الموقف الأمريكي من إقامة الدولة الفلسطينية: من اتفاقية أوسلو إلى صفقة القرن (1993-2020)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 1 - 15, 30.06.2024

Ahmed Asmar

https://doi.org/10.31456/beytulmakdis.1288639

Öz

توّجت نهاية فترة الحرب الباردة في أوائل التسعينيات الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية كالقوة العظمى الأوحد في العالم، مما سمح لها بالانخراط بشكل أكثر فاعلية في الصراع الفلسطيني-الإسرائيلي. وبذلت الإدارات الأمريكية المتعاقبة من عهد الرئيس كلينتون إلى الرئيس بوش والرئيس أوباما جهودًا في معالجة الصراع، إلا أن جميعها فشلت في التوصل إلى تسوية؛ حيث توقفت المفاوضات عند عقبة قضايا الوضع النهائي وخصوصا وضع القدس والمستوطنات. إلا أن إدارة ترامب انتهجت نهجًا راديكاليًا مختلفًا وفرضت مقترح سلام أحادي الجانب انحاز للرواية الإسرائيلية أُعلن عنه في عام 2020 وأطلق عليه "صفقة القرن". وفي ظل هذه المقاربات والمبادرات الأميركية، كان الادعاء بأن الفلسطينيين رفضوا معظم هذه المبادرات أو كانوا الطرف الذي أفشل مبادرات السلام الأميركية. فإن السؤال الذي يطرح نفسه هو إلى أي مدى خاطب الموقف الأميركي الحد الأدنى من طموح الشعب الفلسطيني في إقامة دولته المستقلة؟ وبالتالي، سيحاول هذا المقال الإجابة على هذا السؤال الأساسي. وبشكل عام، تشير الورقة البحثية إلى أن الولايات المتحدة لم تكن وسيط سلام عادل فيما يتعلق بجهود السلام الإسرائيلية-الفلسطينية. فهي لم تستخدم أي شكل من أشكال الضغط على الجانب الإسرائيلي للتعامل مع القضية الفلسطينية بشكل عادل، بل اختارت بدلاً من ذلك إلقاء اللوم دائماً على الفلسطينيين الذين يرزحون تحت الاحتلال الإسرائيلي الغاشم منذ 70 عاماً ونيف. لم تأخذ الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية حتى الآن أي تحفظات أو مخاوف للفلسطينيين على مبادرات السلام محمل الجد، بالمقابل قبلت وتبنت المخاوف والتحفظات والرغبات الإسرائيلية. هذا المقال بشكل عام يتبع أسلوب المنهج الوصفي التحليلي بالإضافة إلى تسليط الضوء على التصريحات والوثائق الرسمية المتعلقة بالموضوع بهدف توضيح الموقف الأمريكي تجاه الصراع الفلسطيني-الإسرائيلي، وفهم حدود ومعالم الموقف الأمريكي، وإعطاء تقييم في النهاية حول الموقف الأمريكي من أي توجه مستقبلي للإدارة الأمريكية لمعالجة الصراع الممتد منذ عقود.

Anahtar Kelimeler

فلسطين, إسرائيل, القدس, الإدارة الأمريكية, اتفاق أوسلو, صفقة القرن

The American Position towards the Establishment of the Palestinian State: From the Oslo Accord to the Deal of the Century (1993–2020)

Öz

The end of the Cold War period in the early 1990s crowned the United States of America (US) as the sole superpower in the world, allowing it to engage more actively in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The consecutive US administrations of President Clinton, President Bush and President Obama made efforts in addressing the conflict but all failed to reach a settlement where negotiations were stuck during addressing the final status issues including the problem of the Israeli settlements and the status of Jerusalem. Yet, the Trump administration took a different radical approach and imposed a unilateral peace proposal that sided the Israeli narrative known as “Deal of the Century” as announced in 2020. Under these US approaches and initiatives, and under the claim that the Palestinians rejected most of these initiatives or were the side that failed these US peace initiatives, the question that arises in mind is that to what extent did the American position address the minimum aspiration of the Palestinian people in establishing their own independent state? The article, therefore, will attempt to answer this core question. Overall, the paper suggests that the US was not a fair peace broker when it comes the Israeli-Palestinian peace efforts. It did not use any form of pressure on the Israeli side to deal with Palestine question fairly, but instead chose to blame always the Palestinians who have been under the brutal Israeli occupation for the last 70 odd years. The US has so far never taken into account any comments, concerns or reservations of the Palestinians over its own peace initiatives but accepted and adopted the Israeli concerns, comments and wishes. The article writing method generally follows the descriptive analytical approach in addition to highlighting the official statements and documents related to the topic in order to clarify the US position towards the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, to understand the limits and parameters of the US position, and to eventually give an assessment on the US position regarding any future approach by the US administration to tackle the decades-long conflict.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Palestine, Israel, Jerusalem, US administration, Oslo Accord, Deal of the Century

Filistin Devleti’nin Kuruluşuna Yönelik Amerikan Tutumu: Oslo Anlaşması’ndan Yüzyılın Anlaşması’na (1993 – 2020)

Öz

ÖZ: 1990'lı yılların başında Soğuk Savaş döneminin sona ermesi, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ni (ABD) dünyadaki tek süper güç olarak taçlandırmış ve Filistin-İsrail çatışmasına daha aktif bir şekilde müdahil olmasına imkân sağlamıştır. Başkan Clinton, Başkan Bush ve Başkan Obama'nın birbirini izleyen ABD yönetimleri, çatışmayı ele almak için çaba gösterse de İsrail yerleşimleri sorunu ve Kudüs'ün statüsü de dahil olmak üzere nihai statü konularının ele alındığı sırada müzakerelerin tıkanması sebebiyle bir çözüme ulaşılamamıştır. Ancak Trump yönetimi farklı bir radikal yaklaşım benimseyerek, 2020'de açıkladığı “Yüzyılın Anlaşması” olarak bilinen ve İsrail söyleminin yanında yer alan tek taraflı bir barış teklifini dayatmıştır. ABD'nin bu yaklaşımları ve girişimleri altında ve Filistinlilerin bu girişimlerin çoğunu reddettiği veya ABD'nin söz konusu girişimlerinin başarısızlığa uğramasına sebep olan taraf olduğu iddiası karşısında, akıllara gelen soru şudur: Amerikan tutumu, Filistin halkının kendi bağımsız devletini kurma yönündeki asgari arzusunu ne ölçüde karşıladı? Çalışma bu temel soruyu yanıtlamaya çalışacaktır. Genel olarak çalışma, İsrail-Filistin barış çabaları söz konusu olduğunda ABD'nin adil bir barış aracısı olmadığını öne sürmektedir. ABD, Filistin meselesinin adil bir şekilde ele alınması için İsrail’e herhangi bir baskı uygulamamış, aksine her zaman son 70 yıldır İsrail işgali altında olan Filistinlileri suçlamayı seçmiştir. Bugüne kadar Filistinlilerin kendi barış girişimlerine ilişkin görüşlerini, endişelerini veya çekincelerini hiçbir zaman dikkate almayan ABD yönetimi, İsrail'in kaygılarını, görüşlerini ve isteklerini kabul etmiş ve benimsemiştir. Çalışmada genel olarak betimleyici analitik yaklaşım izlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, ABD'nin Filistin-İsrail çatışmasına yönelik tutumunu netleştirmek amacıyla konuyla ilgili resmî açıklama ve belgelere ışık tutulacak, ABD'nin pozisyonunun sınırlarını ve parametrelerini anlamak ve nihayetinde ABD yönetiminin onlarca yıldır devam eden söz konusu çatışmanın çözümüne ilişkin gelecekteki yaklaşımlarına dair değerlendirme yapılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Filistin, İsrail, Kudüs, ABD Yönetimi, Oslo Anlaşması, Yüzyılın Anlaşması

Kaynakça

• Clyde, M. (2005, 26 April). “Palestinian and Middle East Peace”, Issues for the United States. CRS reports for Congress.
• Colin Powel. (2002, 13 June) We Do Plan To Stay Engaged. The Outlook Magazine www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-do-plan-to-stay-engaged/216048/?next
• David Friedman approved as US ambassador to Israel. (2017, 23 March). Aljazeera News. www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/3/23/david-friedman-approved-as-us-ambassador-to-israel
• El-Awaisi, K., & Yavuz, C. (2020). The Future of Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Light of Trump’s Deal of the Century. Insight Turkey, 22(3), 215-236.
• Freedman, R. O. (2004, April). The Bush Administration and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Record of the First Three Years. The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. www.jcpa.org/jl/vp516.htm
• Frleich, C. (2017, 14 July). How Long Could Israel Survive Without America? The Newsweek. www.newsweek.com/how-long-could-israel-survive-without-america-636298
• Jakes, L. (2019, 19 November). In Shift, U.S. Says Israeli Settlements in West Bank Do Not Violate International Law. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2019/11/18/world/middleeast/trump-israel-west-bank-settlements.html
• Key Players Reject Proposed United States Peace Plan as Failing to Meet Minimum Rights of Palestinians, Special Coordinator Tells Security Council. (2020. 11 February). The UN News website. www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14103.doc.htm
• Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2011). The Israel lobby and US Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux.
• Migdalvitz, C. (December 2007). Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process: The Annapolis Conference. CRS Report for the Congress.
• Morrow, A. (2007, 28 August). Bush Peace Plan Met with Scepticism. The Global Policy Forum. www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/189/38242.html
• Netanyahu says West Bank annexation plans still on the table. (2020, 13 August). Aljazeera News. www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/13/netanyahu-says-west-bank-annexation-plans-still-on-the-table
• Palestinians happy with Trump’s election loss. (2020, 11 November). Anadolu Agency. www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/palestinians-happy-with-trump-s-election-loss/2035954
• Peres, S. (1995). Battling for Peace: A Memoir (The Arabic Version). New York: Penguin Random House.
• PLO Accepts Israel’s Right to Exist, Opposes Terrorism, Arafat Says. (1988, 7 December). Los Angeles Times. www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-12-07-mn-1072-story.html
• President Bush Speaks to United Nations. (2001, 10 November). The White House official website. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011110-3.html
• Ross, D. (2005). The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux.
• Suleiman, M. W. (Editor) (1994). U.S. Policy on Palestine: From Wilson to Clinton. Beirut: Association of Arab-American University Graduates.
• The Clinton Parameters on Israeli-Palestinian Peace. (2000). The Jewish Peace Lobby. web.archive.org/web/20150117011736/http://www.peacelobby.org/clinton_parameters.htm
• U.S. vetoes U.N. observer force for West Bank, Gaza. (2001, 28 March). CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/03/28/mideast.un/index.html
• U.S. vows to veto Palestinian statehood bid at U.N. (2011, 8 September). Reuters. www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-mitchell-idUSTRE78771O20110908
• UN general assembly makes resounding vote in favour of Palestinian statehood. (2012, 29 November). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/29/united-nations-vote-palestine-state
• US envoy to resign after blaming settlements for talks failure. (2014, 5 May). The Times of Israel. www.timesofisrael.com/us-envoy-to-resign-after-blaming-settlements-for-talks-failure/
• Zhao, W. (2009). The New Middle East Policy of the Obama Administration. Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia), 3(2), 12-24.