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The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness on Economic Growth: The case of Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 343 - 369, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.902460

Öz

When the studies examining the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in the economics literature are examined, it is seen that the results show variability. Although there are many reasons why the studies yielded such different results, one of the main reasons is that some important variables such as commercial openness are not included in the model. In addition to the trade variable, renewable energy consumption has become an increasingly popular variable in the energy literature. The fact that fossil-based non-renewable energy resources are not evenly distributed over the world and these resources are starting to deplete are among the main reasons. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of renewable energy consumption and trade openness on economic growth for the Turkish case. For this purpose, the variables of renewable energy consumption, economic growth, capital stock, labor force and trade openness were used for the period 1970-2018. According to the analyzes made with the ARDL limit test, there is a cointegration relationship between the variables used. When the long-term coefficient estimation results are analyzed, it is determined that the consumption of renewable energy negatively affects the economic growth, while the variables of trade openness, fixed capital stock and labor force have a positive effect on economic growth. While evaluating the findings, it should be taken into account that renewable energy investments are large-scale investments. In the light of this information, it coincides with the expectation that renewable energy consumption will negatively affect the economic growth for a developing country like Turkey. 

Kaynakça

  • Abdulkadhim, H.H. (2020). Trade openness and economic growth: a lesson from United Arab Emirates. The Scientific Journal of Cihan University–Sulaimaniya PP, 115, 129.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J.E. (2010a). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656–660. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.002
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2010b). Renewable energy consumption and growth in Eurasia. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392–1397. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2010.06.001
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2011). The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343–347.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J.E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Economics, 34(3), 733–738. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.04.007
  • Arodoye, N.L. & Iyoha, M.A. (2014). Foreign trade-economic growth nexus: evidence from Nigeria. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 5(1), 121–141.
  • Atgür, M. (2019). Finansal gelişme, ticari açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 33(2), 553–572.
  • Awokuse, T.O. (2008). Trade openness and economic growth: is growth export-led or import-led? Applied economics, 40(2), 161–173.
  • Bao, C. & Xu, M. (2019). Cause and effect of renewable energy consumption on urbanization and economic growth in China’s provinces and regions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 483–493. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.191
  • Ben Aïssa, M.S., Ben Jebli, M. & Ben Youssef, S. (2014). Output, renewable energy consumption and trade in Africa. Energy Policy, 66, 11–18. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.023
  • Brini, R., Amara, M. & Jemmali, H. (2017). Renewable energy consumption, International trade, oil price and economic growth inter-linkages: The case of Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76(March), 620–627. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.067
  • Brown, R.L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J.M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149–163.
  • Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D. & Trembling, A. (2015, 29 Aralık). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.022
  • Chen, C., Pinar, M. & Stengos, T. (2020). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a threshold model. Energy Policy, 139, 111295. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111295
  • Chow, G.C. (1960). Tests of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 591–605.
  • Destek, M.A. & Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111, 757–763. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.008
  • Durğun, B. & Durğun, F. (2018). Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. International Review of Economics and Management, 6(1), 1–27.
  • Dyni, J. R. (2006). Geology and resources of some world oil-shale deposits scientific investigations report 2005-5294. US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 42.
  • Emery, R.F. (1967). The relation of exports and economic growth. Kyklos, 20(4), 470–486.
  • Gövdere, B. & Muhlis, C. (2015). Enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örnekleminde eşbütünleşme analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 101–114.
  • Gries, T. & Redlin, M. (2012). Trade openness and economic growth: a panel causality analysis. International conferences of RCIE, KIET, and APEA, March içinde (ss. 16–18).
  • Halicioglu, F. & Ketenci, N. (2018). Output, renewable and non-renewable energy production, and international trade: Evidence from EU-15 countries. Energy, 159, 995–1002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.197
  • Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2016). The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: A panel data application. Energy Economics, 53, 58–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.01.003
  • Karadaş, H.A., Koşaroğlu, Ş.M. & Salihoğlu, E. (2017). Enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 129–141.
  • Keho, Y. (2017). The impact of trade openness on economic growth: The case of Cote d’Ivoire. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5(1), 1332820.
  • Koçak, E. & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2017). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries. Energy Policy, 100, 51–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.10.007
  • Kraft, J. & Kraft, A. (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2) 401–403.
  • Lean, H.H. & Smyth, R. (2010). On the dynamics of aggregate output, electricity consumption and exports in Malaysia: Evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests. Applied Energy, 87(6), 1963–1971. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.11.017
  • Li, Q., Cherian, J., Shabbir, M. S., Sial, M. S., Li, J., Mester, I. & Badulescu, A. (2021). Exploring the relationship between renewable energy sources and economic growth. The Case of SAARC Countries. Energies, 14(3), 520.
  • Liu, Xiaohui, Burridge, P. & Sinclair, P. J. N. (2002). Relationships between economic growth, foreign direct investment and trade: evidence from China. Applied economics, 34(11), 1433–1440.
  • Liu, X., Zhang, S. & Bae, J. (2018). Renewable energy, trade, and economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 13(2), 96–102. doi:10.1080/15567249.2017.1327994
  • Menegaki, A.N. & Tugcu, C.T. (2016). The sensitivity of growth, conservation, feedback & neutrality hypotheses to sustainability accounting. Energy for Sustainable Development, 34, 77–87. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2016.09.001
  • Menyah, K. & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy policy, 38(6), 2911–2915.
  • Narayan, P.K. & Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423–438.
  • Newey, W.K. & West, K.D. (1987). A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix. Econometrica, 55(3), 703–708. doi:10.2307/1913610
  • Öcal, O. & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494–499. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.036
  • Okorokov, V. (1989). Energy consumption and technological developments. Acta Polytechnica, 2(February).
  • Önder, H. (2019). Doğal Kaynaklar ve Çevre Ekonomisi. Ekin Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Önal, F., & Yarbay, R. Z. (2010). The potential and future of renewable energy sources in Turkey. Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Science, 9(18), 77-96.
  • Özel, H.A. (2012). Küreselleşme sürecinde ticari ve finansal açıklığın ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(19), 21–43.
  • Pata, U.K., Yurtkuran, S. & Kalça, A. (2016). Türkiye’de enerji tüketi̇mi̇ ve ekonomi̇k büyüme: ARDL sınır testi̇ yaklaşımı. M U Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(2), 255–255. doi:10.14780/muiibd.281411
  • Perron, P. (1990). Testing for a unit root in a time series with a changing mean. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 8(2), 153–162.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. doi:10.1002/jae.616
  • Sadorsky, P. (2012). Energy consumption, output and trade in South America. Energy Economics, 34(2), 476–488. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2011.12.008
  • Sönmez, F.E. & Sağlam, Y. (2018). Finansal gelişme ve ticari açıklık ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Avrupa dönüşüm ekonomileri örneği. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(4), 59–72.
  • Timmons, D., Harris, J.M. & Roach, B. (2014). The economics of renewable energy. Global Development And Environment Institute, Tufts University, 52, 1–52.
  • Türedi, S. & Berber, M. (2010). Finansal kalkınma, ticari açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme arasindaki ilişki: Türkiye üzerine bir analiz. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (35), 301–316.
  • Turner, J.A. (1999). A realizable renewable energy future. Science, 285(5428), 687–689.
  • Turner, P. (2010). Power properties of the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests for parameter instability. Applied Economics Letters, 17(11), 1049–1053. doi:10.1080/00036840902817474
  • Wang, Q. & Wang, L. (2020). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth in OECD countries: A nonlinear panel data analysis. Energy, 207, 118200. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118200
  • Yalçıner, A.Y. & Özcan, O. (2021). Yenilenebilir enerji üretimi ve destekleri üzerine bir tahmin modeli önerisi. Journal of Life Economics, 8(2), 263–272.
  • Yergin, D. (1988). Energy security in the 1990s. Foreign Aff., 67, 110.
  • Yıldırım, E., Sukruoglu, D. & Aslan, A. (2014). Energy consumption and economic growth in the next 11 countries: The bootstrapped autoregressive metric causality approach. Energy Economics, 44, 14–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.03.010
  • Yılmaz, M. (2012). Türkiye’nin enerji potansiyeli ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının elektrik enerjisi üretimi açısından önemi. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 33–54.

Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Ticari Açıklığın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 343 - 369, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.902460

Öz

İktisat yazınında enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmalara bakıldığında sonuç itibariyle değişkenlik gösterdiği görülmektedir. Çalışmaların birbirinden bu denli farklı sonuçlar vermesinin pek çok sebebi olmakla birlikte, ticari açıklık gibi bazı önemli değişkenlerin modele dahil edilmemesi başta gelen sebeplerden bir tanesi olarak görülmektedir. Ticaret değişkeninin yanı sıra yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi de enerji literatüründe giderek popüler hale gelen bir değişken olmaya başlamıştır. Fosil bazlı yenilenemez enerji kaynaklarının dünya üzerinde eşit dağılmaması ve bu kaynakların tükenmeye başlaması başta gelen sebeplerdendir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ticari açıklığın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini Türkiye örneği için incelemektir. Bu amaçla 1970-2018 dönemi için yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme, sermaye stoku, işgücü ve ticari açıklık değişkenleri kullanılmıştır. ARDL sınır testi ile yapılan analizlere göre kullanılan değişkenler arasında eş bütünleşme ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Uzun dönem katsayı tahmin sonuçları incelendiğinde ise yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyümeyi negatif etkilediği, ticari açıklık, sabit sermaye stoku ve iş gücü değişkenlerinin ise ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular değerlendirilirken, yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarının büyük ölçekli yatırımlar olduğu göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Bu bilgiler ışığında yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin, Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan bir ülke için ekonomik büyümeyi negatif yönde etkilemesi beklenti ile örtüşmektedir.  

Kaynakça

  • Abdulkadhim, H.H. (2020). Trade openness and economic growth: a lesson from United Arab Emirates. The Scientific Journal of Cihan University–Sulaimaniya PP, 115, 129.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J.E. (2010a). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656–660. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.002
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2010b). Renewable energy consumption and growth in Eurasia. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392–1397. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2010.06.001
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J. E. (2011). The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343–347.
  • Apergis, N. & Payne, J.E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Economics, 34(3), 733–738. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.04.007
  • Arodoye, N.L. & Iyoha, M.A. (2014). Foreign trade-economic growth nexus: evidence from Nigeria. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 5(1), 121–141.
  • Atgür, M. (2019). Finansal gelişme, ticari açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 33(2), 553–572.
  • Awokuse, T.O. (2008). Trade openness and economic growth: is growth export-led or import-led? Applied economics, 40(2), 161–173.
  • Bao, C. & Xu, M. (2019). Cause and effect of renewable energy consumption on urbanization and economic growth in China’s provinces and regions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 483–493. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.191
  • Ben Aïssa, M.S., Ben Jebli, M. & Ben Youssef, S. (2014). Output, renewable energy consumption and trade in Africa. Energy Policy, 66, 11–18. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.023
  • Brini, R., Amara, M. & Jemmali, H. (2017). Renewable energy consumption, International trade, oil price and economic growth inter-linkages: The case of Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76(March), 620–627. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.067
  • Brown, R.L., Durbin, J. & Evans, J.M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 37(2), 149–163.
  • Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D. & Trembling, A. (2015, 29 Aralık). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.022
  • Chen, C., Pinar, M. & Stengos, T. (2020). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a threshold model. Energy Policy, 139, 111295. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111295
  • Chow, G.C. (1960). Tests of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 591–605.
  • Destek, M.A. & Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111, 757–763. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.008
  • Durğun, B. & Durğun, F. (2018). Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. International Review of Economics and Management, 6(1), 1–27.
  • Dyni, J. R. (2006). Geology and resources of some world oil-shale deposits scientific investigations report 2005-5294. US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 42.
  • Emery, R.F. (1967). The relation of exports and economic growth. Kyklos, 20(4), 470–486.
  • Gövdere, B. & Muhlis, C. (2015). Enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örnekleminde eşbütünleşme analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 101–114.
  • Gries, T. & Redlin, M. (2012). Trade openness and economic growth: a panel causality analysis. International conferences of RCIE, KIET, and APEA, March içinde (ss. 16–18).
  • Halicioglu, F. & Ketenci, N. (2018). Output, renewable and non-renewable energy production, and international trade: Evidence from EU-15 countries. Energy, 159, 995–1002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.197
  • Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2016). The impact of renewable energy consumption to economic growth: A panel data application. Energy Economics, 53, 58–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.01.003
  • Karadaş, H.A., Koşaroğlu, Ş.M. & Salihoğlu, E. (2017). Enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 129–141.
  • Keho, Y. (2017). The impact of trade openness on economic growth: The case of Cote d’Ivoire. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5(1), 1332820.
  • Koçak, E. & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2017). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries. Energy Policy, 100, 51–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.10.007
  • Kraft, J. & Kraft, A. (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2) 401–403.
  • Lean, H.H. & Smyth, R. (2010). On the dynamics of aggregate output, electricity consumption and exports in Malaysia: Evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests. Applied Energy, 87(6), 1963–1971. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.11.017
  • Li, Q., Cherian, J., Shabbir, M. S., Sial, M. S., Li, J., Mester, I. & Badulescu, A. (2021). Exploring the relationship between renewable energy sources and economic growth. The Case of SAARC Countries. Energies, 14(3), 520.
  • Liu, Xiaohui, Burridge, P. & Sinclair, P. J. N. (2002). Relationships between economic growth, foreign direct investment and trade: evidence from China. Applied economics, 34(11), 1433–1440.
  • Liu, X., Zhang, S. & Bae, J. (2018). Renewable energy, trade, and economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 13(2), 96–102. doi:10.1080/15567249.2017.1327994
  • Menegaki, A.N. & Tugcu, C.T. (2016). The sensitivity of growth, conservation, feedback & neutrality hypotheses to sustainability accounting. Energy for Sustainable Development, 34, 77–87. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2016.09.001
  • Menyah, K. & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy policy, 38(6), 2911–2915.
  • Narayan, P.K. & Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423–438.
  • Newey, W.K. & West, K.D. (1987). A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix. Econometrica, 55(3), 703–708. doi:10.2307/1913610
  • Öcal, O. & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494–499. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.036
  • Okorokov, V. (1989). Energy consumption and technological developments. Acta Polytechnica, 2(February).
  • Önder, H. (2019). Doğal Kaynaklar ve Çevre Ekonomisi. Ekin Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Önal, F., & Yarbay, R. Z. (2010). The potential and future of renewable energy sources in Turkey. Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Science, 9(18), 77-96.
  • Özel, H.A. (2012). Küreselleşme sürecinde ticari ve finansal açıklığın ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(19), 21–43.
  • Pata, U.K., Yurtkuran, S. & Kalça, A. (2016). Türkiye’de enerji tüketi̇mi̇ ve ekonomi̇k büyüme: ARDL sınır testi̇ yaklaşımı. M U Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(2), 255–255. doi:10.14780/muiibd.281411
  • Perron, P. (1990). Testing for a unit root in a time series with a changing mean. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 8(2), 153–162.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. doi:10.1002/jae.616
  • Sadorsky, P. (2012). Energy consumption, output and trade in South America. Energy Economics, 34(2), 476–488. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2011.12.008
  • Sönmez, F.E. & Sağlam, Y. (2018). Finansal gelişme ve ticari açıklık ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Avrupa dönüşüm ekonomileri örneği. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(4), 59–72.
  • Timmons, D., Harris, J.M. & Roach, B. (2014). The economics of renewable energy. Global Development And Environment Institute, Tufts University, 52, 1–52.
  • Türedi, S. & Berber, M. (2010). Finansal kalkınma, ticari açıklık ve ekonomik büyüme arasindaki ilişki: Türkiye üzerine bir analiz. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (35), 301–316.
  • Turner, J.A. (1999). A realizable renewable energy future. Science, 285(5428), 687–689.
  • Turner, P. (2010). Power properties of the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests for parameter instability. Applied Economics Letters, 17(11), 1049–1053. doi:10.1080/00036840902817474
  • Wang, Q. & Wang, L. (2020). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth in OECD countries: A nonlinear panel data analysis. Energy, 207, 118200. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118200
  • Yalçıner, A.Y. & Özcan, O. (2021). Yenilenebilir enerji üretimi ve destekleri üzerine bir tahmin modeli önerisi. Journal of Life Economics, 8(2), 263–272.
  • Yergin, D. (1988). Energy security in the 1990s. Foreign Aff., 67, 110.
  • Yıldırım, E., Sukruoglu, D. & Aslan, A. (2014). Energy consumption and economic growth in the next 11 countries: The bootstrapped autoregressive metric causality approach. Energy Economics, 44, 14–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.03.010
  • Yılmaz, M. (2012). Türkiye’nin enerji potansiyeli ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının elektrik enerjisi üretimi açısından önemi. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 33–54.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İhsan Güzel 0000-0002-9525-6628

İhsan Oluç 0000-0002-5167-1862

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Güzel, İ., & Oluç, İ. (2021). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Ticari Açıklığın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 343-369. https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.902460


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