Investigating Impacts of Covid-19 Crisis on Tourism Activities by the Perspective of Tourism Researchers
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 23 Sayı: 43, 527 - 551, 30.06.2020
Vahit Oğuz Kiper
,
Ömer Saraç
,
Oğuz Çolak
,
Orhan Batman
Öz
Covid-19 pandemic strikes the world as whole and
have negative impacts in many ways and also caused to pause ongoing life all
around globe as a disaster and crisis. Tourism feels the consequences of this
crisis like almost all others. It is considered to be highly important to draw
a rescue route for tourism industry after this disaster while it still feels
the impact and while the path ahead is still blur. This paper aims to
investigate specialists’ views who work and study on tourism field as academic.
The main focus of this paper is to determine how much damage tourism industry
takes by this pandemic and how to recover from it. Both qualitative and
quantitative analyzes are used in order to clarify findings of this research.
According to findigs, academics have
signiicant worries about the future of tourism industry and also about the
amount of damage that it will take. However, there are quite recommendations
about recovering from it. This paper also aims to contribute to tourism enterprises,
goverment decision makers about tourism and other researchers who might study
about this subject
Kaynakça
- Bahar, O., & Kozak, M. (2015). Turizm Ekonomisi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
- Baxter, E., & Bowen, D. (2004). Anatomy of Tourism Crisis: Explaning the Effects on Tourism of the UK Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemics of 1967-68 and 2001 With Special Reference to Media Portroyal. International Journal of Tourism Research(6), 263-273.
- Beirman, D. (2003). Restoring Tourism Destinations in Crisis A Strategic Marketing Approach. Australia: Allen & Unwin.
- Cahyanto, I., Wiblishauser, M., Pennington-Gray, L., & Schroeder, A. (2016). The Dynamics of Travel Avoidance: The Case of Ebola in the U.S. Tourism Management Perspectives(20), 195-203.
- Callaway, E. (2020). 03 18, 2020 tarihinde https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00758-2 adresinden alındı
- Clarke, C. J., & Varna, S. (2004). Strategic Risk Management: The New Competitive Edge. Longe Range Planning, 32(4), 414-424.
- Creswell, J. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thosand Oaks: Sage.
- Diamanod, J. (1977). Tourism's Role in Economic Development: The Case Reexamined. Economicl Development and Cultural Change, 25(3), 539-553.
- Eugenio-Martin, J. L., & Campos-Soria, J. A. (2014). Economic Crisis and Tourism Expenditure Cutback Decision. Annals of Tourism Research, 4, 53-73.
- Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards A Framework for Tourism Disaster Management. Tourism Management, 22(2), 135-147.
- George, A., & Richards, D. (2012). A Paradigm Shift in the RElationship Between Tourists and Their Hosts: the Impact on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Trinidad & Tobago. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 11(3), 197-209.
- Ghaderi, Z., Som, A. P., & Henderson, J. C. (2012). Tourism Crisis and Island Destinations: Experiences in Penang, Malaysia. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2(3), 79-84.
- Gimenez-Guerrero, J., Piedra-Munoz, L., Galdeano-Gomez, E., & Perez-Mesa, J. C. (2019). The Global Economic Crisis and International Tourism: A Sub-Continental Analysis. Tourism Planning & Development, DOI: 10.1080/21568316.2019.1683887.
- Glaesser, D. (2003). Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry. Butterworth Heinemann.
- Grubman, M., & Baxt, B. (2004). Foot and Mouth Disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 17(2), 465-493.
- Güneş, H. (2009). Domuz Gribi Ekonomisi. 04 15, 2020 tarihinde Milliyet Gazetesi: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/hursit-gunes/domuz-gribi-ekonomisi-1156993 adresinden alındı
- Haque, T. H., & Haque, O. (2018). The Swine Flu and Its Impact on Tourism in Brunei. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management(36), 92-101.
- Haydon, D. T., Kao, R. R., & Kitching, R. P. (2018). The UK Foot-And-Mouth Disease Outbreak the Aftermath. Nature Reviews Microbiology(2), 675-681.
- Irvine, A., & Anderson, A. R. (2005). The Impacts of Foout and Mouth Disease On A Peripheral Tourism Area: the Role and Effect of Crisis Management. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 19(23), 47-60.
- Kuo, H., Chen, C., Tseng, W., Ju, L., & Huang, B. (2008). Assessing Impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on International Tourism Demand to Asia. Tourism Management(29), 917-928.
- Küçükaltan, D., Tükeltürk, Ş. A., & Çiftçi, G. (2015). Otel İşletmelerinde Kriz Yönetimi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
- Lee, C., & Blake, A. (2011). The Reaction of Elderly Asian Touristss to Avian Influenza and SARS. Tourism Management(32), 1421-1422.
- Li, S., Blake, A., & Cooper, C. (2010). China's Tourism in a Global Financial Crisis: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 435-453.
- Marafa, L. M., & Tung, F. (2004). Changes in Participation in Leisure and Outdoor Recreation Activities Among Hong Kong People During the SARS Outbreak. World Leisure Journal, 46(2), 38-47.
- McAleer, M., Huang, B., Kuo, H., Chen, C., & Chang, C. (2010). An Econometric Analysis of SARS and Avian Flu on International Tourist Arrivals to Asia. Environment Modelling & Software(25), 100-106.
- Mizrachi, I., & Fuchs, G. (2016). Should We Cancel? An Examination of Risk Handling in Travel Social Media Before Visiting Ebola-Free Destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management(28), 59-65.
- Muskat, B., Nakanishi, H., & Blackman, D. (2015). Integrating Tourism into Disaster Recovery Management: The Case of the East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 2011. B. W. Ritchie, & K. Campiranon içinde, Tourism Crisis and Disaster Management in the Asia-Pacific (s. 97-115). CABI.
- Oğuztürk, H. (2009). Domuz Gribi (Influenza A/H1N1). Akademik Acil Tıp Dergisi, 8(2), 7.
- Olalı, H., & Timur, A. (1988). Turizm Ekonomisi. İzmir: Ofset Ticaret Matbaacılık.
- Page, S., Song, H., & Wu, D. C. (2012). Assessing the Impacts of the Global Economic Crisis and Swine Flu on Inbound Demand in the United Kingdom. Journal of Travel Research, 51(2), 142-153.
- Page, S., Yeoman, I., Munro, C., Connell, J., & Walker, L. (2006). A Case Study of Best Practice-Visit Scotland's Prepared Response to An Influenza Pandemic. Tourism Management, 27, 361-393.
- Pforr, C. (2009). Crisis Management in Tourism: A Review of the Emergent Literature. C. Pforr, & P. Hosie içinde, Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry: Beating the Odds? (s. 37-52). Farnham: Ashgate.
- Pforr, C., & Hosie, P. (2008). Crisis Management in TourismPreparing for Recovery. Journal of Travel & Tourism, 23(2), 249-264.
- Prideaux, B., Laws, E., & Faulkner, B. (2003). Events in Indonesia: Exploring the Limits to Formal Tourism Trends Forecasting Methods in Complex Crisis Situations. Tourism Management, 24(4), 475-487.
- Ritchie, B. W. (2009). Crisis and Disaster Management for Tourism. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
- Sarı, D. (2010). Konaklama İşletmelerinde Kriz Yönetimi: 2009 Küresel Ekonomik Krizine Yönelik Bir Araştırma (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Sakarya: Sakarya Üniversitesi.
- Seville, E., Brunsdon, D., Dantas, A., Le Masuer, J., Wilkinson, S., & Vargo, J. (2008). Organisational Resillence: Researching the Reality of New Zealand Organisations. Journal of Business Continuity and Emergency Management, 2(2), 258-266.
- Stork, U. E. (2002). The Tourism Industry in the Third Millenium Is A Resillent Industry. Show at Impact of the Terror Attack of 9-11-2001. La Sale University.
- Tang, T. C., & Wong, K. N. (2009). The SARS Epidemic and International Visitor Arrivals to Cambodia: Is the Impact Permanent or Transitory? Tourism Economics, 15(4), 883-890.
- Thompson, A. (2011). Terrorism and Tourism in Developed Versus Developing Countries. Tourism Economics, 17(3), 693-700.
- Tse, T. S. (2006). Crisis Management in Tourism. D. Buhalis, & C. Costa içinde, Tourism Management Dynamics (s. 28-38). Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Tüfekçi, N. D. (2010). Türkiye'de Turizm SEktöründe Kriz Yönetimi ve Bu Alanda Bir Uygulama (Yayınlanmamı Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Beykent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- UNWTO. (2020). Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü. 04 7, 2020 tarihinde www.unwto.org/tourism-covid-19 adresinden alındı
- UNWTO. (2020, 01 30). Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü News Release Raporu.
- Wang, C. C., & Carter, C. (2015). Ecotourism As A Sustainable Recovery Tool After An Earthquake. B. W. Ritchie, & K. Campiranon içinde, Tourism Crisis and Disaster in the Asia-Pacific (s. 209-226). CABI.
- Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Ying, T., Wang, K., Liu, X., Wen, J., & Goh, E. (2020). Rethinking Game Consumption in Tourism: A Case of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonie Outbreak in China. Tourism Research Recreating, DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2020.1743048.
- Zheng, Y., Goh, Edmund, & Wen, J. (2020). The Effects of Misleading Media Reports About Covid-19 on Chinese Tourist's Health: A Perspective Article. Anatolia, DOI: 10.1080/13032917.2020.1747208.
- İNTERNET KAYNAKLARI
BBC News Türkçe. (2020a). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51719684 adresinden alındı
- BBC News Türkçe. (2020b). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51614548 adresinden alındı
- Central for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a). 03 18, 2020 tarihinde www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/information_h1n1_virus_qa.htm adresinden alındı
- Central for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b). 03 18, 2020 tarihinde www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html adresinden alındı
- Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2006). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/cases_table_2006_08_14/en/index.html adresinden alındı
- Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2009). Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in the European Region: http://www.euro.who.int/influenza/ah1n1 adresinden alınmıştır
- Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2019a). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde www.who.int/csr/don/2003_07_04/en/ adresinden alındı
- Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2019b). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde http://apps.who.int/ebola/ebola-situation-reports adresinden alındı
- Fluewiki. (2006). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde www.fluwikie.com adresinden alındı
- Milliyet Gazetesi. (2020). 04 12, 2020 tarihinde https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/canli-corona-virus-haritasi-turkiye-ve-dunyada-corona-virus-yayilimini-corona-haritasi-uzerinden-takip-et-6178726 adresinden alındı
- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020, 02 25). Covid 19 (2019-n CoV Hastalığı) Rehberi (Bilim Kurulu Çalışması). Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. 04 13, 2020 tarihinde T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. adresinden alındı
COVID-19 SALGINIYLA OLUŞAN KRİZLERİN TURİZM FAALİYETLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİNİN TURİZM AKADEMİSYENLERİ TARAFINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 23 Sayı: 43, 527 - 551, 30.06.2020
Vahit Oğuz Kiper
,
Ömer Saraç
,
Oğuz Çolak
,
Orhan Batman
Öz
Covid-19 salgını tüm dünyayı olumsuz yönde etkileyen ve birçok ülkede hayatın durmasına sebep olan bir kriz ve felaket olarak yorumlanmaktadır. Bu krizn etkileri birçok sektörde ve endüstride olduğu gibi turizm endüstrisinde de hissedilmektedir. Bu kriz ya da felaketin etkilerinin hala hissediliği ve geleceğe yönelik belirsizliklerin olduğu dönemde, sürecin normalleşmeye başladığı zamanlarda turizm endüstrisinin aldığı/alacağı yaraları nasıl saracağına dair bir yol haritası çizmek önem taşımaktadır. Çalışma bu amaçla, uzman görüşüne başvurarak turizm alanında çalışan akademisyenlerden görüş almaktadır. Salgının turizm faaliyetlerine ne ölçüde hasar verebileceği ve bu hasarın nasıl giderilebileceği bu araştırmanın temel odak noktalarıdır. Araştırma kapsamında niceliksel ve niteliksel analizler birlikte kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre turizm akademisyenlerinin turizm endüstrisinin salgın dolayısı ile ciddi kayıplar yaşayabileceğine dair endişeleri bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bu kayıpların giderilebilmesi için sundukları görüşler analiz edilmiş ve derlenmiştir. Çalışmanın turizm işletmecileri, turizm kamu karar vericileri ve bu alanda çalışmayı düşünen diğer araştırmacılara katkı sunması beklenmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Bahar, O., & Kozak, M. (2015). Turizm Ekonomisi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
- Baxter, E., & Bowen, D. (2004). Anatomy of Tourism Crisis: Explaning the Effects on Tourism of the UK Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemics of 1967-68 and 2001 With Special Reference to Media Portroyal. International Journal of Tourism Research(6), 263-273.
- Beirman, D. (2003). Restoring Tourism Destinations in Crisis A Strategic Marketing Approach. Australia: Allen & Unwin.
- Cahyanto, I., Wiblishauser, M., Pennington-Gray, L., & Schroeder, A. (2016). The Dynamics of Travel Avoidance: The Case of Ebola in the U.S. Tourism Management Perspectives(20), 195-203.
- Callaway, E. (2020). 03 18, 2020 tarihinde https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00758-2 adresinden alındı
- Clarke, C. J., & Varna, S. (2004). Strategic Risk Management: The New Competitive Edge. Longe Range Planning, 32(4), 414-424.
- Creswell, J. (1994). Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thosand Oaks: Sage.
- Diamanod, J. (1977). Tourism's Role in Economic Development: The Case Reexamined. Economicl Development and Cultural Change, 25(3), 539-553.
- Eugenio-Martin, J. L., & Campos-Soria, J. A. (2014). Economic Crisis and Tourism Expenditure Cutback Decision. Annals of Tourism Research, 4, 53-73.
- Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards A Framework for Tourism Disaster Management. Tourism Management, 22(2), 135-147.
- George, A., & Richards, D. (2012). A Paradigm Shift in the RElationship Between Tourists and Their Hosts: the Impact on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Trinidad & Tobago. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 11(3), 197-209.
- Ghaderi, Z., Som, A. P., & Henderson, J. C. (2012). Tourism Crisis and Island Destinations: Experiences in Penang, Malaysia. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2(3), 79-84.
- Gimenez-Guerrero, J., Piedra-Munoz, L., Galdeano-Gomez, E., & Perez-Mesa, J. C. (2019). The Global Economic Crisis and International Tourism: A Sub-Continental Analysis. Tourism Planning & Development, DOI: 10.1080/21568316.2019.1683887.
- Glaesser, D. (2003). Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry. Butterworth Heinemann.
- Grubman, M., & Baxt, B. (2004). Foot and Mouth Disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 17(2), 465-493.
- Güneş, H. (2009). Domuz Gribi Ekonomisi. 04 15, 2020 tarihinde Milliyet Gazetesi: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/hursit-gunes/domuz-gribi-ekonomisi-1156993 adresinden alındı
- Haque, T. H., & Haque, O. (2018). The Swine Flu and Its Impact on Tourism in Brunei. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management(36), 92-101.
- Haydon, D. T., Kao, R. R., & Kitching, R. P. (2018). The UK Foot-And-Mouth Disease Outbreak the Aftermath. Nature Reviews Microbiology(2), 675-681.
- Irvine, A., & Anderson, A. R. (2005). The Impacts of Foout and Mouth Disease On A Peripheral Tourism Area: the Role and Effect of Crisis Management. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 19(23), 47-60.
- Kuo, H., Chen, C., Tseng, W., Ju, L., & Huang, B. (2008). Assessing Impacts of SARS and Avian Flu on International Tourism Demand to Asia. Tourism Management(29), 917-928.
- Küçükaltan, D., Tükeltürk, Ş. A., & Çiftçi, G. (2015). Otel İşletmelerinde Kriz Yönetimi. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
- Lee, C., & Blake, A. (2011). The Reaction of Elderly Asian Touristss to Avian Influenza and SARS. Tourism Management(32), 1421-1422.
- Li, S., Blake, A., & Cooper, C. (2010). China's Tourism in a Global Financial Crisis: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 435-453.
- Marafa, L. M., & Tung, F. (2004). Changes in Participation in Leisure and Outdoor Recreation Activities Among Hong Kong People During the SARS Outbreak. World Leisure Journal, 46(2), 38-47.
- McAleer, M., Huang, B., Kuo, H., Chen, C., & Chang, C. (2010). An Econometric Analysis of SARS and Avian Flu on International Tourist Arrivals to Asia. Environment Modelling & Software(25), 100-106.
- Mizrachi, I., & Fuchs, G. (2016). Should We Cancel? An Examination of Risk Handling in Travel Social Media Before Visiting Ebola-Free Destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management(28), 59-65.
- Muskat, B., Nakanishi, H., & Blackman, D. (2015). Integrating Tourism into Disaster Recovery Management: The Case of the East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 2011. B. W. Ritchie, & K. Campiranon içinde, Tourism Crisis and Disaster Management in the Asia-Pacific (s. 97-115). CABI.
- Oğuztürk, H. (2009). Domuz Gribi (Influenza A/H1N1). Akademik Acil Tıp Dergisi, 8(2), 7.
- Olalı, H., & Timur, A. (1988). Turizm Ekonomisi. İzmir: Ofset Ticaret Matbaacılık.
- Page, S., Song, H., & Wu, D. C. (2012). Assessing the Impacts of the Global Economic Crisis and Swine Flu on Inbound Demand in the United Kingdom. Journal of Travel Research, 51(2), 142-153.
- Page, S., Yeoman, I., Munro, C., Connell, J., & Walker, L. (2006). A Case Study of Best Practice-Visit Scotland's Prepared Response to An Influenza Pandemic. Tourism Management, 27, 361-393.
- Pforr, C. (2009). Crisis Management in Tourism: A Review of the Emergent Literature. C. Pforr, & P. Hosie içinde, Crisis Management in the Tourism Industry: Beating the Odds? (s. 37-52). Farnham: Ashgate.
- Pforr, C., & Hosie, P. (2008). Crisis Management in TourismPreparing for Recovery. Journal of Travel & Tourism, 23(2), 249-264.
- Prideaux, B., Laws, E., & Faulkner, B. (2003). Events in Indonesia: Exploring the Limits to Formal Tourism Trends Forecasting Methods in Complex Crisis Situations. Tourism Management, 24(4), 475-487.
- Ritchie, B. W. (2009). Crisis and Disaster Management for Tourism. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
- Sarı, D. (2010). Konaklama İşletmelerinde Kriz Yönetimi: 2009 Küresel Ekonomik Krizine Yönelik Bir Araştırma (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Sakarya: Sakarya Üniversitesi.
- Seville, E., Brunsdon, D., Dantas, A., Le Masuer, J., Wilkinson, S., & Vargo, J. (2008). Organisational Resillence: Researching the Reality of New Zealand Organisations. Journal of Business Continuity and Emergency Management, 2(2), 258-266.
- Stork, U. E. (2002). The Tourism Industry in the Third Millenium Is A Resillent Industry. Show at Impact of the Terror Attack of 9-11-2001. La Sale University.
- Tang, T. C., & Wong, K. N. (2009). The SARS Epidemic and International Visitor Arrivals to Cambodia: Is the Impact Permanent or Transitory? Tourism Economics, 15(4), 883-890.
- Thompson, A. (2011). Terrorism and Tourism in Developed Versus Developing Countries. Tourism Economics, 17(3), 693-700.
- Tse, T. S. (2006). Crisis Management in Tourism. D. Buhalis, & C. Costa içinde, Tourism Management Dynamics (s. 28-38). Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Tüfekçi, N. D. (2010). Türkiye'de Turizm SEktöründe Kriz Yönetimi ve Bu Alanda Bir Uygulama (Yayınlanmamı Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Beykent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- UNWTO. (2020). Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü. 04 7, 2020 tarihinde www.unwto.org/tourism-covid-19 adresinden alındı
- UNWTO. (2020, 01 30). Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü News Release Raporu.
- Wang, C. C., & Carter, C. (2015). Ecotourism As A Sustainable Recovery Tool After An Earthquake. B. W. Ritchie, & K. Campiranon içinde, Tourism Crisis and Disaster in the Asia-Pacific (s. 209-226). CABI.
- Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Ying, T., Wang, K., Liu, X., Wen, J., & Goh, E. (2020). Rethinking Game Consumption in Tourism: A Case of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonie Outbreak in China. Tourism Research Recreating, DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2020.1743048.
- Zheng, Y., Goh, Edmund, & Wen, J. (2020). The Effects of Misleading Media Reports About Covid-19 on Chinese Tourist's Health: A Perspective Article. Anatolia, DOI: 10.1080/13032917.2020.1747208.
- İNTERNET KAYNAKLARI
BBC News Türkçe. (2020a). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51719684 adresinden alındı
- BBC News Türkçe. (2020b). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51614548 adresinden alındı
- Central for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a). 03 18, 2020 tarihinde www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/information_h1n1_virus_qa.htm adresinden alındı
- Central for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b). 03 18, 2020 tarihinde www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html adresinden alındı
- Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2006). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/cases_table_2006_08_14/en/index.html adresinden alındı
- Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2009). Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in the European Region: http://www.euro.who.int/influenza/ah1n1 adresinden alınmıştır
- Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2019a). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde www.who.int/csr/don/2003_07_04/en/ adresinden alındı
- Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2019b). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde http://apps.who.int/ebola/ebola-situation-reports adresinden alındı
- Fluewiki. (2006). 04 15, 2020 tarihinde www.fluwikie.com adresinden alındı
- Milliyet Gazetesi. (2020). 04 12, 2020 tarihinde https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/canli-corona-virus-haritasi-turkiye-ve-dunyada-corona-virus-yayilimini-corona-haritasi-uzerinden-takip-et-6178726 adresinden alındı
- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020, 02 25). Covid 19 (2019-n CoV Hastalığı) Rehberi (Bilim Kurulu Çalışması). Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. 04 13, 2020 tarihinde T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. adresinden alındı