The Relationship Between Use of Coping Strategies And Religiosity Among Syrian Refugees

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2019 Sayı: 40, 273 - 311, 31.12.2019

Mustafa Ulu , Harun Çelik

https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.646577

Cited By: 3

Öz

Suriyeli Mültecilerin Kullandıkları Başa Çıkma Yöntemleri ile Dindarlıkları Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de geçici koruma altına alınan Suriyeli sığınmacıların sıkıntılarla başa çıkma yöntemleri, dindarlık düzeyleri ve bunlar arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Başa çıkma yöntemlerini belirlemek için dünya genelinde en yaygın ve güvenilir olarak kullanılan bir ölçek tercih edilmiştir. Dindarlık düzeylerini tespit etmek için kullanılan ölçeğe ise daha önce geliştirilmiş İslami dindarlık ölçekleri psikometrik açıdan eleştirel bir yöntemle irdelenerek karar verilmiştir. Bu ölçeklerle hazırlanan metin, tesadüfi örneklem yoluyla seçilen gönüllü sığınmacılara anket tekniğiyle uygulanarak veriler toplanmıştır. Katılımcıların tamamı Kayseri ilinde yaşayan, 15 yaşın üzerinde, Müslüman ve geçici koruma altına alınan Suriyelilerdir.
Yapılan araştırma sonucunda, sığınmacıların dindarlıkları arttıkça daha işlevsel ve sorun (problem) odaklı başa çıkma yöntemleri kullandıkları görülmüştür. Sığınmacılarda dindarlığın ibadet boyutu arttıkça olumlu yeniden yorumlama, kabullenme, duygusal sosyal destek kullanma, araçsal sosyal destek kullanma ve zihinsel olarak ilgiyi kesme yöntemlerinin kullanımı da artmaktadır. Mizahın kullanımı ise ibadetin artmasıyla ters orantılı olarak azalmaktadır. Diğer taraftan inanç boyutu attıkça yadsıma (inkar) başa çıkma yöntemi kullanımının da arttığı; işlevsiz başa çıkma yöntemleri olan mizah ve madde kullanımının ise azaldığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Başa Çıkma Yöntemleri, Suriyeli Sığınmacılar, Dindarlık Düzeyleri

Kaynakça

• Abu Raiya, Hisham, Kenneth I. Pargament, Annette Mahoney, ve Catherine Stein. 2008. “A Psychological Measure of Islamic Religiousness: Development and Evidence for Reliability and Validity”. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 18(4):291-315.
• Abu-Raiya, Hisham ve Kenneth I. Pargament. 2011. “Empirically based psychology of Islam: summary and critique of the literature”. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 14(2):93-115.
• Ahrold, Tierney K. ve Cindy M. Meston. 2010. “Ethnic Differences in Sexual Attitudes of U.S. College Students: Gender, Acculturation, and Religiosity Factors”. Archives of Sexual Behavior 39(1):190-202.
• Ai, Amy L., Bruce L. Rollman, ve Candyce S. Berger. 2010. “Comorbid Mental Health Symptoms and Heart Diseases: Can Health Care and Mental Health Care Professionals Collaboratively Improve the Assessment and Management?” Health & Social Work 35(1):27-38.
• Akıncı, Buket, Ahmet Nergiz, ve Ercan Gedik. 2015. “Uyum süreci üzerine bir değerlendirme: Göç ve toplumsal kabul”. Göç araştırmaları dergisi (2):58–83.
• Al Zaben, Faten, Doaa Ahmed Khalifa, Mohammad Gamal Sehlo, Saad Al Shohaib, Salma Awad Binzaqr, Alae Magdi Badreg, Rawan Ali Alsaadi, ve Harold G. Koenig. 2015. “Religious Involvement and Health in Dialysis Patients in Saudi Arabia”. Journal of Religion and Health 54(2):713-30.
• Al Zaben, Faten, Mohammad Gamal Sehlo, Doaa Ahmed Khalifa, ve Harold G. Koenig. 2015. “Test–Retest Reliability of the Muslim Religiosity Scale: Follow-Up to ‘Religious Involvement and Health Among Dialysis Patients in Saudi Arabia’”. Journal of Religion and Health 54(3):1144-47.
• Alghorani, Mohammad Adnan. 2008. “Knowledge-Practice Measure of Islamic Religiosity (KPMIR): A Case of High School Muslim Students in the United States”. Journal of Muslim Mental Health 3(1):25-36.
• Allport, Gordon W. 1950. The individual and his religion: a psychological interpretation. Oxford, England: Macmillan.
• Allport, Gordon W. ve J. Michael Ross. 1967. “Personal religious orientation and prejudice.” Journal of personality and social psychology 5(4):432.
• Altemeyer, Bob ve Bruce Hunsberger. 1992. “Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice”. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 2(2):113-33.
• Apak, Hıdır. 2014. “Suriyeli göçmenlerin uyumu ve gelecek beklentileri: Mardin örneği”. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Mardin.
• Aydın, K. B. 2005. “Akış kuramına dayalı stresle başa çıkma grup programının ergenlerin stresle başa çıkma stratejilerine etkisi”. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Ankara: Türkiye.
• Ayten, Ali. 2012. “Tanrı’ya Sığınmak-Dinî Başa Çıkma Üzerine Psiko-Sosyal Bir Araştırma”. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık.
• Bacanlı, H., Mustafa Sürücü, ve Tahsin İlhan. 2013. “Başa çıkma stilleri ölçeği kısa formunun (BÇSÖ-KF) psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması”. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimler 13(1):81–96.
• Batson, C. Daniel ve Patricia A. Schoenrade. 1991. “Measuring religion as quest: 1) Validity concerns”. Journal for the scientific study of Religion 416–429.
• Bell, David. 1999. Psychoanalysis and culture: A Kleinian perspective. Karnac Books.
• Berry, John W. 1997. “Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation”. Applied psychology 46(1):5–34.
• Best, Megan, Phyllis Butow, ve Ian Olver. 2014. “Spiritual support of cancer patients and the role of the doctor”. Supportive Care in Cancer 22(5):1333-39.
• Best, Megan, Phyllis Butow, ve Ian Olver. 2016. “Doctors discussing religion and spirituality: A systematic literature review”. Palliative Medicine 30(4):327–337.
• Bolger, Niall. 1990. “Coping as a personality process: a prospective study.” Journal of personality and social psychology 59(3):525.
• Buz, Sema. 2008. “Türkiye’deki sığınmacıların sosyal profili”. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi 10(4):1–14.
• Carver, Charles S. 1997. “You want to measure coping but your protocol’ too long: Consider the brief cope”. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 4(1):92.
• Carver, Charles S., Christina Pozo, Suzanne D. Harris, Victoria Noriega, Michael F. Scheier, David S. Robinson, Alfred S. Ketcham, Frederick L. Moffat Jr, ve Kimberley C. Clark. 1993. “How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: a study of women with early stage breast cancer.” Journal of Personality and social psychology 65(2):375.
• Carver, Charles S. ve Michael Scheier. 1990. “Principles of self-regulation: Action and emotion.” Ss. 3-52 içinde Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, Vol. 2. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press.
• Carver, Charles S., Michael F. Scheier, ve Jagdish K. Weintraub. 1989. “Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach.” Journal of personality and social psychology 56(2):267.
• Cemal, Yalçın. 2004. “Göç Sosyolojisi”. Basım, Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
• Cengiz, Erdi. 2018. “Suriyeli Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Psikososyal Uyum Sorunları ile Demografik Özellikler Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çağ Üniversitesi, Mersin.
• Chapman, David W. ve John F. Carter. 1979. “Translation Procedures for the Cross Cultural Use of Measurement Instruments”. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 1(3):71-76.
• Çağlayan, Çiğdem. 2011. “Şiddet ve Savaş”. Turkiye Klinikleri Psychiatry-Special Topics 4(2):46–51.
• Çelik, Celaleddin. 2012. “Göç, Kentleşme ve Din”. Din Sosyolojisi,(Ed. N. Akyüz, İ. Çapcıoğlu), Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları 297–306.
• Demirbaş, Hatice ve Ece Bekaroğlu. 2013. “Evden uzakta olmak: sığınmacıların/mültecilerin psikolojik sorunları ve alınacak önlemler”. Kriz dergisi 21(1):11–24.
• Donahue, Michael J. 1985. “Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: Review and meta-analysis”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48(2):400-419.
• Drumm, René, Marciana Popescu, Laurie Cooper, Shannon Trecartin, Marge Seifert, Tricia Foster, ve Carole Kilcher. 2014. “‘God Just Brought Me Through It’: Spiritual Coping Strategies for Resilience Among Intimate Partner Violence Survivors”. Clinical Social Work Journal 42(4):385-94.
• Durkheim, E. 2005. “Dinî hayatın ilkel biçimleri [The elementary forms of the religious life]”. F. Aydın, trans.). İstanbul: Ataç Yayınları.
• Ecklund, Elaine Howard ve Jerry Z. Park. 2009. “Conflict Between Religion and Science Among Academic Scientists?” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 48(2):276-92.
• Ehlers, Anke ve David M. Clark. 2000. “A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder”. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38(4):319-45.
• El-Menouar, Yasemin. 2014. “The five dimensions of Muslim religiosity. Results of an empirical study”. methods, data, analyses 8(1):26.
• Emmons, Robert A., Chi Cheung, ve Keivan Tehrani. 1998. “Assessing Spirituality Through Personal Goals: Implications for Research on Religion and Subjective Well-Being”. Social Indicators Research 45(1):391-422.
• Endler, Norman S. ve James D. Parker. 1990. “Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation.” Journal of personality and social psychology 58(5):844.Erkan, Erol. 2016. “Suriyeli Göçmenler ve Dini Hayat: Uyum, Karşılaşma, Benzeşme Gaziantep Örneği”. İlahiyat Akademi Dergisi (Gaziantep Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi) 3(4):1–35.
• Folkman, Susan ve Richard S. Lazarus. 1985. “If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination.” Journal of personality and social psychology 48(1):150.
• Francis, Leslie J. ve Michael T. Stubbs. 1987. “Measuring attitudes towards christianity: from childhood into adulthood”. Personality and Individual Differences 8(5):741-43.
• Freud, Sigmund. 1928. “The future of an illusion (WD Robson-Scott, Trans.)”. London: Hogarth.(Original work published 1927).
• Freud, Sigmund. 2006. “Uygarlık, Din ve Toplum/Bir Yanılsamanın Geleceği (çev. Selçuk Budak)”. İstanbul: Öteki Yayınları.
• Gall, Terry Lynn, Elizabeth Kristjansson, Claire Charbonneau, ve Peggy Florack. 2009. “A longitudinal study on the role of spirituality in response to the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer”. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 32(2):174-86.
• Ghorbani, Nima, P. J. Watson, Shiva Geranmayepour, ve Zhuo Chen. 2014. “Measuring Muslim spirituality: Relationships of Muslim experiential religiousness with religious and psychological adjustment in Iran”. Journal of Muslim Mental Health 8(1).
• Ghorbani, Nima, P. J. Watson, Ahad Framarz Ghramaleki, Ronald J. Morris, ve Ralph W. Hood. 2002. “Muslim-Christian Religious Orientation Scales: Distinctions, Correlations, and Cross-Cultural Analysis in Iran and the United States”. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 12(2):69-91.
• Giaquinto, S., L. Bruti, V. Dall’Armi, E. Palma, ve C. Spiridigliozzi. 2011. “Religious and Spiritual Beliefs in Outpatients Suffering from Parkinson Disease”. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 26(9):916-22.
• Glock, Charles Young ve Rodney Stark. 1965. Religion and Society in Tension. Chicago: Rand McNally.
• Gökçan, Gül, Ç. Açıkyıldız, ve Senar Ataman. 2015. “Göç ve mültecilik”. Retrieved, February 20:2016.
• Gündüz, Zuhal YEŞİLYURT. 2011. “Almanya’daki Türkiye kökenli göçmenlerin sağlık durumları:‘göç hasta eder’ den ‘göç sağlığa iyi gelir’ e geçiş için öneriler”. Onlar Bizim Hemşehrimiz 85.
• Hall, Todd W. ve Keith J. Edwards. 1996. “The initial development and factor analysis of the Spiritual Assessment Inventory”. Journal of Psychology and Theology 24(3):233–246.
• Hall, Todd W. ve Keith J. Edwards. 2002. “The Spiritual Assessment Inventory: A Theistic Model and Measure for Assessing Spiritual Development”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41(2):341-57.
• Hamdan-Mansour, Ayman M. 2013. “Depression, psychological distress and coping skills among patients diagnosed with type-II Diabetes Mellitus”. Life Science Journal 10(4).
• Hart, Alton, R. Jeff Kohlwes, Rick Deyo, Lorna A. Rhodes, ve Deborah J. Bowen. 2003. “Hospice patients’ attitudes regarding spiritual discussions with their doctors”. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 20(2):135-39.
• Hill, Peter C. ve Ralph W. Hood. 1999. Measures of religiosity. Religious Education Press Birmingham, AL.
• Himelfarb, Igor ve Neli Esipova. 2016. “Commitment to Islam in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan: An Item Response Theory Analysis”. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 26(3):252-67.
• Holahan, Charles J., Rudolf H. Moos, ve Jeanne A. Schaefer. 1996. Coping, stress resistance, and growth: Conceptualizing adaptive functioning. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.
• Jana-Masri, Asma ve Paul E. Priester. 2007. “The development and validation of a Qur’an-based instrument to assess Islamic religiosity: The religiosity of Islam scale”. Journal of Muslim Mental Health 2(2):177–188.
• Ji, Chang-Ho C. ve Yodi Ibrahim. 2007. “Islamic Doctrinal Orthodoxy and Religious Orientations: Scale Development and Validation”. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 17(3):189-208.
• Johnson, Todd M. ve Brian J. Grim. 2013. The world’s religions in figures: An introduction to international religious demography. John Wiley & Sons.
• Kandasamy, A., S. K. Chaturvedi, ve G. Desai. 2011. “Spirituality, Distress, Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life in Patients with Advanced Cancer”. Indian Journal of Cancer 48(1):55.
• Kaplan, Harold I. ve Benjamin J. Sadock. 1988. Synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences clinical psychiatry. Williams & Wilkins Co.
• Kass, Jared D., Richard Friedman, Jane Leserman, Patricia C. Zuttermeister, ve Herbert Benson. 1991. “Health outcomes and a new index of spiritual experience”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 203–211.
• Kaufman, Gordon D. 1981. The theological imagination: Constructing the concept of God. Westminster John Knox Press.
• Kirkpatrick, L. A., S. Kellas, ve D. Shillito. 1993. “Loneliness and perceptions of social support from God”. içinde 101st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
• Kirkpatrick, Lee A. 1995. “Attachment theory and religious experience.”
• Kirmayer, Laurence J., Lavanya Narasiah, Marie Munoz, Meb Rashid, Andrew G. Ryder, Jaswant Guzder, Ghayda Hassan, Cécile Rousseau, ve Kevin Pottie. 2011. “Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care”. Canadian Medical Association Journal 183(12):E959.
• Koenig, Harold G. 2009. “Research on Religion, Spirituality, and Mental Health: A Review”. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 54(5):283-91.
• Koenig, Harold G., Faten Al Zaben, Doaa Ahmed Khalifa, ve Saad Al Shohaib. 2014. “Measures of Religiosity”. Ss. 530-61 içinde Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press.
• Krause, Neal ve Keith M. Wulff. 2004. “Religious doubt and health: Exploring the potential dark side of religion”. Sociology of Religion 65(1):35–56.
• Lazarus, Richard S. ve Susan Folkman. 1984. Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company.
• Lee, Young Mun, Ok Ja Shin, ve Myung Ho Lim. 2012. “The psychological problems of North Korean adolescent refugees living in South Korea”. Psychiatry investigation 9(3):217.
• Leuba, James H. 1916. “The Belief in God and Immortality: A Psychological”. Anthropological and Statistical Study, Sherman, French, Boston.
• Lukoff, David, Francis Lu, ve Robert Turner. 1992. “Toward a more culturally sensitive DSM-IV: Psychoreligious and psychospiritual problems”. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 180(11):673-82.
• Mahudin, Nor, Noraini Noor, Mariam Dzulkifli, ve Nazariah Janon. 2016. “Religiosity among muslims: A scale development and validation study”. Makara Hubs-Asia 20(2):109–121.
• Maton, Kenneth I. 1989. “The stress-buffering role of spiritual support: Cross-sectional and prospective investigations”. Journal for the scientific study of religion 310–323.
• McCrae, Robert R. ve Paul T. Costa Jr. 1986. “Personality, coping, and coping effectiveness in an adult sample”. Journal of personality 54(2):385–404.
• Miranda, Alexis O. ve Kenneth B. Matheny. 2000. “Socio-Psychological Predictors of Acculturative Stress among Latino Adults.” Journal of Mental Health Counseling 22(4):306.
• Moos, Rudolph H. ve Andrew G. Billings. 1982. “Conceptualizing and measuring coping resources and processes”. Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects 2.
• Moreira-Almeida, Alexander, Francisco Lotufo Neto, ve Harold G. Koenig. 2006. “Religiousness and mental health: a review”. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 28(3):242–250.
• Mowrer, O. H. 1951. “Two-factor learning theory: summary and comment.” Psychological Review 58(5):350-54.
• Nicholl, Catherine ve Andrew Thompson. 2004. “The psychological treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adult refugees: A review of the current state of psychological therapies”. Journal of Mental Health 13(4):351-62.
• Norenzayan, Ara. 2013. Big gods: How religion transformed cooperation and conflict. Princeton University Press.
• Nunnally, Jum C., Ira H. Bernstein, ve Jos MF ten Berge. 1967. Psychometric theory. C. 226. McGraw-hill New York.
• Oláh, Attila. 1995. “Coping strategies among adolescents: a cross-cultural study”. Journal of Adolescence 18(4):491-512.
• Olufadi, Yunusa. 2017. “Muslim Daily Religiosity Assessment Scale (MUDRAS): A new instrument for Muslim religiosity research and practice.” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 9(2):165.
• Özbay, Y. ve B. Şahin. 1997. “Stresle başa çıkma tutumları envanteri: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması”.
• Özcan, Zeynep. 2019a. “Göçün Travmatik Etkilerini Azaltmada Sosyal Desteğin Rolü Üzerine Deneysel Bir Araştırma”. Bilimname 37(1).
• Özcan, Zeynep. 2019b. “Mülteci Öğrencilerin Kültürel Uyumları ile Dinî Başa Çıkmaları Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 23(1):127-47.
• Padela, Aasim I., Amal Killawi, Jane Forman, Sonya DeMonner, ve Michele Heisler. 2012. “American Muslim Perceptions of Healing: Key Agents in Healing, and Their Roles”. Qualitative Health Research 22(6):846-58.
• Pargament, Kenneth I., Joseph Kennell, William Hathaway, Nancy Grevengoed, Jon Newman, ve Wendy Jones. 1988. “Religion and the problem-solving process: Three styles of coping”. Journal for the scientific study of religion 90–104.
• Rachman, S. 1984. “Anxiety disorders: Some emerging theories”. Journal of behavioral assessment 6(4):281-99.
• Rescorla, Robert A. 1988. “Pavlovian conditioning: It’s not what you think it is.” American Psychologist 43(3):151-60.
• Rizvi, Mohd Ahsan Kabir ve Mohammad Zakir Hossain. 2017. “Relationship Between Religious Belief and Happiness: A Systematic Literature Review”. Journal of Religion and Health 56(5):1561-82.
• Roger, Kerstin Stieber ve Andrew Hatala. 2018. “Religion, spirituality & chronic illness: A scoping review and implications for health care practitioners”. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought 37(1):24-44.