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THE RISK OF POLITICAL MANIPULATION TURNING INTO A POLITICAL INFODEMIC: PRECAUTIONS FOR GENERATION Z

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 860 - 883, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1380473

Öz

TThis article examines the notion of infodemic in relation to political manipulation, specifically focusing on Generation Z as a case study. The analysis is based on relevant literature and utilizes an inductive approach. The initial segment emphasizes the significance of mass communication and social media in the dissemination of information. Additionally, the paper delves into artificial intelligence and cybersecurity, specifically addressing the potential dangers of infodemics. Research literature indicates that Generation Z is more vulnerable to disinformation disseminated through social media platforms. Hence, it is imperative for lawmakers and members of Generation Z to actively engage in tackling this matter. Media literacy is promoted to empower Generation Z in discerning between reality and fiction. The article advocates for the development of analytical thinking skills and underscores the significance of discerning between different sources of information and trustworthy news outlets. Furthermore, there is a strong emphasis on adhering to regulations pertaining to the utilization of social media. In essence, it asserts that cooperation is required to safeguard Generation Z against political information breakouts and manipulations that may give rise to issues regarding democratic norms and societal repercussions. Additionally, greater investigation into this subject is important.

Kaynakça

  • Adorno, T. W. (2007). Kültür endüstrisi kültür yönetimi. İletişim Publication.
  • Alfred, J. J. R. & Wong, S. P. (2022). The relationship between the perception of social media credibility and political engagement in social media among generation Z. Journal of Communication, Language and Culture, 2 (2), 18-33.
  • Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31, 211–236.
  • Amedie, J. (2015). Impact of social media on society. Pop Culture Intersections, 2. https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2016/15773
  • Araújo, C. A. Á. (2022). Infodemic: The new informational reality of the present times. Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice, 10 (1), 59-72.
  • Arao, D. A., Brooten, L., Custodio, P. A., Du, R., Rivera, M. T., & Zhang, N. Y. (2020). Fighting infodemics. Media Asia, 47, 85-87.
  • Avcıoğlu, G. Ş. (2013). Bilginin küreselleşmesinde kitle iletişim araçlarının manipülatif rolü. Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 29, 21–34.
  • Aydın, A. F. (2020). Post-Truth dönemde sosyal medyada dezenformasyon: COVİD-19 (Yeni koronavirüs) pandemi süreci. Asya Studies, 4 (12), 76-90.
  • Aydın, G. Ç. & Başol, O. (2014). X ve Y kuşaği: Çalışmanın anlamında bir değişme var mı? Ejovoc (Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges), 4 (4), 1-15.
  • Bostancı, M. (2015). Sosyal medya ve siyaset. Palet Publications.
  • Bradshaw, S. & Howard, P. N. (2018). Challenging truth and trust: A global inventory of organized social media manipulation. The Computational Propaganda Project, 1, 1-26.
  • Bradshaw, S., Campbell-Smith, U., Henle, A., Perini, A., Shalev, S., Bailey, H., & Howard, P. N. (2021). Country case studies industrialized disinformation: 2020 global inventory of organized social media manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute.
  • Confessore, N. (2018). Cambridge analytica and facebook: The scandal and the fallout so far. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-scandal-fallout.html
  • Çam, A. (2018). Gençlik politik mi, apolitik mi? Siyasetin değişen doğası: Üniversite gençliğinin siyaset algısı ve siyasal katılımı (Unpublished Master Thesis). Institute of Social Sciences.
  • Dahlgren, P. (2000). The internet and the democratization of civic culture. Political Communication, 31 (3), 329-384.
  • Dale, H. C. (2017). Russia used facebook ads to wield influence in America. We need greater transparency. https://www.heritage.org/government-regulation/commentary/russia-used-facebook-ads-wield-influence-america-we-need-greater
  • Doshi-Velez, F., Kortz, M., Budish, R., Bavitz, C., Gershman, S., O'Brien, D. & Wood, A. (2017). Accountability of AI under the law: The role of explanation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.01134.
  • Druckman, J. N. (2012). The politics of motivation. Critical Review, 24 (2), 199-216.
  • Edelson, J., A. Alduncin, C. Krewson, J. A. Sieja. & J.E. Uscinski (2017). The effect of conspiratorial thinking motivated reasoning on belief in election fraud. Political Research Quarterly, 70, 933-946.
  • Eysenbach, G. (2002). Infodemiology: The epidemiology of (mis)information. American Journal of Medicine, 113 (9), 763-765.
  • Flynn, D.J., B. Nyhan, & J. Reifler (2017). The nature and origins of misperceptions: Understanding false and unsupported beliefs about politics. Political Psychology, 38, 127-150.
  • Funke, D. & Flamini, D. (2018). A guide to anti-misinformation actions around the world. Poynter. https://www.poynter.org/ifcn/anti-misinformation-actions/#china
  • Garrett, R. K. (2017). The "echo chamber" distraction: Disinformation campaigns are the problem, not audience fragmentation. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6, 370-376.
  • Gazzaley, A. & Rosen, L. D. (2019). Dağınık zihin, yüksek teknoloji dünyasında kadim beyinler. (A. Babacan, Trans.). Metis Yayınları.
  • Gönenç, Ö. (2014). İletişim dünyası. Yılmaz Printing & Publishing.
  • Han, B. C. (2022). Infocracy: Digitization and the crisis of democracy. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hart, P.S. & Nisbet, E.C. (2012). Boomerang effects in science communication: How motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about climate mitigation policies. Communication Research, 39 (6), 701-723. DOI: 10.1177/0093650211416646
  • Hartke, R. (2016). The Oedipus Complex: A Confrontation at the central cross-roads of psychoanalysis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 97 (3), 893–913. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-8315.12561
  • Jago, E. (2022). Algorithmic manipulation: How social media is shaping our theology. Eleutheria, 6 (1). https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/eleu/vol6/iss1/9
  • Karp, J.A. Nai, A. & Norris, P. (2018). Dial "F" for fraud: Explaining citizens' suspicions about elections. Electoral Studies, 53, 11-19.
  • Kavanagh, J. & Rich, M. D. (2018). Truth decay: An initial exploration of the diminishing role of facts and analysis in American public life. Rand Corporation.
  • Keser, A. (2017). Sosyal medya siyaset ilişkisi: Sosyal medyanın siyasal katılıma etkisi üzerine bir araştırma (Master Thesis, Institute of Social Science).
  • Krasni, J. (2020). How to hijack a discourse? Reflections on the concepts of post-truth and fake news. Palgrave Communications, 7 (1), 1-10.
  • Kunda, Z. (1990). The Case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 480-498. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480
  • Lailiyah, N., Pradhana, G. A. & Yuliyanto, M. (2020). Youthizen political literacy: Educating the generation z. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Volume, 19 (1), 22-39.
  • Lau, R., Andersen, D.J. & Redlawsk, D.P. (2008). An exploration of correct voting in recent US presidential elections. American Journal of Political Science, 52 (2), 395-411.
  • Lazer, D.M.J., Baum, M.A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A.J., Greenhill, K.M. & Menczer, F. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359, 1094-1096.
  • Lewandowsky, S., Ullrich, K.H.E. & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the post-truth era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6, 353-369.
  • Leymun, O. Şenay. (2020). Dijital etik. In pandemi döneminde sınanan dijital vatandaşlık (Ed. A. A. Kurt & H. F. Odabaşı, (s. 173-203), Anı Publications.
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  • Loucks, J., Davenport, T. & Schatsky, D. (2018). State of AI in the enterprise. Deloitte Insights Report.
  • Loveless, M. (2020). Information and democracy: Fake news as an emotional weapon. In Democracy and Fake News (s. 64-76). Routledge.
  • Lynch, K. & Hogan, J. (2012). How Irish political parties are using social networking sites to reach generation z: An insight into a new online social network in a small democracy. Irish Communications Review, 13, 83-98.
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SİYASİ MANİPÜLASYONUN SİYASİ BİGİ SALGININA DÖNÜŞME RİSKİ: Z KUŞAĞI İÇİN ÖNLEMLER

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 860 - 883, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1380473

Öz

Bu makale, Z kuşağını bir vaka incelemesi olarak kullanarak siyasi manipülasyonu bağlamında infodemi kavramını ilgili literatürü dikkate alarak tümevarımsal bir yöntemle tartışmakta ve bazı önlemler önermektedir. İlk bölümde, bilginin yayılmasında kitle iletişimi ve sosyal medyanın rolü vurgulanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte makale, yapay zekâ ve siber güvenliğe de odaklanarak infodemi risklerini tartışmaktadır. Araştırmanın literatürüne göre göre Z kuşağı, sosyal medya aracılığıyla yanlış bilgilere daha fazla yatkın olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, siyasetçiler ve Z kuşağına mensup gençler bu sorunu ele almada katılımcı olmalıdır. Bu çerçevede, Z kuşağının gerçeklik ile kurgu arasındaki ayrımı yapabilmesi için medya okuryazarlığına sahip olması teşvik edilmektedir. Bu makale, eleştirel düşünceyi teşvik etmekte, çeşitli bilgi kaynakları ve güvenilir haber kanalları arasındaki farkı önemine değinmektedir. Ayrıca, sosyal medya kullanımıyla ilgili kurallara uymanın gerekliliği vurgulanmaktadır. Son tahlilde, gelecekte demokratik protokoller ve sosyal sonuçlar konusunda endişe yaratabilecek siyasi bilgi salgınlarına ve manipülasyonlara karşı Z kuşağını korumak için iş birliğine ihtiyaç olduğu ve bu konu özelinde fazla araştırma yapılması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşmıştır.

Teşekkür

Çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasında yapıcı fikir ve desteklerini esirgemeyen Doç. Dr. Haluk YAMAN' a teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum.

Kaynakça

  • Adorno, T. W. (2007). Kültür endüstrisi kültür yönetimi. İletişim Publication.
  • Alfred, J. J. R. & Wong, S. P. (2022). The relationship between the perception of social media credibility and political engagement in social media among generation Z. Journal of Communication, Language and Culture, 2 (2), 18-33.
  • Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31, 211–236.
  • Amedie, J. (2015). Impact of social media on society. Pop Culture Intersections, 2. https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2016/15773
  • Araújo, C. A. Á. (2022). Infodemic: The new informational reality of the present times. Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice, 10 (1), 59-72.
  • Arao, D. A., Brooten, L., Custodio, P. A., Du, R., Rivera, M. T., & Zhang, N. Y. (2020). Fighting infodemics. Media Asia, 47, 85-87.
  • Avcıoğlu, G. Ş. (2013). Bilginin küreselleşmesinde kitle iletişim araçlarının manipülatif rolü. Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 29, 21–34.
  • Aydın, A. F. (2020). Post-Truth dönemde sosyal medyada dezenformasyon: COVİD-19 (Yeni koronavirüs) pandemi süreci. Asya Studies, 4 (12), 76-90.
  • Aydın, G. Ç. & Başol, O. (2014). X ve Y kuşaği: Çalışmanın anlamında bir değişme var mı? Ejovoc (Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges), 4 (4), 1-15.
  • Bostancı, M. (2015). Sosyal medya ve siyaset. Palet Publications.
  • Bradshaw, S. & Howard, P. N. (2018). Challenging truth and trust: A global inventory of organized social media manipulation. The Computational Propaganda Project, 1, 1-26.
  • Bradshaw, S., Campbell-Smith, U., Henle, A., Perini, A., Shalev, S., Bailey, H., & Howard, P. N. (2021). Country case studies industrialized disinformation: 2020 global inventory of organized social media manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute.
  • Confessore, N. (2018). Cambridge analytica and facebook: The scandal and the fallout so far. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-scandal-fallout.html
  • Çam, A. (2018). Gençlik politik mi, apolitik mi? Siyasetin değişen doğası: Üniversite gençliğinin siyaset algısı ve siyasal katılımı (Unpublished Master Thesis). Institute of Social Sciences.
  • Dahlgren, P. (2000). The internet and the democratization of civic culture. Political Communication, 31 (3), 329-384.
  • Dale, H. C. (2017). Russia used facebook ads to wield influence in America. We need greater transparency. https://www.heritage.org/government-regulation/commentary/russia-used-facebook-ads-wield-influence-america-we-need-greater
  • Doshi-Velez, F., Kortz, M., Budish, R., Bavitz, C., Gershman, S., O'Brien, D. & Wood, A. (2017). Accountability of AI under the law: The role of explanation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.01134.
  • Druckman, J. N. (2012). The politics of motivation. Critical Review, 24 (2), 199-216.
  • Edelson, J., A. Alduncin, C. Krewson, J. A. Sieja. & J.E. Uscinski (2017). The effect of conspiratorial thinking motivated reasoning on belief in election fraud. Political Research Quarterly, 70, 933-946.
  • Eysenbach, G. (2002). Infodemiology: The epidemiology of (mis)information. American Journal of Medicine, 113 (9), 763-765.
  • Flynn, D.J., B. Nyhan, & J. Reifler (2017). The nature and origins of misperceptions: Understanding false and unsupported beliefs about politics. Political Psychology, 38, 127-150.
  • Funke, D. & Flamini, D. (2018). A guide to anti-misinformation actions around the world. Poynter. https://www.poynter.org/ifcn/anti-misinformation-actions/#china
  • Garrett, R. K. (2017). The "echo chamber" distraction: Disinformation campaigns are the problem, not audience fragmentation. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6, 370-376.
  • Gazzaley, A. & Rosen, L. D. (2019). Dağınık zihin, yüksek teknoloji dünyasında kadim beyinler. (A. Babacan, Trans.). Metis Yayınları.
  • Gönenç, Ö. (2014). İletişim dünyası. Yılmaz Printing & Publishing.
  • Han, B. C. (2022). Infocracy: Digitization and the crisis of democracy. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hart, P.S. & Nisbet, E.C. (2012). Boomerang effects in science communication: How motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about climate mitigation policies. Communication Research, 39 (6), 701-723. DOI: 10.1177/0093650211416646
  • Hartke, R. (2016). The Oedipus Complex: A Confrontation at the central cross-roads of psychoanalysis. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 97 (3), 893–913. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-8315.12561
  • Jago, E. (2022). Algorithmic manipulation: How social media is shaping our theology. Eleutheria, 6 (1). https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/eleu/vol6/iss1/9
  • Karp, J.A. Nai, A. & Norris, P. (2018). Dial "F" for fraud: Explaining citizens' suspicions about elections. Electoral Studies, 53, 11-19.
  • Kavanagh, J. & Rich, M. D. (2018). Truth decay: An initial exploration of the diminishing role of facts and analysis in American public life. Rand Corporation.
  • Keser, A. (2017). Sosyal medya siyaset ilişkisi: Sosyal medyanın siyasal katılıma etkisi üzerine bir araştırma (Master Thesis, Institute of Social Science).
  • Krasni, J. (2020). How to hijack a discourse? Reflections on the concepts of post-truth and fake news. Palgrave Communications, 7 (1), 1-10.
  • Kunda, Z. (1990). The Case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 480-498. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480
  • Lailiyah, N., Pradhana, G. A. & Yuliyanto, M. (2020). Youthizen political literacy: Educating the generation z. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Volume, 19 (1), 22-39.
  • Lau, R., Andersen, D.J. & Redlawsk, D.P. (2008). An exploration of correct voting in recent US presidential elections. American Journal of Political Science, 52 (2), 395-411.
  • Lazer, D.M.J., Baum, M.A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A.J., Greenhill, K.M. & Menczer, F. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359, 1094-1096.
  • Lewandowsky, S., Ullrich, K.H.E. & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the post-truth era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6, 353-369.
  • Leymun, O. Şenay. (2020). Dijital etik. In pandemi döneminde sınanan dijital vatandaşlık (Ed. A. A. Kurt & H. F. Odabaşı, (s. 173-203), Anı Publications.
  • Lodge, M., & Taber, C. (2000). Three steps toward a theory of motivated political reasoning. In A. Lupin (Ed.), Elements of reason: Cognition, choice, and the bounds of rationality (s. 183-213). Cambridge University Press.
  • Loucks, J., Davenport, T. & Schatsky, D. (2018). State of AI in the enterprise. Deloitte Insights Report.
  • Loveless, M. (2020). Information and democracy: Fake news as an emotional weapon. In Democracy and Fake News (s. 64-76). Routledge.
  • Lynch, K. & Hogan, J. (2012). How Irish political parties are using social networking sites to reach generation z: An insight into a new online social network in a small democracy. Irish Communications Review, 13, 83-98.
  • Mason, R. O. (1986). Four ethical issues of information age. MIS Quarterly, 10 (1), 5-11.
  • McCarthy, J. (1960). Programs with common sense. RLE and MIT computation center.
  • Metodieva, A. (2018). Disinformation as a cyber threat in the V4: Capabilities and reactions to Russian campaigns. Strategic Policy Institute.
  • Minarlı, M. A. (2019). İletişimsel bir ortam olarak sosyal medya ve demokrasi (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis), Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
  • Nagasako, T. (2020). Global disinformation campaigns and legal challenges. International Cybersecurity Law Review, 1, 125-136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1365/s43439-020-00010-7
  • Netsparker. (2017). İstihbaratın sınıflandırılması. Siber Güvenlik, 1.
  • Özalp, O. N. (2012). Arap baharının orta Asya cumhuriyetlerini etkileme potansiyeli. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4 (2), 251–259.
  • Öztürk, A. (2013). İmajoloji. Elis Publications.
  • Park, N., Kee, K. F. & Valenzuela, S. (2009). Being immersed in social networking environment: Facebook groups, uses and gratifications, and social outcomes. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12 (6), 729-733.
  • Pettman, D. (2016). Infinite distraction: Paying attention to social media. Politiy Press.
  • Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon, 9 (5), 1-6.
  • Prior, M., Sood, G. & Khanna, K. (2015). You cannot be serious: The impact of accuracy incentives on partisan bias in reports of economic perceptions. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 10, 489-518.
  • Rahwan, I., Cebrian, M., Obradovich, N., Bongard, J., Bonnefon, J. F., Breazeal, C., ... & Wellman, M. (2019). Machine behaviour. Nature, 568 (7753), 477-486.
  • Redlawsk, D. P. (2002). Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making. Journal of Politics, 64 (4), 1021–44.
  • Roozenbeek, J. & Van Der Linden, S. (2019). The fake news game: Actively inoculating against the risk of misinformation. Journal of Risk Research, 22 (5), 570-580.
  • Samoili, S., Cobo, M. L., Gomez, E., De Prato, G., Martinez-Plumed, F. & Delipetrev, B. (2020). AI watch. Defining artificial intelligence. Towards an operational definition and taxonomy of artificial intelligence. Technical Report. Joint Research Centre.
  • Sarıoğlu, E. B. & Turan, E. (2020). COVID-19 ile ilgili haberlerde bilginin yeniden üretilmesi sürecinin infodemik açıdan analizi. Turkish Studies, 15 (6), 819–837. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44109
  • Savaş, S. & Karataş, S. (2019). Z kuşaği öğrencisini tanimak. Eğitim Araştırmaları, 223-237.
  • Sculley, D., Holt, G., Golovin, D., Davydov, E., Phillips, T., Ebner, D., ... & Young, M. (2014). Machine learning: The high interest credit card of technical debt. (NIPS Workshop)
  • Selvi, M. (2020). Sosyal medya ve z kuşağı siyasal katılım davranışı ilişkisi. (Unpublished Master Thesis), Anadolu University Institute of Social Sciences, Eskişehir.
  • Oymak, H. (2022). Kamuoyunda dezenformasyon yasası olarak bilinen, 7418 sayılı “Basın Kanunu İle Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun’’un getirdikleri. Yeni Medya, 504-514.
  • Pichler, S., Kohli, C. & Granitz, N. (2021). Ditto for gen z: A framework for leveraging the uniqueness of the new generation. Business Horizons, 64 (5), 599-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.021
  • Silverman, C. (2020). Investigating disinformation and media manipulation. In C. Silverman (Ed.), Verification Handbook on Disinformation and Media Manipulation (pp. 4-8).
  • Singer, P. W. & Friedman, A. (2018). Siber güvenlik ve siber savaş. Buzdağı Publications.
  • Smith, T. (2021). The infodemic as a threat to cybersecurity. The International Journal of Intelligence, Security, and Public Affairs, 23, 180-196.
  • Sniderman, P. M., Brody, R. A. & Tetlock, P. E. (1993). Reasoning and choice: Explorations in political psychology. Cambridge University Press.
  • Suhay, E., Druckman, J. N., Kraft, P. W., Lodge, M. & Taber, C. S. (2015). Why people don't trust the evidence. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 658 (1), 121-33.
  • Şahinbaş, Y. (2016). Gençliğin siyaset algısı ve yönelimleri: Trakya üniversitesi öğrencileri üzerine bir çalışma (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Trakya University Institute of Social Sciences, Edirne.
  • Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50 (3), 755-769.
  • Tandon, M. S., Singh, M. N. V. & Tripathi, D. (2022). Like, share and comment: Gen-Z and political memes on social media. Specialusis Ugdymas, 1 (43), 2973-2998.
  • Tonta, Y. (2009). Dijital yerliler, sosyal ağlar ve kütüphanelerin geleceği. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 23 (4), 742–768.
  • Tutgun-Ünal, A. (2020). Social media addiction of new media and journalism students. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 19 (2), 1-12.
  • Uscinski, J. E. (2018). Conspiracy theories and the people who believe them. Oxford University Press.
  • Ün, E. (2021). Türkiye'de sosyal medyanın seçimler üzerindeki etkisi: 2018 cumhurbaşkanlığı seçimleri ve Twitter örneği (Unpublished Master Thesis). İstanbul Gelişim University, İstanbul.
  • Ünlü, A. (2020). Habermasçı kamausal alanın imkânı: Sosyal medya üzerine bir inceleme (Unpublished Master Thesis). Institute of Social Sciences.
  • Wardle, C. (2017). Fake news. It’s complicated. First draft, 16, 1-11.
  • Weber, L. M., Loumakis, A. & Bergman, J. (2003). Who participates and why? An analysis of citizens on the internet and the mass public. Social Science Computer Review, 21 (1), 26-42.
  • World Health Organization (2020). Munich Security Conference. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/munich-security-conference.
  • Yerlikaya, T. & Toker Aslan, S. (2020). Social media and fake news in the post-truth era: The manipulation of politics in the election process. Insight Turkey, 22 (2), 177-196.
  • Yüceel, M. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin siyasal katılımında sosyal medyanın rolü. Uşak Universty, (Unpublished master's thesis). Institute of Scoial Sciences.
  • Zarocostas, J. (2020). How to fight an infodemic. The Lancet, 395 (10225), 676.
  • Zhang, L. (2019). Government responses to disinformation on social media platforms. The Law Library of Congress.
  • Zielinski, C. (2021). Infodemics and infodemiology: A short history, a long future. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 45. Zubair, S. (2017). A comparative study of the impact of social media on political attitude & behavior of the university students in Pakistan & USA (Master's thesis), Institute of Social Sciences.
Toplam 86 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ertuğrul Buğra Orhan 0000-0003-2455-5441

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 25 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Orhan, E. B. (2023). THE RISK OF POLITICAL MANIPULATION TURNING INTO A POLITICAL INFODEMIC: PRECAUTIONS FOR GENERATION Z. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 14(2), 860-883. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1380473