Bağımlı Akrabası Olan ve Olmayan Bireylerin Eşbağımlılık Özelliklerinin Savunma Mekanizmaları, Aile İşlevselliği ve Bağlanma Stilleri Açısından Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 191 - 202, 30.06.2024

Işıl Özüak Tunca , Gaye Özen Akın , Ali Dayi

https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1355379

Cited By: 2

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, bağımlı yakını olan (klinik grup, n=56) ve olmayan (klinik-olmayan grup, n=59) bireylerin eş-bağımlılık özelliklerinin bireysel (savunma-mekanizmaları), aile içi (aile-işlevselliği) ve ilişkisel (bağlanma-stilleri) açılardan karşılaştırılarak bu bireylerin eş-bağımlılık özelliklerinin ortak ve farklı yönlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Veri toplama aracı olarak Eş Bağımlılık Belirleme Ölçeği (EşBBÖ), Savunma Biçimleri Testi 40 (SBT-40), Aile Değerlendirme Ölçeği (ADÖ) ve İlişki Ölçekleri Anketi (İÖA) kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Klinik grubun EşBBÖ (diğerine-odaklanma/kendini-ihmal, düşük-öz-değer, kök-aile-sorunları alt ölçekleri ve toplam puanı); SBT-40 (immatür-savunmalar alt ölçeği); ADÖ (problem-çözmede-başarısızlık, iletişim-sorunları, rol-dağılımı-sorunları, duygusal-tepkisellik, duygusal-ilişki-kurma ve genel-işlevsellik sorunları alt ölçekleri ve toplam puanı); İÖA (saplantılı-bağlanma alt ölçeği) puanlarının klinik-olmayan gruptan; klinik-olmayan grubun ise SBT-40 olgun-savunmalar alt ölçeği puanının klinik gruptan istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Klinik grupta immatür savunmaların, problem-çözmede başarısızlığın ve saplantılı-bağlanmanın; klinik-olmayan grupta ise immatür savunmaların ve sağlıksız iletişimin eş-bağımlılığı istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde yordadığını göstermiştir.
Sonuç: Bu bulgular, bağımlı yakını olan ve olmayan bireylerin eş-bağımlılık özelliklerinin farklılık gösterdiğini gözlemleyen önceki araştırmaları desteklemektedir. Ayrıca immatür savunmaların, bireyin bağımlı bir yakını olup olmadığı fark etmeksizin her iki grupta da eş-bağımlılığı yordaması, bu savunma mekanizmasının kullanımının eş-bağımlılığın temel bir özelliği olabileceğine işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eş bağımlılık, savunma mekanizmaları, aile işlevselliği, bağlanma stilleri

Etik Beyan

çalışma ile iligli etik kurul kararı alınmış ve makale içinde belirtilmiştir

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Comparison of Codependency Characteristics of Individuals with and without Dependent Relatives in Terms of Defense Mechanisms, Family Functionality and Attachment Styles

Öz

Objective: This study aimed to identify both the shared and distinct aspects of the codependency characteristics of individuals with (clinical group, n=56) and without dependent relatives (non-clinical group, n=59) by comparing them in terms of personal (defense-mechanisms), domestic (family-functionality), and relational (attachment-styles) contexts.
Method: Codependency Assessment Tool (CODAT), Defense Styles Questionnaire 40 (DSQ-40), Family Assessment Device (FAD), and Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) were used as data collection tools.
Results: The clinical group scored statistically significantly higher on CODAT (other focus/self-neglect, low-self-worth, family-of-origin-issues subscales and total), DSQ-40 (immature-defenses subscale), FAD (failure in problem-solving, communication, role-distribution, affective-responsiveness, affective-involvement, general-functioning subscales and total), RSQ (preoccupied-attachment subscale) than the non-clinical group. The non-clinical group scored significantly higher on the mature-defenses subscale than the clinical group. Immature-defenses, failure in problem-solving and preoccupied-attachment predicted codependency in the clinical group whereas in the non-clinical group, immature-defenses and unhealthy-communication were significant predictors of codependency.
Conclusion: Codependency characteristics differ among individuals with and without dependent family members. As immature defenses predicted codependency in both groups, the use of this defense mechanism may be a fundamental feature of codependency.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Codependency, defense mechanisms, family functioning, attachment styles

Kaynakça

• Cermak TL. Diagnostic criteria for codependency. J Psychoactive Drugs 1986; 1(18): 15–20.
• Prest LA, Benson MJ, Protinsky HO. Family of origin and current relationship influences on codependency. Fam Process 1998; 37(4): 513–528.
• Fuller JA, Warner RM. Family stressors as predictors of codependency. Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr 2000; 126(1): 5-24.
• Haaken J. From Al-Anon to ACOA: Codependence and the reconstruction of caregiving. Signs (Chic) 1993; 18(2): 321-345.
• O'Gorman P. Codependency explored: A social movement in search of definition and treatment. Psychiatr Q 1993; 64(2): 199-212.
• Knudson T M, Terrell HK. Codependency, perceived interparental conflict, and substance abuse in the family of origin. Am J Fam Ther 2012; 40(3): 245–257.
• Zielinski M, Bradshaw S, Mullet N, et al. Codependency and prefrontal cortex functioning: preliminary examination of substance use disorder impacted family members. Am J Addict 2019; 28(5): 367–375.
• Aktaş Özakgül A, Yılmaz S, Koç M, et al. Comparison of nursing and mechanical engineering students’ codependency levels. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions 2017; 4(1): 63–74.
• Ançel Gülsüm. Karşılıklı bağımlılık kavramı: hemşirelikle ilişkisi ve karşılıklı bağımlılığı belirleme araçları. Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi 2012; 1(1): 70–78.
• Chang SH. Testing a model of codependency for college students in Taiwan based on Bowen’s concept of differentiation. Int J Psychol 2018; 53(2): 107–116.
• Danaeifar M, Azadchehr MJ, Moghani-Bashi Mansourieh A. The relationship between codependency and divorce. Social Welfare Quarterly 2016; 16(61): 87–105.
• Fuller JA, Warner R. Family stressors as predictors of codependency. Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr 2000; 126(1): 5–22.
• Chang S. A cultural perspective on codependency and its treatment. Asia Pac J Couns Psychother 2012; 3(1): 50–60.
• Cramer P. Defense mechanisms: 40 years of empirical research. J Pers Assess 2015; 97(2): 114–122.
• Vaillant GE. Ego mechanisms of defense and personality psychopathology. J Abnorm Psychol 1994; 103(1): 44–50.
• Ghaffari-Nejad A, Sheibani F, Raaii F, Pouya F. A psychodynamic study on wives of males addicted to opium. Women’s Health Bull 2017; 4(4): 1-6.
• Sayar S, Eghlima M. A comparison of family functionality in addicted and non-addicted married men. Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation 2013; 2(2): 35–41.
• Schäfer G. Family functioning in families with alcohol and other drug addiction. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand 2011; 37: 1–17.
• Matejevic M, Jovanovic D, Lazarevic V. Functionality of family relationships and parenting style in families of adolescents with substance abuse problems. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2014; 128: 281–287.
• Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM. Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. J Pers Soc Psychol 1991; 61(2): 226–244.
• Bortolon CB, Signor L, Moreira TDC, et al. Family functioning and health issues associated with codependency in families of drug users. Cien Saude Colet 2016; 21: 101–107.
• Fairbairn CE, Briley DA, Kang D, et al. A meta-analysis of longitudinal associations between substance use and interpersonal attachment security. Psychol Bull 2018; 144(5): 532–555.
• Fridman E. Insecure attachment and drug misuse among women. J Soc Work Pract Addict 2019; 19(3): 223–237.
• Levitt A, Leonard KE. Insecure attachment styles, relationship-drinking contexts, and marital alcohol problems: testing the mediating role of relationship-specific drinking-to-cope motives. Psychol Addict Behav 2015; 29(3): 696–705.
• Malakçıoğlu C. The mediation model of actual ought self discrepancy between attachment anxiety and codependence. Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology 2019; 1(2): 85–92.
• Wells M, Hughes-Glickauf C, Jones R. Codependency: a grass root construct’s relationship to shame-proness, low self-esteem and childhood parentification. Am J Fam Ther 1999; 27(1): 63–71.
• Martsolf DS, Hughes-Hammer C, Estok P, Zeller RA. Codependency in male and female helping professionals. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 1999; 13(2): 97–103.
• Hughes-Hammer C, Martsolf DS, Zeller RA. Development and testing of the codependency assessment tool. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 1998; 12(5): 264–272.
• Ançel G, Kabakçı E. Psychometric properties of the Turkish Form of Codependency Assessment Tool. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2009; 23(6): 441–453.
• Andrews G, Singh M, Bond M. The defense style questionnaire. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993; 181(4): 246–256.
• Yılmaz N, Gençöz T, Ak M. Savunma Biçimleri Testi’nin psikometrik özellikleri: güvenilirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2007; 18(3): 244–253.
• Epstein NB, Baldwin LM, Bishop DS. The McMaster Family Assessment Device. J Marital Fam Ther 1983; 9(2): 171–180.
• Bulut I. Aile Değerlendirme Ölçeği El Kitabı. Ankara: Hacettepe University Publication, 1990.
• Griffin D, Bartholomew K. The metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. In K. Bartholomew and D. Perlman (Eds.), Attachment Processes in Adulthood: Advances in Personal Relationships (Vol. 5, pp. 17-52). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1994.
• Sümer N, Güngör D. Yetişkin Bağlanma Stilleri Ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi 1999; 14(43): 71–106.
• Bowlby J. Attachment (T.V. Soylu, Trans.). İstanbul: Pinhan Publishing, 2012.
• Daire AP, Jacobson L, Carlson RG. Emotional stocks and bonds: A metaphorical model for conceptualizing and treating codependency and other forms of emotional overinvesting. Am J Psychother 2012; 66(3): 259–278.
• Fischer JL, Spann L. Measuring codependency. Alcohol Treat Q 1991; 8(1): 87-100.
• Lyon D, Greenberg J. Evidence of codependency in women with an alcoholic parent: Helping out Mr. Wrong. J Pers Soc Psychol 1991; 61(3): 435.
• Carson AT, Baker RC. Psychological correlates of codependency in women. Int J Addict 1994; 29(3): 395-407.
• Cullen J, Carr A. Codependency: An empirical study from a systemic perspective. Contemp Fam Ther 1999; 21(4): 505–526.
• Morgan JP. What is codependency? J Clin Psychol 1991; 47(5): 720– 729.