Cinsiyet Perspektifinden Risk Alma Davranışı ve İnternet Bağımlılığı

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 76 - 90, 31.03.2021

Nefise Ladikli , Neylan Ziyalar

https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.799921

Cited By: 3

Öz

Amaç: Bu araştırma, cinsiyet değişkeni kapsamında risk alma davranışlarını ve internet kullanımını incelemeyi, internet bağımlılığı ile gündelik hayatın belirli alanlardaki risk alma davranışları arasındaki olası bağlantıları ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Araştırmaya 260’ı (%48,2) kadın, 279’u (%51,8) erkek 539 kişi katılmıştır. Katılımcılara sosyodemografik form, risk alma davranışlarının incelenebilmesi için Belirli Alanlara Özgü Risk Tutumları Ölçeği (BARTÖ), normal ve riskli internet kullanımı ile internet bağımlılığının değerlendirilebilmesi için İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (İBÖ) uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Kadın ve erkeklerin risk alma davranışları alt boyutlarına ait sıra ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık saptanmıştır. Erkeklerin gündelik yaşamda etik, şans oyunları ve güvenlik alt boyutunda, kadınların ise sosyal alt boyutta yüksek ortalamaya sahip olduğu, internet bağımlılığı puanlarının ortalamaları arasında ise anlamlı bir farklılığın bulunmadığı görülmüştür. İnternet bağımlılığı ile risk alma davranışı alt boyutlarının tamamı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Söz konusu ilişkide cinsiyetin etkisini görebilmek adına cinsiyet gruplarına göre ayrılan veri analiz edilmiş, kadınların ve erkeklerin İBÖ toplam puanları ile BARTÖ alt boyut toplam puanlarının tamamı arasında anlamlı ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ortalama internet kullanan grubun tüm risk alma davranışı alanlarında, internet bağımlısı ve internet bağımlılığı riski altındaki bireylerden daha düşük ortalamalara sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Risk alma davranışının internet bağımlılığı düzeyine göre değişkenlik gösterdiği ve internet bağımlılığı ile risk alma davranışları arasındaki ilişkinin cinsiyet gruplarına göre farklılaştığı ortaya konmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

risk alma, davranış, bağımlı, bilgisayarlara tutum, tehlikeli davranış, seks karakteristikleri, psikoloji, klinik

Risk-Taking Behavior and Internet Addiction from Gender Perspective

Öz

Objective: This research aims to examine risk-taking behaviors and internet usage within the context of gender, to reveal possible connections between internet addiction and risk-taking behaviors in certain areas of daily life.
Method: 539 participants, 260 (48.2%) female and 279 (51.8%) male, participated in the study. Participants were administered a sociodemographic form, a Domain-Specific Risk Attitude Scale (DOSPERT) to examine risk-taking behaviors and Internet Addiction Scale (IAS) to evaluate level of internet addiction.
Results: There was a statistically significant difference between mean rank scores of men's and women's risk-taking behaviors. It was observed that, men had high mean score in ethics in everyday life, gambling and security, and women had high mean score in social sub-dimension. There was no significant difference between the mean scores of IAS. A positive correlation was found between IAS and whole sub-domains of DOSPERT. In order to determine the effect of gender in this correlation, the dataset splitted by gender groups were analyzed and a significant correlation was found between the sum of women’s and men’s IAS and DOSPERT domain scores.
Conclusion: The average internet users has lower averages in all areas of risk taking behavior than internet addicts and individuals at risk of internet addiction.

Anahtar Kelimeler

risk taking behavior, addiction, health risk behaviors

Kaynakça

• Furby L, Beyth-Marom R. Risk taking in adolescence: A decision-making perspective. Dev Rev. 1992;12(1):1–44.
• American Psychological Association. APA dictionary of psychology. 2nd ed. VandenBos GR, editor. Washington DC: American Psychological Association; 2015. Available from: http://content.apa.org/books/14646-000
• Womack SD, Hook JN, Reyna SH, Ramos M. Sleep Loss and Risk-Taking Behavior: A Review of the Literature. Behav Sleep Med. 2013;11(5):343–59. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2012.703628
• Ben-Zur H, Zeidner M. Threat to life and risk-taking behaviors: A review of empirical findings and explanatory models. Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2009.
• Gullone E, Moore S. Adolescent risk-taking and the five-factor model of personality. J Adolesc. 2000;23(4):393–407.
• Brizer D, Castaneda R. Clinical addiction psychiatry. Clinical Addiction Psychiatry. 2010. 1–257 p.
• Winston AP, Hardwick E, Jaberi N. Neuropsychiatric effects of caffeine. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2005;11(6):432–9.
• Leigh BC. Peril, chance, adventure: concepts of risk, alcohol use and risky behavior in young adults. Addiction. 1999 Mar;94(3):371–83. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10605866
• Buss DM. Evolutionary Personality Psychology. Annu Rev Psychol. 1991 Jan;42(1):459–91. Available from: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ps.42.020191.002331
• Trimpop R. The Psychology of Risk Taking Behavior. Amsterdam: North Holland; 1994. 416 p.
• Bechara A, Tranel D, Damasio H. Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions. Brain. 2000;123(11):2189–202.
• Singer T, Critchley HD, Preuschoff K. A common role of insula in feelings, empathy and uncertainty. Trends Cogn Sci. 2009 Aug;13(8):334–40. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19643659
• Kreek MJ, Nielsen DA, Butelman ER, LaForge KS. Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Vol. 8, Nature Neuroscience. 2005. p. 1450–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251987
• Eysenck HJ. The biological basis of personality. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Transaction Publishing; 2006. Available from: https://content.taylorfrancis.com/books/download?dac=C2017-0-52743-2&isbn=9781351305273&format=googlePreviewPdf
• Eysenck HJ. Biological dimensions of personality. In: Pervin LA, editor. Handbook of personality: Theory and research. New York, NY, US: Transaction Publishing; 1950. p. 244–76. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=yetzyOzYl-4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&ots=McPZjum5Y8&sig=d7ynA5LPHoFzR9EdjF0rir8Aihw
• Eysenck HJ. Dimensions of personality. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Transaction Publishing; 1950. 308 p. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=yetzyOzYl-
• Buss A, Plomin R. Temperament: Early Developing Personality Traits. London: Psychology Press; 1984. 196 p.
• Trimpop R., Kerr J., Kirkcaldy B. Comparing personality constructs of risk-taking behavior. Pers Individ Dif. 1998 Jan 11;26(2):237–54. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886998000488
• Whiteside SP, Lynam DR. The five factor model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Pers Individ Dif. 2001;30(4):669–89.
• Zuckerman M, Kuhlman DM. Personality and risk-taking: Common biosocial factors. J Pers. 2000;68(6):999–1029.
• Donovan JE. Adolescent alcohol initiation: A review of psychosocial risk factors. Vol. 35, Journal of Adolescent Health. 2004. p. 529.e7-529.e18.
• Hermens DF, Scott EM, White D, Lynch M, Lagopoulos J, Whitwell BG, et al. Frequent alcohol, nicotine or cannabis use is common in young persons presenting for mental healthcare: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(2). Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23381649
• Charness G, Gneezy U. Strong Evidence for Gender Differences in Risk Taking. J Econ Behav Organ. 2012;83(1):50–8.
• Eckel CC, Grossman PJ. Sex differences and statistical stereotyping in attitudes toward financial risk. Evol Hum Behav. 2002;23(4):281–95.
• Cobey KD, Stulp G, Laan F, Buunk AP, Pollet T V. Sex differences in risk taking behavior among dutch cyclists. Evol Psychol. 2013 Apr [cited 2019 Jul 26];11(2):350–64. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/147470491301100206
• Eker İ, Yılmaz B. Risk Taking Behavior: An Evaluation in terms of Childhood Trauma and Self-Esteem. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;19(1):27–36.
• Mohammadpoorasl A, Ghahramanloo AA, Allahverdipour H. Risk-Taking Behaviors and Subgrouping of College Students: A Latent Class Analysis. Am J Mens Health. 2013;7(6):475–81.
• Livingstone S, Helsper E. Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers’ use of the internet: the role of online skills and internet self-efficacy. New Media Soc. 2010 Mar 24;12(2):309–29. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444809342697
• Dowdell EB, Bradley PK. Risky Internet Behaviors: A Case Study of Online and Offline Stalking. J Sch Nurs. 2010 Dec 13;26(6):436–42. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1059840510380209
• Ko CH, Hsiao S, Liu GC, Yen JY, Yang MJ, Yen CF. The characteristics of decision making, potential to take risks, and personality of college students with Internet addiction. Psychiatry Res. 2010;175(1–2):121–5.
• Slater MD. Alienation, aggression, and sensation seeking as predictors of adolescent use of violent film, computer, and website content. J Commun. 2003;53(1):105–21. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0041819999&doi=10.1093%2Fjoc%2F53.1.105&partnerID=40&md5=080756c741ee7eb00872af120f8433cc
• Özdemir Y, Kuzucu Y, Ak Ş. Depression, loneliness and Internet addiction: How important is low self-control? Comput Human Behav. 2014 May 1;34:284–90. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563214000697#b0355
• Finn PR. Motivation, working memory, and decision making: a cognitive-motivational theory of personality vulnerability to alcoholism. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2002;1(3):183–205. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-7244249643&doi=10.1177%2F1534582302001003001&partnerID=40&md5=ef2940d4f0cc81432a6c192b2fbc2138
• Kelley AE, Schochet T, Landry CF. Risk taking and novelty seeking in adolescence: Introduction to part I. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1021:27–32. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-3042713510&doi=10.1196%2Fannals.1308.003&partnerID=40&md5=001591d9821e9db7b351f3c2e9afead5
• Lukasiewicz M, Neveu X, Blecha L, Falissard B, Reynaud M, Gasquet I. Pathways to substance-related disorder: a structural model approach exploring the influence of temperament, character, and childhood adversity in a national cohort of prisoners. Alcohol Alcohol. 2008 Feb 18;43(3):287–95. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agm183
• Lejuez CW, Aklin WM, Bornovalova MA, Moolchan ET. Differences in Risk-Taking Propensity Across Inner-City Adolescent Ever- and Never-Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2005 Feb 1;7(1):71–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200412331328484
• Forbush KT, Shaw M, Graeber MA, Hovick L, Meyer VJ, Moser DJ, et al. Neuropsychological characteristics and personality traits in pathological gambling. CNS Spectr. 2008;13(4):306–15. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-43249103389&doi=10.1017%2FS1092852900016424&partnerID=40&md5=f217c3536d905625d3756f8cad3eecfa
• Ko CH, Yen J-Y, Chen C-C, Chen S-H, Wu K, Yen C-F. Tridimensional Personality of Adolescents with Internet Addiction and Substance Use Experience. Can J Psychiatry. 2006 Dec 1;51(14):887–94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370605101404
• Bornovalova MA, Daughters SB, Hernandez GD, Richards JB, Lejuez CW. Differences in impulsivity and risk-taking propensity between primary users of crack cocaine and primary users of heroin in a residential substance-use program. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;4(13):311–318. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.13.4.311
• Guo L, Mei S, Ming Z. Research on Sensation Seeking, Internet Addiction Disorder and related factors in College Students. Educ Sci. 2009;(3):13.
• Lejoyeux M, McLoughlin M, Adès J. Epidemiology of behavioral dependence: Literature review and results of original studies. Eur Psychiatry. 2000;15(2):129–34. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034073359&doi=10.1016%2FS0924-9338%2800%2900201-7&partnerID=40&md5=4d624a1169790a3595265099f028f37f
• Lin SSJ, Tsai C-C. Sensation seeking and internet dependence of Taiwanese high school adolescents. Comput Human Behav. 2002;18(4):411–26. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0036643231&doi=10.1016%2FS0747-5632%2801%2900056-5&partnerID=40&md5=0876745582293e688d10f6e2b4b0bf3c
• Zuckerman M. Faites vos jeux anouveau: Still another look at sensation seeking and pathological gambling. Pers Individ Dif. 2005;39(2):361–5. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-20444484090&doi=10.1016%2Fj.paid.2005.01.012&partnerID=40&md5=479a6a66fca144ed4f79052d329b72f9
• Cohen L, Manion L, Morrison K. Research methods in education. Routledge; 2002.
• Öner ET. [The Domain-specific Risk Attitude Scale adopted for Turkish university students: Reliability and validity studies] Gazi Üniversitesi; 2009.
• Blais A-R, Weber EU. A domain-specific risk-taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations. Judgm Decis Mak. 2006;1(1).
• Balta ÖÇ, Horzum MB. [Internet Addiction Test]. J Educ Sci Pract. 2008;7(13).
• Weber EU, Blais A-R, Betz NE. A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. J Behav Decis Mak. 2002;15(4):263–90. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bdm.414
• Kozan K. Davranış bilimleri araştırmalarında sosyal beğenirlik boyutu ve Türkiye için bir Sosyal Beğenirlik Ölçeği. ODTÜ Gelişme Derg. 1983;10(3):447–78.
• Young KS. Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology Behav. 1998;1(3):237–44.
• Widyanto L, McMurran M. The psychometric properties of the internet addiction test. Cyberpsychology Behav. 2004;7(4):443–50.
• Byrnes JP, Miller DC, Schafer WD. Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 1999;125(3):367–83.
• Croson R, Gneezy U. Gender Differences in Preferences. J Econ Lit. 2009 May;47(2):448–74. Available from: http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/jel.47.2.448
• Finucane ML, Slovic P, Mertz CK, Flynn J, Satterfield TA. Gender, race, and perceived risk: The “white male” effect. Health Risk Soc. 2000 Jul;2(2):159–72. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713670162
• Kelling GW, Zirkes R, Myerowitz D. Risk as Value: A Switch of Set Hypothesis. Psychol Rep. 1976 Apr;38(2):655–8. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2466/pr0.1976.38.2.655
• Fisk SR. Who’s on Top? Gender Differences in Risk-Taking Produce Unequal Outcomes for High-Ability Women and Men. Soc Psychol Q. 2018;81(3):185–206. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272518796512
• Fisk SR. Gender Stereotypes, Risk-Taking, and Gendered Mobility. In: Advances in Group Processes. Emerald Group Publishing Limited; 2016. p. 179–210. Available from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S0882-614520160000033007/full/html
• Kumcağız H. Examination of Turkish University Students’ Internet Addiction in Relation to Their Parental Attachment Styles and Sociodemographics. SAGE Open. 2019 Apr 10;9(2):215824401984594. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244019845946
• Aslan E, Yazıcı A. Internet Addiction Among University Students and Related Sociodemografic Factors. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;19(3):109–17. Available from:http://www.journalagent.com/z4/download_fulltext.asp?pdir=kpd&plng=tur&un=KPD-03511
• Durak Batıgün A, Kılıç N. [The Relationships between Internet Addiction, Social Support, Psychological Symptoms and Some Socio-Demographical Variables] Türk Psikol Derg. 2011;26(67):1–10.
• Odacı H, Kalkan M. Problematic Internet use, loneliness and dating anxiety among young adult university students. Comput Educ. 2010 Nov;55(3):1091–7. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360131510001387
• Charlton JP, Danforth IDW. Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing. Comput Human Behav. 2007 May;23(3):1531–48. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S074756320500049X
• Potenza MN, Leung H-C, Blumberg HP, Peterson BS, Fulbright RK, Lacadie CM, et al. An fMRI Stroop Task Study of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortical Function in Pathological Gamblers. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Nov;160(11):1990–4. Available from: http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1990
• Seok J-W, Lee KH, Sohn S, Sohn J-H. Neural substrates of risky decision making in individuals with Internet addiction. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry. 2015 Oct 3;49(10):923–32. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0004867415598009
• Morgenroth T, Fine C, Ryan MK, Genat AE. Sex, Drugs, and Reckless Driving. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2018 Aug 19;9(6):744–53. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550617722833
• Nelson JA. The power of stereotyping and confirmation bias to overwhelm accurate assessment: the case of economics, gender, and risk aversion. J Econ Methodol. 2014 Jul 3;21(3):211–31. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1350178X.2014.939691