Covid-19 Pandemisinin ABD Ekonomisine Yansımaları ve Küresel Ekonomik Güçlükler

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 107 - 132, 30.06.2022

Seher Gökpınar

https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1115611

Cited By: 3

Öz

Dünya 20. yüzyılı daha çok savaşlarla ve derin politik krizlerle geçirmiştir. 21. yüzyılda ise var olan sorunlara yenileri eklenerek sorunlar daha karmaşık bir hal almıştır. Etkileri tüm dünyada derinden hissedilen son kriz ise, Covid-19 pandemisi olarak dünya tarihindeki yerini şimdiden almıştır. Covid-19, her ne kadar bir sağlık kriziyle başlamış olsa da kısa süre içerisinde derin bir küresel ekonomik krize evrilmiştir. Bu süre zarfında tüm dünya ülkeleri pandeminin ortaya çıkardığı ekonomik türbülansı en aza indirmek için çok sayıda mali desteğe başvurmuştur.
Pandemiyle mücadele kapsamında gelir kaybına uğrayan çok sayıda kesime para ve maliye politikaları çerçevesinde doğrudan ve dolaylı mali destek sağlayan ülkelerden biri de ABD’dir. Uygulanan karantina önlemleri ve derin belirsizlik ortamı bu mali uygulamaları gerekli kılmıştır. Ancak pandeminin en ağır hissedildiği dönemde makroekonomik göstergeler bozulmuş ve nihayetinde kamu harcamaları ve bütçe açıkları önemli ölçüde artmıştır. ABD’nin küresel ekonomideki yeri ve büyüklüğü dikkate alındığında, Covid-19 pandemisi ile mücadele kapsamında ortaya koyduğu politikalar küresel ekonomi açısından daha önemli olmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, bu çalışmada Covid-19 pandemisinin ABD ekonomisine etkileri ele alınmış ve pandeminin ortaya çıkardığı küresel ekonomik sorunlara yönelik politika önerilerinde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Pandemisi, ABD Ekonomisi, Ekonomik Belirsizlik, Para Politikası, Maliye Politikası

The Reflections of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the USA Economy and Global Economic Challenges

Öz

The world has spent the 20th century mostly with wars and deep political crises. In the 21st century, problems have become more complex by adding new ones to existing problems. The last crisis, the effects of which are deeply felt all over the world, has already taken its place in world history as the Covid-19 pandemic. Although Covid-19 started with a health crisis, it soon evolved into a deep global economic crisis. During this period, all countries of the world have applied for a large number of financial support to minimize the economic turbulence caused by the pandemic.
Within the scope of the fight against the pandemic, one of the countries that provide direct and indirect financial support to many people who have lost income within the framework of monetary and fiscal policies is the USA. The quarantine measures implemented and the deep uncertainty environment necessitated these financial practices. However macroeconomic indicators deteriorated in the period when the pandemic was felt most severely, and ultimately, public expenditures and budget deficits increased significantly. Considering the place and size of the USA in the global economy, the policies put forward by the USA in the fight against the Covid-19 pandemic are more important for the global economy. In this context, in this study, the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the USA economy were discussed and policy recommendations were made for the global economic problems caused by the pandemic.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Pandemic, USA Economy, Economic Uncertainty, Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy

Kaynakça

• Ahir, H., Bloom, N., & Furceri, D. (2018). World Uncertainty Index. Stanford mimeo.
• Altig, D., Baker, S., Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Chen, S., ... & Thwaites, G. (2020). Economic uncertainty before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Economics, 191, 104274.
• Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., & Terry, S. J. (2020). Covid-Induced Economic Uncertainty (No. w26983). National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Bekkers, E., & Schroeter, S. (2020). An economic analysis of the US-China trade conflict (No. ERSD-2020-04). WTO Staff Working Paper.
• British Petroleum Company. (2020). BP statistical review of world energy. London: British Petroleum Co.
• Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Situation News Release, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_05082020.htm (E.t. 30 Mart, 2022).
• Bureau of the Fiscal Service (Fiscal Service), Your Guıde to Amerıca's Fınances USAspending.gov (E.t. 30 Mart, 2022).
• Congressional Research Service (2021). Global Economic Effects of COVID-19. https://crsreports.congress.gov.
• Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), United States economic outlook: third quarter of 2021 (LC/WAS/TS.2021/10), Santiago, 2021.
• Eo, Y., & Morley, J. (2022). Why has the US economy stagnated since the Great Recession?. Review of Economics and Statistics, 104(2), 246-258.
• Hamilton, S., & Veuger, S. (2020). How to Help American Businesses Endure and Jobs Survive. Technical Report, George Washington University Working Paper.
• WHO, https://covid19.who.int/, (E.t. 30 Mart, 2022).
• IMF (2019). World Economic Outlook: Growth Slowdown, Precarious Recovery. Washington, DC, April.
• IMF (2020a). World Economic Outlook: The Great Lockdown. Washington, DC, April.
• IMF (2020b). World Economic Outlook: A Long and Difficult Ascent. Washington, DC, October.
• IMF (2021). Policy Responses to Covid-19, https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19.
• IMF (2021). World Economic Outlook: Recovery during a Pandemic—Health Concerns, Supply Disruptions, Price Pressures. Washington, DC, October.
• Li, R., Pei, S., Chen, B., Song, Y., Zhang, T., Yang, W., & Shaman, J. (2020). Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Science, 368(6490), 489-493.
• OECD (21 February 2022), GDP growth Quarterly National Accounts (E.t. 22 Mart, 2022).
• Organization W.H. Summary table of SARS cases by country, November 1, 2002-August 7, 2003. http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/2003_08_15/en/
• Song, L., & Zhou, Y. (2020). The COVID‐19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy: what does it take to turn crisis into opportunity?. China & World Economy, 28(4), 1-25.
• Steinbock, D. (2018). US-China trade war and its global impacts. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(04), 515-542.
• The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR), U.S.-China Trade Facts, https://ustr.gov/ (E.t. 30 Mart, 2022)
• WHO (2020), “WHO timeline-COVID-19” https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19, (E.t. 30 Mart, 2022).
• Wilder-Smith, A., Chiew, C. J., & Lee, V. J. (2020). Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS?. The lancet infectious diseases, 20(5), e102-e107.
• World Bank Group (2022). Commodity Markets Outlook: The Impact of the War in Ukraine on Commodity Markets, April.
• Yang, Y., Peng, F., Wang, R., Guan, K., Jiang, T., Xu, G., ... & Chang, C. (2020). The deadly coronaviruses: The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China. Journal of autoimmunity, 109, 102434.