Evolution of Traditional Philanthropy to Corporate Social Responsibility: The Overview of the Context and Practices in Turkey
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 210 - 231, 16.12.2019
Sevgi Dönmez-maç
,
Şule Aydın-turan
,
Semih Okutan
,
Onur Metin
Öz
This study aims to trace the evolution of philanthropy
towards CSR and to reach an elucidating scheme about the current context and
contemporary practices in Turkey. The evolution of the concept of philanthropy
is evaluated regarding the period of Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey,
the development of the private sector, and finally the influence of globalization.
Accordingly the paper concluded that the historical evolution of philanthropy
in Turkey brings about a scheme in which corporate philanthropy and CSR
perspectives coexist. The contemporary practices such as awarding, CSR
reporting and the signing of CSR standards are claimed to be reflections of CSR
perspective. On the other side, philanthropy carries on to be influential to
some extent in a corporate character, in the practices of the companies.
Kaynakça
- Al‐Abdin, Ahmed et al (2018), “Researching Corporate Social Responsibility in the Middle East: The Current State and Future Directions”. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 25 (1): 47-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1439.
- Alakavuklar, Ozan et al (2009), “Türkiye’de Hayırseverlikten Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluğa Geçiş: Bir Kurumsal Değişim Öyküsü”. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management Research (ISSN: 1303-4979) 9 (2): 103-43.
- Altıntaş, N. et al (2007), “Evolution of Reporting on Corporate Social Responsibility by the Companies in ISE National‐30 Index in Turkey”. Social Responsibility Journal 3 (3): 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471110710835545.
- Ararat, Melsa. (2005), “Turkey social responsibility in a state-dependent business system”, Ocak, 247-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26960-6_20.Ararat, Melsa (2008), “A development perspective for ‘corporate social responsibility’: case of Turkey”. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society 8 (3): 271–285.
- Bikmen, Filiz and Zeynep Meydanoğlu (2006), “Türkiye’de Vakıflar ve Sosyal Yatırımın Geleceği”. Sivil Toplum Dergisi 4 (15): 177-79.
- Buğra, Ayşe (1994), State and Business in Modern Turkey: A Comparative Study. 1st Edition edition. Albany, N.Y: SUNY Press.
- Çarkoğlu, Ali (2006), “Trends in individual giving and foundation practices in Turkey”. In Philanthropy in Turkey: Citizens, Foundations and the Pursuit of Social Justice, editors F. Bikmen and R. Zincir, 95–161, İstanbul: TÜSEV.
- Çizakça, Murat (2006), “Economic dimensions of foundations in the Ottoman Era”. In Philanthropy in Turkey: Citizens, Foundations and the Pursuit of Social Justice, editors F. Bikmen and R. Zincir, 28–41, İstanbul: TÜSEV.
- Carroll, Archie B. (1979), “A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance”. The Academy of Management Review 4 (4): 497-505. https://doi.org/10.2307/257850.
- Carroll, Archie B. (1991), “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders”. Business Horizons 34 (4): 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G.
- “CSR Principles in International Business” (2010), available at: http://csrturkey.org/publications/ (accessed in 25 June 2019)
- Ertuna, Bengi and Ali Tükel (2010), “Traditional versus international influences: CSR disclosures in Turkey”. European Journal of International Management 4 (3): 273–289.
- Göcenoğlu, C. and I. Onan (2008) Turkey corporate social responsibility baseline report. http://kssd.org/site/dl/uploads/CSR_Report_en.pdf. Accessed in 18 July 2017.
- Gökşen, Fatoş. (2006), “A Qualitative profile of foundations in Turkey”. In Philanthropy in Turkey: Citizens, Foundations and the Pursuit of Social Justice, editors F. Bikmen and R. Zincir, 71–94, İstanbul: TÜSEV.
- Gölbaşı, Şükran (2008), TÜSİAD’ın Toplumu İnşa Girişimleri. 83. İstanbul: İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Güngör, Tevfik (2013), “Ahilik nedir?” Dünya Gazetesi. 24 September 2013. https://www.dunya.com/kose-yazisi/ahilik-nedir/17701.
- GRI (2009) “GRI Database”. n.d. accessed in 24 November 2019. https://database.globalreporting.org/search/.
- “ISO 26000:2010, Guidance on social responsibility”. n.d. accessed in 24 November 2018. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:26000:ed-1:v1:en.
- Jamali, Dima and Yusuf Sidani (2012), “Introduction: CSR in the Middle East: Fresh Perspectives”. In CSR in the Middle East: Fresh Perspectives, editors Dima Jamali ve Yusuf Sidani, 1-10. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137266200_1.
- Kazgan, Gülten (1999), Tanzimat’tan 21. Yüzyıla Türkiye Ekonomisi. 1. bs. İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar.
- Kılıçalp-Iaconantonio, S. Sevda (2014), Private Philantropic Engagement in Turkey. İstanbul: TÜSEV.
- Kılıçalp-Iaconantonio, S. Sevda (2013), Bireysel Bağışçılar için Rehber ve İlham Veren Bağışçı Öyküleri. 60. İstanbul: TÜSEV Yayınları. https://degisimicinbagis.org/bireysel-bagiscilar-icin-rehber/.
- Lenssen, Gilbert and Volodja Vorobey (2004), “The Role of Business in Society in Europe”. In Corporate Social Responsibility Across Europe, editors André Habisch, Jan Jonker, Martina Wegner, and René Schmidpeter, 357-75. Berlin: Springer.
- Mandaville, Jon E. (1979), “Usurious Piety: The Cash Waqf Controversy in the Ottoman Empire”. International Journal of Middle East Studies 10 (3): 289-308.
- Matten, Dirk and Jeremy Moon (2005), “Pan-European Approach: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding CSR”. In Corporate Social Responsibility Across Europe, editors André Habisch, Martina Wegner, René Schmidpeter, ve Jan Jonker, 335-56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26960-6_26.OECD (2006), Corporate Governance in Turkey: A Pilot Study. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264028647-en.
- ÖSGD. n.d. “Gönülden Ödüller”. accessed in 24 November 2018. http://osgd.org/gonulden-oduller/.
- Özen, Şükrü (2002), “Bağlam, Aktör, Söylem ve Kurumsal Değişim: Türkiye’de Toplam Kalite Yönetiminin Yayılım Süreci”. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 2 (1): 47–90.
- Robertson, Diana C. (2009) “Corporate Social Responsibility and Different Stages of Economic Development: Singapore, Turkey, and Ethiopia”. Journal of Business Ethics 88: 617-33.
- SAAS. n.d.. “SA8000 Certified Organisations”. accessed in 24 November 2018. http://www.saasaccreditation.org/certfacilitieslist.
- “The Difference Between Corporate Philanthropy & Corporate Social Responsibility”. n.d. accessed in 18 July 2018. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-corporate-philanthropy-corporate-social-responsibility-65129.html.
- “The Ten Principles of UN Global Compact”. n.d. accessed in 24 October 2019. https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/mission/principles.“TİSK Hakkımızda”. n.d. accessed in 24 October 2019. https://www.tisk.org.tr/hakkimizda/hakkimizda.html.
- TİSK (2018). “Yarışma ve Ödül Duyurusu” https://www.tisk.org.tr/resimler/userfiles/tisk-.doc-kss-basin-duyurusu.pdf, Accessed in 24.07.2019TKSSD. n.d. “KSS Pazaryeri”. TKSSD. accessed in 24 October 2019. https://www.kssd.org/pf/kss-pazaryeri/.
- Toker, Huriye et al (2016), “Social Responsibility Education in Turkey”. In Social Responsibility Education Across Europe: A Comparative Approach, editors Duygu Turker, Ceren Altuntas, ve Samuel O. Idowu, 1-28. CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26716-6_1.
- Topal, R. Ş. and H. Gurdag (2009), “Turkey: Civil Society Practices”. In Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility, editors Samuel O. Idowu ve Walter Leal Filho, 343-72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68815-0_17.
- Türker, Duygu. (2015), “An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Turkish Business Context”. In Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe: United in Sustainable Diversity, editors Samuel O. Idowu, René Schmidpeter, and Matthias S. Fifka, 483-99. CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13566-3_26.
- Türker, Duygu and Ceren Altuntaş Vural (2016), “Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk ve Hayırseverlik”. In Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumlulukta Güncel Yönelim ve Yaklaşımlar, editors Sibel Hoştut ve Secil Deren van het Hof, 149-70. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- “Turkey Sustainability Reporting National Review Report” (2016) accessed in 24 November 2018 http://tisk.org.tr/en/project/corporate-social-responsibility-for-all-project-turkey-sustainability-reporting-national-review-report/.
- UNGC (2019), “Our Participants”. accessed in 20 November 2019 https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&search%5Bkeywords%5D=&search%5Bcountries%5D%5B%5D=202&search%5Bper_page%5D=10&search%5Bsort_field%5D=&search%5Bsort_direction%5D=asc.
- Ülger, Billur and Gürdal Ülger (2005). “Akhism as a Non-Governmental Association Model in the History of the Turkish Nation and an Assessment of Today’s Business Ethics: A Relationship or a Contradiction?” Journal of Human Values 11 (1): 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/097168580401100105.
- Whitley, Richard (1994). “Dominant Forms of Economic Organization in Market Economies”. Organization Studies 15 (2): 153-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069401500201.
- Zincir, Rana and Filiz Bikmen (2006), Kavramsal Çerçeve ve Yönetici Özeti. In Türkiye’de Hayırseverlik: Vatandaşlar, Vakıflar ve Sosyal Adalet editors R. Zincir and F. Bikmen 11-18) https://www.tusev.org.tr/usrfiles/files/Kavramsal_Cerceve_ve_Yonetici_Ozeti.pdf. Accessed 9 September 2018.
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 210 - 231, 16.12.2019
Sevgi Dönmez-maç
,
Şule Aydın-turan
,
Semih Okutan
,
Onur Metin
Kaynakça
- Al‐Abdin, Ahmed et al (2018), “Researching Corporate Social Responsibility in the Middle East: The Current State and Future Directions”. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 25 (1): 47-65. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1439.
- Alakavuklar, Ozan et al (2009), “Türkiye’de Hayırseverlikten Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluğa Geçiş: Bir Kurumsal Değişim Öyküsü”. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management Research (ISSN: 1303-4979) 9 (2): 103-43.
- Altıntaş, N. et al (2007), “Evolution of Reporting on Corporate Social Responsibility by the Companies in ISE National‐30 Index in Turkey”. Social Responsibility Journal 3 (3): 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471110710835545.
- Ararat, Melsa. (2005), “Turkey social responsibility in a state-dependent business system”, Ocak, 247-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26960-6_20.Ararat, Melsa (2008), “A development perspective for ‘corporate social responsibility’: case of Turkey”. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society 8 (3): 271–285.
- Bikmen, Filiz and Zeynep Meydanoğlu (2006), “Türkiye’de Vakıflar ve Sosyal Yatırımın Geleceği”. Sivil Toplum Dergisi 4 (15): 177-79.
- Buğra, Ayşe (1994), State and Business in Modern Turkey: A Comparative Study. 1st Edition edition. Albany, N.Y: SUNY Press.
- Çarkoğlu, Ali (2006), “Trends in individual giving and foundation practices in Turkey”. In Philanthropy in Turkey: Citizens, Foundations and the Pursuit of Social Justice, editors F. Bikmen and R. Zincir, 95–161, İstanbul: TÜSEV.
- Çizakça, Murat (2006), “Economic dimensions of foundations in the Ottoman Era”. In Philanthropy in Turkey: Citizens, Foundations and the Pursuit of Social Justice, editors F. Bikmen and R. Zincir, 28–41, İstanbul: TÜSEV.
- Carroll, Archie B. (1979), “A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance”. The Academy of Management Review 4 (4): 497-505. https://doi.org/10.2307/257850.
- Carroll, Archie B. (1991), “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders”. Business Horizons 34 (4): 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G.
- “CSR Principles in International Business” (2010), available at: http://csrturkey.org/publications/ (accessed in 25 June 2019)
- Ertuna, Bengi and Ali Tükel (2010), “Traditional versus international influences: CSR disclosures in Turkey”. European Journal of International Management 4 (3): 273–289.
- Göcenoğlu, C. and I. Onan (2008) Turkey corporate social responsibility baseline report. http://kssd.org/site/dl/uploads/CSR_Report_en.pdf. Accessed in 18 July 2017.
- Gökşen, Fatoş. (2006), “A Qualitative profile of foundations in Turkey”. In Philanthropy in Turkey: Citizens, Foundations and the Pursuit of Social Justice, editors F. Bikmen and R. Zincir, 71–94, İstanbul: TÜSEV.
- Gölbaşı, Şükran (2008), TÜSİAD’ın Toplumu İnşa Girişimleri. 83. İstanbul: İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Güngör, Tevfik (2013), “Ahilik nedir?” Dünya Gazetesi. 24 September 2013. https://www.dunya.com/kose-yazisi/ahilik-nedir/17701.
- GRI (2009) “GRI Database”. n.d. accessed in 24 November 2019. https://database.globalreporting.org/search/.
- “ISO 26000:2010, Guidance on social responsibility”. n.d. accessed in 24 November 2018. https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:26000:ed-1:v1:en.
- Jamali, Dima and Yusuf Sidani (2012), “Introduction: CSR in the Middle East: Fresh Perspectives”. In CSR in the Middle East: Fresh Perspectives, editors Dima Jamali ve Yusuf Sidani, 1-10. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137266200_1.
- Kazgan, Gülten (1999), Tanzimat’tan 21. Yüzyıla Türkiye Ekonomisi. 1. bs. İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar.
- Kılıçalp-Iaconantonio, S. Sevda (2014), Private Philantropic Engagement in Turkey. İstanbul: TÜSEV.
- Kılıçalp-Iaconantonio, S. Sevda (2013), Bireysel Bağışçılar için Rehber ve İlham Veren Bağışçı Öyküleri. 60. İstanbul: TÜSEV Yayınları. https://degisimicinbagis.org/bireysel-bagiscilar-icin-rehber/.
- Lenssen, Gilbert and Volodja Vorobey (2004), “The Role of Business in Society in Europe”. In Corporate Social Responsibility Across Europe, editors André Habisch, Jan Jonker, Martina Wegner, and René Schmidpeter, 357-75. Berlin: Springer.
- Mandaville, Jon E. (1979), “Usurious Piety: The Cash Waqf Controversy in the Ottoman Empire”. International Journal of Middle East Studies 10 (3): 289-308.
- Matten, Dirk and Jeremy Moon (2005), “Pan-European Approach: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding CSR”. In Corporate Social Responsibility Across Europe, editors André Habisch, Martina Wegner, René Schmidpeter, ve Jan Jonker, 335-56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26960-6_26.OECD (2006), Corporate Governance in Turkey: A Pilot Study. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264028647-en.
- ÖSGD. n.d. “Gönülden Ödüller”. accessed in 24 November 2018. http://osgd.org/gonulden-oduller/.
- Özen, Şükrü (2002), “Bağlam, Aktör, Söylem ve Kurumsal Değişim: Türkiye’de Toplam Kalite Yönetiminin Yayılım Süreci”. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 2 (1): 47–90.
- Robertson, Diana C. (2009) “Corporate Social Responsibility and Different Stages of Economic Development: Singapore, Turkey, and Ethiopia”. Journal of Business Ethics 88: 617-33.
- SAAS. n.d.. “SA8000 Certified Organisations”. accessed in 24 November 2018. http://www.saasaccreditation.org/certfacilitieslist.
- “The Difference Between Corporate Philanthropy & Corporate Social Responsibility”. n.d. accessed in 18 July 2018. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-corporate-philanthropy-corporate-social-responsibility-65129.html.
- “The Ten Principles of UN Global Compact”. n.d. accessed in 24 October 2019. https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/mission/principles.“TİSK Hakkımızda”. n.d. accessed in 24 October 2019. https://www.tisk.org.tr/hakkimizda/hakkimizda.html.
- TİSK (2018). “Yarışma ve Ödül Duyurusu” https://www.tisk.org.tr/resimler/userfiles/tisk-.doc-kss-basin-duyurusu.pdf, Accessed in 24.07.2019TKSSD. n.d. “KSS Pazaryeri”. TKSSD. accessed in 24 October 2019. https://www.kssd.org/pf/kss-pazaryeri/.
- Toker, Huriye et al (2016), “Social Responsibility Education in Turkey”. In Social Responsibility Education Across Europe: A Comparative Approach, editors Duygu Turker, Ceren Altuntas, ve Samuel O. Idowu, 1-28. CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26716-6_1.
- Topal, R. Ş. and H. Gurdag (2009), “Turkey: Civil Society Practices”. In Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility, editors Samuel O. Idowu ve Walter Leal Filho, 343-72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68815-0_17.
- Türker, Duygu. (2015), “An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Turkish Business Context”. In Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe: United in Sustainable Diversity, editors Samuel O. Idowu, René Schmidpeter, and Matthias S. Fifka, 483-99. CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13566-3_26.
- Türker, Duygu and Ceren Altuntaş Vural (2016), “Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk ve Hayırseverlik”. In Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumlulukta Güncel Yönelim ve Yaklaşımlar, editors Sibel Hoştut ve Secil Deren van het Hof, 149-70. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- “Turkey Sustainability Reporting National Review Report” (2016) accessed in 24 November 2018 http://tisk.org.tr/en/project/corporate-social-responsibility-for-all-project-turkey-sustainability-reporting-national-review-report/.
- UNGC (2019), “Our Participants”. accessed in 20 November 2019 https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&search%5Bkeywords%5D=&search%5Bcountries%5D%5B%5D=202&search%5Bper_page%5D=10&search%5Bsort_field%5D=&search%5Bsort_direction%5D=asc.
- Ülger, Billur and Gürdal Ülger (2005). “Akhism as a Non-Governmental Association Model in the History of the Turkish Nation and an Assessment of Today’s Business Ethics: A Relationship or a Contradiction?” Journal of Human Values 11 (1): 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/097168580401100105.
- Whitley, Richard (1994). “Dominant Forms of Economic Organization in Market Economies”. Organization Studies 15 (2): 153-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069401500201.
- Zincir, Rana and Filiz Bikmen (2006), Kavramsal Çerçeve ve Yönetici Özeti. In Türkiye’de Hayırseverlik: Vatandaşlar, Vakıflar ve Sosyal Adalet editors R. Zincir and F. Bikmen 11-18) https://www.tusev.org.tr/usrfiles/files/Kavramsal_Cerceve_ve_Yonetici_Ozeti.pdf. Accessed 9 September 2018.