvist and Wiksell): 29-37.
• Bolle, Mary Jane, Alfred B. Prados ve Jeremy M. Sharp (2006), Qualifying Industrial Zones in Jordan and Egypt (CRS Reports No. RS22002) (Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress).
• Brand, Laurie A. (1994), Jordan's Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance Making (New York: Columbia University Press).
• Brecher, Michael ve Benjamin Geist (1980), Decisions in Crisis: Israel, 1967 and 1973 (Berkeley ; London: University of California Press).
• Browning, Christopher S. (2006), "Small, Smart and Salient? Rethinking Identity in the Small States Literature", Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19 (4): 669-684.
• Buzan, Barry (1983), People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).
• Buzan, Barry (1991), People, Sates and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf).
• Buzan, Barry (1992), "Third World Regional Security in Structural and Historical Perspective", Job, Brian (Der.), The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States (Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers): 167-189.
• Buzan, Barry ve Ole Wæver (2003), Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security (Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press).
• Central Bank of Jordan (2012), "Yearly Statistical Series (1964-2010)", http://www.cbj.gov.jo/pages.php?menu_id=136&local_type=0&local_id=0&local_details=0 &local_details1=0&localsite_branchname=CBJ (19.06.2012).
• Clarke, Colin G. ve Anthony Payne (1987), Politics, Security and Development in Small States (London: Allen & Unwin).
• Commonwealth Consultative Group on the Special Needs of Small States (1986), Vulnerability: Small States in the Global Society: Report of a Commonwealth Consultative Group (London: Commonwealth Secretariat).
• Cooper, Andrew Fenton ve Timothy M. Shaw (Der.) (2009), The Diplomacies of Small States: Between Vulnerability and Resilience (Basingstoke England, New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
• Crowards, T. (2002), "Defining the Category of ‘Small’ States", Journal of International Development, 14 (2): 143-179.
• Çetin, Yılmaz (2008), Küçük Devlet Teorisi ve Avrupa Birliği Üyesi Küçük Devletler, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
• Daily Sabah (2014), "Jordan eyes domestic energy production: Minister", http://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2014/09/08/jordan-eyes-domestic-energy-productionminister (19.02.2015).
• Dann, Uriel (1992), King Hussein's Strategy of Survival (Washington D.C.: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy).
• Deeb, Marius (2010), "Arap Republic of Egypt", Long, David E. , Bernard Reich ve Mark Gasiorowski (Der.), The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa (Boulder: Westview Press): 397-421.
• El-Edros, Syed Ali (1980), The Hashemite Arab Army: An Appreciation and Analysis of Military Operations (Amman: The Publishing Committee).
• El Harahişe, Muhammed Muhammed el Eyd (2000), Vakı ve Afak Suk el Amel el Ürdüni: Dirasat Kıyasiye (Ürdün İşgücü Piyasasının Durumu ve Beklentiler: Ekonometrik bir Çalışma), Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Mafrak, Ürdün: El Beyt Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi).
• Espindola, Roberto (1987), "Security Dilemmas", Clarke, Colin G. ve Anthony Payne (Der.), Politics, Security and Development in Small States (London: Allen & Unwin): 63-79.
• Fox, Annette Baker (1959), The Power of Small States : Diplomacy in World War II (Chicago, Ill., U.S.A.: University of Chicago Press).
• Gause, F. Gregory, III (1999), "Systemic Approaches to Middle East International Relations", International Studies Review, 1 (1): 11-31.
• Goetschel, Laurent (1998a), "The Foreign and Security Policy Interests of Small States in Today's Europe", Goetschel, Laurent (Der.), Small States Inside and Outside the European Union : Interests and Policies (Boston, Mass. ; London: Kluwer Academic): 13-31.
• Goetschel, Laurent (1998b), Small States Inside and Outside the European Union : Interests and Policies (Boston, Mass. ; London: Kluwer Academic).
• Goldberg, Jeffrey (2013), "The Modern King in the Arab Spring", http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/04/monarch-in-the-middle/309270/ (18.03.2013).
• Haaretz (2014), "Israel ready to help Jordan fend off Iraq insurgents, minister says", http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.603121 (19.02.2015).
• Handel, Michael I. (1990), Weak States in the International System (London, England, Portland, Or.: F. Cass).
• Hey, Jeanne A. K. (2003a), "Introducing Small State Foreign Policy", Hey, Jeanne A. K. (Der.), Small States in World Politics : Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 1-11.
• Hey, Jeanne A. K. (Der.) (2003b), Small States in World Politics : Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers).
• Keesing's Contemporary Archives (Bristol: Keesing's Publication Limited) (1957-1958).
• Keohane, Robert O. (2006), "Lilliputians' Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics", Ingebritsen, Christine, Iver B. Neumann, Sieglinde Gstöhl ve Jessica Beyer (Der.), Small States in International Relations (Seattle; Reykjavik: University of Washington Press; University of Iceland Press): 55-76.
• King Hussein I (1962), Uneasy Lies the Head: An Autobiography (London: Heinemann).
• King Hussein I (2001a), "Views on Selected Subjects: Jordan and the Palestinian Cause", http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/views_palestine1.html (03.11.2012).
• King Hussein I (2001b), "Views on Selected Subjects: The Quest for Peace", http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/views_peace5.html (03.11.2012).
• Knowles, Warwick (2005), Jordan Since 1989: A Study in Political Economy (London: I. B. Tauris).
• Korany, Bahgat, Paul Noble ve Rex Brynen (1993), "Conclusion: The Changing Regional Security Environment", Korany, Bahgat, Paul Noble ve Rex Brynen (Der.), The Many Faces of National Security in the Arab World (New York: St. Martin's Press): 275-302.
• Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (2006), "Country Profile: Jordan", http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Jordan.pdf (23.02.1012).
• Linton, Neville (1987), "A Policy Perspective", Clarke, Colin G. ve Anthony Payne (Der.), Politics, Security and Development in Small States (London: Allen & Unwin): 214-224.
• Liou, F. M. ve C. G. Ding (2002), "Subgrouping Small States Based on Socioeconomic Characteristics", World Development, 30 (7): 1289-1306.
• Maass, Matthias (2003), Small But Plentiful: The Proliferation of Small States in the International System of States, 1648-2002, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi (Medford, MA: Tufts University).
• Mason, Robert Scott (1989), "The Economy", Jordan: A Country Study, Chapin Metz, Helen (Ed.): Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jotoc.html (18.02.2012).
• Mostyn, Trevor ve Albert Hourani (1988), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
• Muasher, Marwan (2008), The Arab Center: The Promise of Moderation (New Haven, Conn. ; London: Yale University Press).
• Neumann, Iver B. ve Sieglinde Gstöhl (2006), "Lilliputians in Gulliver's World", Ingebritsen, Christine, Iver B. Neumann, Sieglinde Gstöhl ve Jessica Beyer (Der.), Small States in International Relations (Seattle; Reykjavik: University of Washington Press; University of Iceland Press): 3-36.
• Oddone, Elisa (2014), "Jordan boosts military presence on Iraq border", http://www.almonitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/07/jordan-isis-iraq-caliphate-border-jihadist-terror.html (05.10.2014).
• Olafsson, Bjorn G. (1998), Small States in the Global System: Analysis and Illustrations from the Case of Iceland (Aldershot: Ashgate).
• Papadakis, Maria ve Harvey Starr (1987), "Opportunity, Willingness and Small States: The Relationship Between Environment and Foreign Policy", Hermann, Charles F., Charles W. Kegley ve James N. Rosenau (Der.), New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (Boston ; London: Allen & Unwin): 409-432.
• Payne, Anthony (1987), "Economic Issues", Clarke, Colin G. ve Anthony Payne (Der.), Politics, Security and Development in Small States (London: Allen & Unwin): 50-62.
• Pedatzur, Reuven (2008), "The Rescue of King Hussein's Regime", Civil Wars, 10 (3): 294-318
• Rivlin, Paul (2009), Arab Economies in the Twenty-first Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
• Robins, Philip (2004), A History of Jordan (Cambridge, U.K., New York: Cambridge University Press).
• Rothstein, Robert L. (1968), Alliances and Small Powers (New York, Columbia University Press).
• Ryan, Curtis R. (2007), "Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan", Long, David E., Bernard Reich ve Mark J. Gasiorowski (Der.), The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Westview ; London): 292-314.
• Salame, Ghassan (1987), "'Strong' and 'Weak' States, A Qualified Return to the Muqaddimah", Salame, Ghassan (Der.), The Foundations of the Arab State (London: Croom Helm): 205-240.
• Salibi, Kamal (1993), The Modern History of Jordan (London: Tauris).
• Schenker, David (2014), "Salafi Jihadists on Rise in Jordan", http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/salafi-jihadists-on-the-rise-injordan (05.05.2014).
• Sharp, Jeremy M. (2014), Jordan: Background and U.S. Relations (CRS Reports No. RL33546) (Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress).
• Sheffer, Gabriel (1997), "The Security of Small Ethnic States: A Counter Neo-Realist Argument", Inbar, Efraim ve Gabriel Sheffer (Der.), The National Security of Small States in a Changing World (London ; Portland, OR.: Frank Cass): 9-40.
• Shlaim, Avi (2008), Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace (London: Penguin).
• Stein, Janice Gross (1993), "The Security Dilemma in the Middle East: A Prognosis for the Decade Ahead", Korany, Bahgat, Paul Noble ve Rex Brynen (Der.), The Many Faces of National Security in the Arab World (New York: St. Martin's Press): 56-75.
• Thompson, William R. (1981), "Delineating Regional Subsystems: Visit Networks and the Middle Eastern Case", International Journal of Middle East Studies, 13 (02): 213-235.
• Tripp, Charles (2001), "Rethinking the State and Global Change. States, Elites and the 'Management of Change'", Hakimian, Hassan ve Ziba Moshaver (Der.), The State and Global Change: The Political Economy of Transition in the Middle East and North Africa (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon): 211-231.
• U.S. Census Bureau (2011), "International Data Base", http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/index.php (11.10.2011).
• Vellut, Jean-Luc (1967), "Smaller States and the Problem of War and Peace: Some Consequences of the Emergence of Smaller States in Africa", Journal of Peace Research, 4 (3): 252- 269.
• Vital, David (1967), The Inequality of States. A Study of the Small Power in International Relations (Clarendon Press: Oxford).
• Wiberg, Håkan (1987), "The Security of Small Nations: Challenges and Defences", Journal of Peace Research, 24 (4): 339-363.
• Yorke, Valerie (1988), Domestic Politics and Regional Security: Jordan, Syria, and Israel: The End of an Era? (Aldershot: Gower).