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Mamak İlçesinin (Ankara) Hava Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Düzenleyici Ekosistem Hizmetlerinin Hesaplanması

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 141 - 149, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.689509

Öz

Dünya nüfusunun yarısından fazlası kentsel alanlarda yaşamakta ve her geçen gün bu oran da kırsaldan kente göçün artması ile birlikte hızlı bir şekilde artmaya devam etmektedir. Kentsel alanlarda bulunan yeşil dokudan sağlanan ekosistem hizmetlerinin kentlerin sürdürülebilirliğindeki rolü oldukça büyüktür. Bu çalışmada, Ankara ili Mamak ilçesi sınırları içerisinde bulunan ağaçların taç örtüsünden sağlanan hava kalitesinin iyileştirilmesine yönelik düzenleyici ekosistem hizmetlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla hava kirliliğine neden olan atmosferik gazlar ve parçacık maddeler ile atmosferik karbonun yakalanması ve depolanmasına yönelik analizlerin yapılmasına imkân tanıyan; basit, kullanışlı ve hızlı sonuç veren bir model olan I-tree canopy kullanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında yapılan analiz sonuçları, %7,11’i taç örtüsüyle kaplı olan ilçede ağaçların yıllık 27370 ton CO2 tuttuğunu ve yaşam süreleri boyunca 687460 ton CO2 depoladığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, yine taç örtüsünce bir yılda atmosferden 2,47 ton karbon monoksit (CO), 13,45 ton nitrojen dioksit (NO2), 133,91 ton ozon (O3), 8,47 ton kükürt dioksit (SO2), 6,51 ton PM2,5 ve 44,85 ton PM10 parçacık madde uzaklaştırıldığı hesaplanmıştır. Özetle ilçede, bir yılda toplam 27579,66 ton zararlı kirleticilerin atmosferden uzaklaştırıldığı (yaklaşık ekonomik karşılığı 1482800$) ve ağaçların yaşam süreleri boyunca 687460 ton CO2 depoladığı (yaklaşık ekonomik karşılığı 35246007$) ortaya konulmuştur. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, Mamak ilçesi yeşil alan verilerini kullanarak taç örtüsü sayesinde sağlanan ekosistem hizmetlerini belirlemiş ve kentsel alanlardaki ekosistem hizmetleri çalışmalarının hem ekolojik hem de ekonomik bağlamda önemini vurgulamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahern, J., Cilliers, S., Niemela, J. (2014). The concept of ecosystem services in adaptive urban planning and design: a framework for supporting innovation, Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 254–259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.020.
  • Akyürek, B., Duru, M., Sütçü, Y.F., Papak, İ., Şaroğlu, F., Pehlivan, N., Gönenç, O., Granit, S., Yaşar, T. (1997). Scale 1/100,000 geological maps of Turkey. MTA Report, No. 55.
  • Albayrak, İ. (2012). Ekosistem servislerine dayalı havza yönetim modelinin İstanbul-Ömerli havzası örneğinde uygulanabilirliği. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Anonim, (2011). i‐Tree Canopy Technical Notes. https://canopy.itreetools.org/resources/iTree_Canopy_Methodology.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2020).
  • Anonim, (2016). 100 Maddede Sürdürülebilirlik Rehberi. SKD Türkiye, İstanbul.
  • Balkız, Ö. (2016). Assessment of the socio-economic values of goods and services provided by Mediterranean forest ecosystems – Düzlerçamı Forest, Turkey. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Doğa Koruma Merkezi and Plan Bleu, Valbonne.
  • Bassett, C.G. (2015). The Environmental Benefits of Trees on an Urban University Campus. Master of Environmental Studies, University of Pennsylvania Environmental Biology, Pennsylvania.
  • Bilgin, A., Doğan, M. (2012). Doğa Korumanın Ekonomik Sisteme Entegrasyonu Taslak Kılavuzu 2 Biyokıymetlendirme Teknik Uygulayıcıları: Sultan Sazlığı Milli Parkı Pilot Uygulaması. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • Bloniarz, D., Beals, T., Savoie, D. (2014). i-Tree Canopy Assessment of Springfield, Massachusetts. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/iTree_Canopy_Spfld_Citywide_Aug2014.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2020).
  • Bolund, P., Hunhammar, S. (1999). Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics, 29, 293–301.
  • Brack, C.L. (2002). Pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration by an urban forest. Environmental Pollution, 116, 195– 200.
  • Carey, B., Tobin, B. (2016). Ecosystem services provided by mountshannon village trees. https://static.rasset.ie/documents/radio1/mountshannon-ecosystem-services-provided-by-mountshannon-village-june-2016.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2020).
  • Chaparro, L., Terradas, J. (2009). Ecological services of urban forest in Barcelona. Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç., Hepcan, Ş. (2017). Ege Üniversitesi Lojmanlar Yerleşkesinin Hava Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Düzenleyici Ekosistem Servislerinin Hesaplanması. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(1), 113-120.
  • Çakmak, M.H. (2016). Mamak (Ankara) İlçesinin Kentsel Ekolojik Özellikleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Çakmak, M.H., Aytaç, Z. (2018). Urban vascular flora and ecological characteristics of Mamak District (Ankara/Turkey). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 11(2), 123-131.
  • Çelik, M., Taştekin, M., Kayabali, K. (2007). An investigation of the surface and groundwater leachate from an old waste disposal site at Mamak, Ankara, Turkey. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 30(3-4), 548–560.
  • Derkzen, M.L., Van Teeffelen, A.J.A., Verburg, P.H. (2015). Quantifying urban ecosystem services based on high‐resolution data of urban green space: an assessment for Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52, 1020–1032.
  • Forman, R.T.T. (2008). Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City. Cambridge University Press, New York. ISBN-13: 978-0521670760.
  • Forman, R.T.T. (2014). Urban Ecology: Science of Cities. Cambridge University Press, New York. ISBN-13: 978-052118824.
  • Gomez-Baggethun, E., Barton, D.N. (2013). Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. Ecological Economics, 86, 235-245.
  • Hepcan, Ş. (2013). Analyzing the pattern and connectivity of urban green spaces: a case study of Izmir, Turkey, Urban Ecosystems, 16, 279–293, DOI:10.1007/s11252-012-0271-2.
  • Hutchings, T., Lawrence, V., Brunt, A. (2012). Estimating the ecosystem services value of Edinburgh’s trees. The Research Agency of Forest Commission, https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Edinburgh_iTree_Report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2020).
  • Jacobs, B., Mikhailovich, N., Delaney, C. (2014). Benchmarking Australia’s Urban Tree Canopy: An i-Tree Assessment. Final Report, Horticulture Australia Limited, the Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney.
  • Kim, G., Miller, P.A., Nowak, D.J. (2015). Assessing urban vacant land ecosystem services: Urban vacant land as green infrastructure in the City of Roanoke, Virginia. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14, 519–526.
  • Marcus, C. (2015). Tree canopy assessment city of Atlantic Beach Florida. Legacy Arborist Services Tallahassee, FL. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Atlantic_Beach_Fl_Canopy_Assessment_Report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2020).
  • McNeil, J., Vava, C. (2006). Oakville's urban forest: our solution to pollution. Town of Oakville Parks and Open Space Department Forestry Section. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Oakville's%20Urban%20Forest.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2020).
  • MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), (2005). Ecosystems and human well- being: a framework for assessment. MA. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Framework.html (Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020).
  • Mısır, N., Mısır, M., Ülker, C. (2011). Karbon Depolama Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. I. Ulusal Akdeniz Orman ve Çevre Sempozyumu’nda sunuldu, Kahramanmaraş, 524- 531.
  • Nowak, D.J. (2000). The interactions between urban forests and global climate change. In: Abdollahi, K.K., Ning, Z.H., Appeaning, A. (eds) Global change and urban forest. GCRCC and Franklin Press, Baton Rouge, LA.
  • Nowak, D.J., Hoehn, R.E., Bodine, A.R., Crane, D.E., Dwyer, J.F., Bonnewell, V., Watson, G. (2013). Urban trees and forests of the Chicago region. Resource Bulletin NRS-84. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
  • Phillips, D., Burdick, C., Merja, B., Brown. N. (2013). Urban forest ecosystem services: a case study in Corvallis, Oregon. Presented at Ecological Society of America, Minneapolis, MN.
  • Rogers, K., Jarratt, T., Hansford, D. (2011). Torbay’s Urban Forest: Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values - A report on the fi ndings from the UK i-Tree Eco pilot project. Treeconomics, Exeter. ISBN 978-0-9571371-0-3.
  • Rogers, K., Sacre, K., Goodenough, J., Doick, K. (2015). Valuing London’s urban forest results of the London I-Tree eco Project. Hill & Garwood Printing Limited, Watford. ISBN 978-0-9571371-1-0..
  • Seed Consulting Services, (2016). Tree ecosystem services assessment, Ridge Park. A report prepared for the City of Unley, South Australia. https://www.itreetools.org/documents/342/RidgePark_Unley_AU_618_EcoReport_Final18May2016.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2020).
  • Steiner, F. (2011). Landscape ecological urbanism: origins and trajectories. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100, 333–337.
  • T. C. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, (2015). Ankara İli Arazi Varlığı. Tarım Reformu Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 3-53.
  • Tuğluer, M., Gül, A. (2018). Kent ağaçlarının çevresel etkileri ve değerinin belirlenmesinde UFORE modelinin kullanımı ve Isparta örneğinde irdelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19(3), 293-307.

Assessing Regulating Ecosystem Services for Improving the Air Quality of Mamak District (Ankara)

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 141 - 149, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.689509

Öz

More than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas and there is a rapid increase on the count of that because of migration from rural to urban areas. The role of ecosystem services provided from green tissue in urban areas has a great role in the sustainable development of urban ecosystems. This study aims to determine the regulating ecosystem services that improve the air quality provided from tree canopy cover within the boundaries of Mamak district of Ankara. For this purpose, a model which is simple, useful and fast-paced called as “I-tree canopy” run to analyze the removal of the atmospheric air pollutants and particulate matters, carbon sequestrated and stored by canopy cover. The results showed that the trees (canopy cover 7,11% of the district) sequester 27370 tons of CO2 annually and store 687460 tons of CO2 during their lifetime. The model results also show that the trees remove 2,47 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 13,45 tons of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 133,91 tons of ozone (O3), 8,47 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 6,51 tons of PM2,5 and 44,85 tons of PM10 particulate matter per year. In summary, it was revealed that these trees remove a total of 27579,66 tons of hazardous air pollutants from the atmosphere in a year (approximately $1482800 in economic terms) and store 687460 tons of CO2 during their lifetimes (about $35246007 in economic terms) in the district. As a result, this study determined the ecosystem services provided through canopy cover using the green area data of Mamak district and emphasized the importance of ecosystem services studies in urban areas both in ecological and economic context.

Kaynakça

  • Ahern, J., Cilliers, S., Niemela, J. (2014). The concept of ecosystem services in adaptive urban planning and design: a framework for supporting innovation, Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 254–259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.020.
  • Akyürek, B., Duru, M., Sütçü, Y.F., Papak, İ., Şaroğlu, F., Pehlivan, N., Gönenç, O., Granit, S., Yaşar, T. (1997). Scale 1/100,000 geological maps of Turkey. MTA Report, No. 55.
  • Albayrak, İ. (2012). Ekosistem servislerine dayalı havza yönetim modelinin İstanbul-Ömerli havzası örneğinde uygulanabilirliği. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Anonim, (2011). i‐Tree Canopy Technical Notes. https://canopy.itreetools.org/resources/iTree_Canopy_Methodology.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2020).
  • Anonim, (2016). 100 Maddede Sürdürülebilirlik Rehberi. SKD Türkiye, İstanbul.
  • Balkız, Ö. (2016). Assessment of the socio-economic values of goods and services provided by Mediterranean forest ecosystems – Düzlerçamı Forest, Turkey. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Doğa Koruma Merkezi and Plan Bleu, Valbonne.
  • Bassett, C.G. (2015). The Environmental Benefits of Trees on an Urban University Campus. Master of Environmental Studies, University of Pennsylvania Environmental Biology, Pennsylvania.
  • Bilgin, A., Doğan, M. (2012). Doğa Korumanın Ekonomik Sisteme Entegrasyonu Taslak Kılavuzu 2 Biyokıymetlendirme Teknik Uygulayıcıları: Sultan Sazlığı Milli Parkı Pilot Uygulaması. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Ankara.
  • Bloniarz, D., Beals, T., Savoie, D. (2014). i-Tree Canopy Assessment of Springfield, Massachusetts. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/iTree_Canopy_Spfld_Citywide_Aug2014.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2020).
  • Bolund, P., Hunhammar, S. (1999). Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics, 29, 293–301.
  • Brack, C.L. (2002). Pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration by an urban forest. Environmental Pollution, 116, 195– 200.
  • Carey, B., Tobin, B. (2016). Ecosystem services provided by mountshannon village trees. https://static.rasset.ie/documents/radio1/mountshannon-ecosystem-services-provided-by-mountshannon-village-june-2016.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2020).
  • Chaparro, L., Terradas, J. (2009). Ecological services of urban forest in Barcelona. Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
  • Coşkun Hepcan, Ç., Hepcan, Ş. (2017). Ege Üniversitesi Lojmanlar Yerleşkesinin Hava Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Düzenleyici Ekosistem Servislerinin Hesaplanması. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(1), 113-120.
  • Çakmak, M.H. (2016). Mamak (Ankara) İlçesinin Kentsel Ekolojik Özellikleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Çakmak, M.H., Aytaç, Z. (2018). Urban vascular flora and ecological characteristics of Mamak District (Ankara/Turkey). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 11(2), 123-131.
  • Çelik, M., Taştekin, M., Kayabali, K. (2007). An investigation of the surface and groundwater leachate from an old waste disposal site at Mamak, Ankara, Turkey. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 30(3-4), 548–560.
  • Derkzen, M.L., Van Teeffelen, A.J.A., Verburg, P.H. (2015). Quantifying urban ecosystem services based on high‐resolution data of urban green space: an assessment for Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52, 1020–1032.
  • Forman, R.T.T. (2008). Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City. Cambridge University Press, New York. ISBN-13: 978-0521670760.
  • Forman, R.T.T. (2014). Urban Ecology: Science of Cities. Cambridge University Press, New York. ISBN-13: 978-052118824.
  • Gomez-Baggethun, E., Barton, D.N. (2013). Classifying and valuing ecosystem services for urban planning. Ecological Economics, 86, 235-245.
  • Hepcan, Ş. (2013). Analyzing the pattern and connectivity of urban green spaces: a case study of Izmir, Turkey, Urban Ecosystems, 16, 279–293, DOI:10.1007/s11252-012-0271-2.
  • Hutchings, T., Lawrence, V., Brunt, A. (2012). Estimating the ecosystem services value of Edinburgh’s trees. The Research Agency of Forest Commission, https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Edinburgh_iTree_Report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2020).
  • Jacobs, B., Mikhailovich, N., Delaney, C. (2014). Benchmarking Australia’s Urban Tree Canopy: An i-Tree Assessment. Final Report, Horticulture Australia Limited, the Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney.
  • Kim, G., Miller, P.A., Nowak, D.J. (2015). Assessing urban vacant land ecosystem services: Urban vacant land as green infrastructure in the City of Roanoke, Virginia. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14, 519–526.
  • Marcus, C. (2015). Tree canopy assessment city of Atlantic Beach Florida. Legacy Arborist Services Tallahassee, FL. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Atlantic_Beach_Fl_Canopy_Assessment_Report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2020).
  • McNeil, J., Vava, C. (2006). Oakville's urban forest: our solution to pollution. Town of Oakville Parks and Open Space Department Forestry Section. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Oakville's%20Urban%20Forest.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2020).
  • MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), (2005). Ecosystems and human well- being: a framework for assessment. MA. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Framework.html (Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2020).
  • Mısır, N., Mısır, M., Ülker, C. (2011). Karbon Depolama Kapasitesinin Belirlenmesi. I. Ulusal Akdeniz Orman ve Çevre Sempozyumu’nda sunuldu, Kahramanmaraş, 524- 531.
  • Nowak, D.J. (2000). The interactions between urban forests and global climate change. In: Abdollahi, K.K., Ning, Z.H., Appeaning, A. (eds) Global change and urban forest. GCRCC and Franklin Press, Baton Rouge, LA.
  • Nowak, D.J., Hoehn, R.E., Bodine, A.R., Crane, D.E., Dwyer, J.F., Bonnewell, V., Watson, G. (2013). Urban trees and forests of the Chicago region. Resource Bulletin NRS-84. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
  • Phillips, D., Burdick, C., Merja, B., Brown. N. (2013). Urban forest ecosystem services: a case study in Corvallis, Oregon. Presented at Ecological Society of America, Minneapolis, MN.
  • Rogers, K., Jarratt, T., Hansford, D. (2011). Torbay’s Urban Forest: Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values - A report on the fi ndings from the UK i-Tree Eco pilot project. Treeconomics, Exeter. ISBN 978-0-9571371-0-3.
  • Rogers, K., Sacre, K., Goodenough, J., Doick, K. (2015). Valuing London’s urban forest results of the London I-Tree eco Project. Hill & Garwood Printing Limited, Watford. ISBN 978-0-9571371-1-0..
  • Seed Consulting Services, (2016). Tree ecosystem services assessment, Ridge Park. A report prepared for the City of Unley, South Australia. https://www.itreetools.org/documents/342/RidgePark_Unley_AU_618_EcoReport_Final18May2016.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2020).
  • Steiner, F. (2011). Landscape ecological urbanism: origins and trajectories. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100, 333–337.
  • T. C. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, (2015). Ankara İli Arazi Varlığı. Tarım Reformu Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 3-53.
  • Tuğluer, M., Gül, A. (2018). Kent ağaçlarının çevresel etkileri ve değerinin belirlenmesinde UFORE modelinin kullanımı ve Isparta örneğinde irdelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19(3), 293-307.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muhammed Hakan Çakmak 0000-0003-3548-7739

Melda Can 0000-0002-6585-319X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2020
Kabul Tarihi 24 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakmak, M. H., & Can, M. (2020). Mamak İlçesinin (Ankara) Hava Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesine Yönelik Düzenleyici Ekosistem Hizmetlerinin Hesaplanması. Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 4(2), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.689509