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Türkiye’de Kamu Yatırım Harcamalarının İşsizlik Üzerine Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizinden Bir Kanıt

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 213 - 233, 15.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.47103/bilturk.1172975

Öz

Bu çalışmada 2004-2017 dönemi için yıllık veriler kullanılarak Türkiye’de 26 Düzey-2 bölgelerinde kamu yatırım harcaması ve işsizlik oranı arasındaki ilişki panel ARDL yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. Yatay kesit bağımlılığı ve birim kök testlerinin ardından yapılan Eşbütünleşme testi ve panel ARDL-PMG tahmincisi sonuçlarına göre kamu yatırım harcamaları ve işsizlik oranı arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre kamu yatırım harcamasındaki %1’lik artışın bölgesel düzeyde işsizlik oranını %0.30 düzeyinde uzun dönemde azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Kısa dönemde ise panel genelinde kamu yatırımlarının işsizlik üzerinde anlamlı etkiye sahip olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Buradan yola çıkılarak çalışmada kamu yatırımları ve işsizlik düzeyi arasındaki ilişki açısından Keynesyen iktisat görüşü desteklenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, B.A. (1999), The Effect of Government Size on the Unemployment Rate. Public Choice, 99 (3/4), 395-401.
  • Afonso, A., Şen, H. ve Kaya, A. (2018). Government size, unemployment, and inflation nexus in eight large emerging market economies (REM Working Paper No. 038-2018).
  • Altunakar, Ş. & Buyrukoğlu, S. (2020). Türkiye’de Abrams ve Armey Eğrilerinin Geçerliliği. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19 (76), 1862-1878.
  • Aslan, A. ve Kula, F. (2010). Kamu sektör büyüklüğü-işsizlik ilişkisi: Abrams Eğrisi’nin Türkiye ekonomisi için testi. Maliye Dergisi, 159, 155-166.
  • Ayas, I., ve Ayas, S. A (2021). Kamu Harcamalarının İşsizlik Üzerine Etkisi: Asimetrik Etki Tepki Analizi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 1-11.
  • Aysu, A., ve Dökmen, G. (2011). An investigation on the relationship between government size and unemployment rate: Evidence from OECD countries. Sosyo-Ekonomi, 2, 181-190.
  • Balcilar, M., Gupta, R, Lee, C. ve Olasehinde-Williams, G. (2020). Insurance and economic policy uncertainty. Research in International Business and Finance, 54, 1-13.
  • Bayrakdar, S. (2014). Kamu büyüklüğü ve işsizlik arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: Türkiye örneği. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Bektaş, A. (2020). Türkiye Kamu Yatırım Harcamaları ile İşsizlik Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi iktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1).
  • Bölükbaş, M. (2018). Kamu büyüklüğü işsizliğin ve genç işsizliğin nedeni midir? Türkiye örneği. Aydın İktisat Dergisi, 3(2), 1-17.
  • Breusch, T. S., ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Chipaumire, G., Ngirande, H., ve Ruswa, Y. (2014). The impact of government spending on economic growth: case South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 109-118.
  • Christopoulos, D. K., ve Tsionas, E. G. (2002) Unemployment and government size: Is there any credible causality?, Applied Economics Letters, 9(12), 797-800, DOI: 10.1080/13504850210129432
  • Dikmen, N., ve Çakır, Ö. (2020). Türkiye’de Kamu Harcamaları ve İşsizlik Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi. Sosyal, Beşerî ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 3(12), 987-1009.
  • Ding, H. (2012). Unemployment and Welfare State: What do the Data Tell Us?. MPRA Paper 41921, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Egbulonu, K. G., ve Wobilor, A. K. (2016). Effect of fiscal policy on unemployment in the Nigerian economy. International journal of innovative finance and economics research, 4(3), 1-7.
  • Ertekin, Ş. (2020). Türkiye’de Kamu Kesimindeki Büyümenin İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkisi: 1980 Sonrası Dönem Analizi. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 35(1), 141-154.
  • Feldmann, H. (2006). Government size and unemployment: Evidence from industrial countries. Public Choice, 127(3/4), 451-467.
  • Feldmann, H. (2009). Government size and unemployment: Evidence from developing countries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 43(1), 315-330.
  • Fouladi, M. (2010). The impact of government expenditure on GDP, employment and private investment a CGE model approach. Iranian economic review, 15(27), 53-76.
  • Güney, A., ve Balkaya, E. (2018). Kamu harcamaları ve ticari açıklığın işsizlik ve genç işsizliğe etkisi. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 49-74.
  • Hacıimamoğlu, T., ve Sandalcılar, A. R. (2020). The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic stability: panel data analysis on selected countries. EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal, 10(1), 10-20.
  • Holden, S., ve Sparrman, V. (2018). Do government purchases affect unemployment?. Scand. J. of Economics, 120(1). 124-158, doi: 10.1111/sjoe.12214.
  • Kamacı, A., ve Kılıç, H. (2019). Kamu Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme ve İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 3(1), 113-128.
  • Karras, G. (1993). Employment and output effects of government spending: Is government size important?. Economic Inquiry, 31(3), 354-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14657295.1993.tb01298.x.
  • Kaya, D. G., Kaygısız, A. D. ve Altıntepe, N. (2015). Türkiye’de kamu harcamalarının toplam istihdama etkisi üzerine bir değerlendirme. AKÜ İİBF Dergisi, 17(1), 83-96. doi: 10.5578/jeas.9527.
  • Khan A. ve Murova O.I. (2015). Productive efficiency of public expenditures: A cross-state study. State and Local Government Review, 47(3), 170–180.
  • Mahdavi, S., & Alanis, E. (2013). Public expenditures and the unemployment rate in the American states: Panel evidence. Applied Economics, 45(20), 2926-2937. https://doi.org/10.108 0/0003 6846.2012.690849.
  • Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, S., ve Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2014). Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in African countries: New insights from a panel causality approach. Economic Modelling, 37, 386-394.
  • Muammil, S. (2018). The Effect of Government Expenditure and Private Investment on Work Opportunities andUnemployment in Indonesia. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4(76), 92-100.
  • Murwirapachena, G., Choga, I., Maredza, A., ve Mavetera, N. (2013). Fiscal policy and unemployment in South Africa: 1980–2010. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(6), 579-579.
  • Obisike, N.E. Okoli, U.V., Onwuka, I.N. ve Mba, S.E. (2020). Impact of Government Expenditure on Unemployment in Nigeria: Evidence from Social Expenditure, International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research, 6(1), 65-76.
  • Odo, S., Favour, E. O., Thomas, O., ve Johnson, N. (2017). Understanding the relationship between unemployment and inflation in Nigeria. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 35, 55-64. https://doi: 10.9734/AIR/2017/32218.
  • Onodugo, V. A., Obi, K. O., Anowor, O. ve Ofeegbu, G. (2017). Does public spending affect unemployment in an emerging market?. Risk Governance & Control: Financial Markets & Institutions, 7(1), 32-40
  • Onuoha, F.C. ve Agbede, M.O. (2019). Impact of Disagregated Public Expenditure on Unemployment Rate of Selected African Countries: A Panel Dynamic Analysis, Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 24(5), 1-14.
  • Özer, M.O. (2020). Kamu Harcamaları ve İşsizlik Oranı Arasındaki İlişki: Abrams Eğrisinin Türkiye İçin Sınanması, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (10), 307-322.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jae.951.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. P. (1995). Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, (68),79-113.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., ve Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368423X.2007.00227.
  • Pesaran, M. H., ve Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. IZA Discussion Paper, 1240.
  • Sağdıç, E.N. ve Yıldız, F. (2020). Bölgesel Düzeyde Kamu Harcamalarının İşsizlik Düzeyi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (64), 208-226.
  • Sangkuhl E. (2015). How The Macroeconomic Theories of Keynes Influenced The Development of Government Economic Finance Policy After The Great Depression of The 1930’s: Using Australia as The Example. Athens Journal of Law, 1(1), 33-51.
  • Saraireh, S. (2020). The Impact of Government Expenditures on Unemployment: A Case Study of Jordan. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 8(3), 189–203.
  • Sodipo, O.A. ve Ogunrinola, O.I. (2011). Employment and Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(1), 232-239.
  • Topal, M. H., ve Günay, H. F. (2018, Ekim). Türkiye’de Abrams eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği. Uluslararası politik, ekonomik ve sosyal araştırmalar kongresi bildiriler kitabı içinde (ss. 284-305).
  • Wang, S., & Abrams, B. A. (2011). The effect of government size on the steady-state unemployment rate: A dynamic perspective (University of Delaware Department of Economics Working Papers No.11-12). https://lerner.udel.edu/sites/default/files/ECON/PDFs/RePEc/dlw/Wor kingPapers/2011/UDWP2011-12.pdf adresinden erişildi
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-223. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.967.
  • Yıldız, F. ve Çiçek, M. (2018). Türkiye’de merkezi yönetim faiz dışı kamu harcamaları, ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik ilişkisi: 2006-2017 dönemi analizi. International congress on Turkish geography social sciences research II bildiriler kitabı içinde (ss. 538-551).
  • Yongjin, S. (2011) Government Size, Economic Growth and Unemployment: Evidence from Advanced and Developing Economy Countries (A Time Series Analysis, 1996–2006), International Review of Public Administration, 16:2, 95-116, DOI: 10.1080/12264431.2011.10805198
  • Young, P. C. ve Pedregal, D. J. (1999). Macro-economic relativity: government spending, private investment and unemployment in the USA 1948–1998. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 10(3-4), 359–380. doi:10.1016/s0954-349x(99)00006-5
  • Yuan, M., and Li, W. (2000). Dynamic employment and hours effects of government spending shocks. Journal of Economic Dynemics & Control, 24(8), 1233-1263.

The Effect of Public Investment Expenditure on Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 213 - 233, 15.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.47103/bilturk.1172975

Öz

In this study, using annual data for the period of 2004-2017, the relationship between public investment expenditure and unemployment rate in 26 NUTS-2 regions in Turkey was investigated by panel ARDL method. According to the results of the cointegration test and panel ARDL-PMG estimator after the cross-sectional dependence and unit root tests, a long-term relationship was determined between public investment expenditures and unemployment rate. Accordingly, it has been determined that a 1% increase in public investment expenditure reduces the unemployment rate at the regional level by 0.30% in the long run. In the short term, it has been determined that public investments do not have a significant effect on unemployment throughout the panel. From this point of view, it can be said that the Keynesian view of economics is valid in terms of the relationship between public investments and the level of unemployment.

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, B.A. (1999), The Effect of Government Size on the Unemployment Rate. Public Choice, 99 (3/4), 395-401.
  • Afonso, A., Şen, H. ve Kaya, A. (2018). Government size, unemployment, and inflation nexus in eight large emerging market economies (REM Working Paper No. 038-2018).
  • Altunakar, Ş. & Buyrukoğlu, S. (2020). Türkiye’de Abrams ve Armey Eğrilerinin Geçerliliği. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19 (76), 1862-1878.
  • Aslan, A. ve Kula, F. (2010). Kamu sektör büyüklüğü-işsizlik ilişkisi: Abrams Eğrisi’nin Türkiye ekonomisi için testi. Maliye Dergisi, 159, 155-166.
  • Ayas, I., ve Ayas, S. A (2021). Kamu Harcamalarının İşsizlik Üzerine Etkisi: Asimetrik Etki Tepki Analizi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 1-11.
  • Aysu, A., ve Dökmen, G. (2011). An investigation on the relationship between government size and unemployment rate: Evidence from OECD countries. Sosyo-Ekonomi, 2, 181-190.
  • Balcilar, M., Gupta, R, Lee, C. ve Olasehinde-Williams, G. (2020). Insurance and economic policy uncertainty. Research in International Business and Finance, 54, 1-13.
  • Bayrakdar, S. (2014). Kamu büyüklüğü ve işsizlik arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: Türkiye örneği. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Bektaş, A. (2020). Türkiye Kamu Yatırım Harcamaları ile İşsizlik Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi iktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1).
  • Bölükbaş, M. (2018). Kamu büyüklüğü işsizliğin ve genç işsizliğin nedeni midir? Türkiye örneği. Aydın İktisat Dergisi, 3(2), 1-17.
  • Breusch, T. S., ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Chipaumire, G., Ngirande, H., ve Ruswa, Y. (2014). The impact of government spending on economic growth: case South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 109-118.
  • Christopoulos, D. K., ve Tsionas, E. G. (2002) Unemployment and government size: Is there any credible causality?, Applied Economics Letters, 9(12), 797-800, DOI: 10.1080/13504850210129432
  • Dikmen, N., ve Çakır, Ö. (2020). Türkiye’de Kamu Harcamaları ve İşsizlik Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi. Sosyal, Beşerî ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 3(12), 987-1009.
  • Ding, H. (2012). Unemployment and Welfare State: What do the Data Tell Us?. MPRA Paper 41921, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Egbulonu, K. G., ve Wobilor, A. K. (2016). Effect of fiscal policy on unemployment in the Nigerian economy. International journal of innovative finance and economics research, 4(3), 1-7.
  • Ertekin, Ş. (2020). Türkiye’de Kamu Kesimindeki Büyümenin İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkisi: 1980 Sonrası Dönem Analizi. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 35(1), 141-154.
  • Feldmann, H. (2006). Government size and unemployment: Evidence from industrial countries. Public Choice, 127(3/4), 451-467.
  • Feldmann, H. (2009). Government size and unemployment: Evidence from developing countries. The Journal of Developing Areas, 43(1), 315-330.
  • Fouladi, M. (2010). The impact of government expenditure on GDP, employment and private investment a CGE model approach. Iranian economic review, 15(27), 53-76.
  • Güney, A., ve Balkaya, E. (2018). Kamu harcamaları ve ticari açıklığın işsizlik ve genç işsizliğe etkisi. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 49-74.
  • Hacıimamoğlu, T., ve Sandalcılar, A. R. (2020). The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic stability: panel data analysis on selected countries. EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal, 10(1), 10-20.
  • Holden, S., ve Sparrman, V. (2018). Do government purchases affect unemployment?. Scand. J. of Economics, 120(1). 124-158, doi: 10.1111/sjoe.12214.
  • Kamacı, A., ve Kılıç, H. (2019). Kamu Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme ve İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 3(1), 113-128.
  • Karras, G. (1993). Employment and output effects of government spending: Is government size important?. Economic Inquiry, 31(3), 354-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14657295.1993.tb01298.x.
  • Kaya, D. G., Kaygısız, A. D. ve Altıntepe, N. (2015). Türkiye’de kamu harcamalarının toplam istihdama etkisi üzerine bir değerlendirme. AKÜ İİBF Dergisi, 17(1), 83-96. doi: 10.5578/jeas.9527.
  • Khan A. ve Murova O.I. (2015). Productive efficiency of public expenditures: A cross-state study. State and Local Government Review, 47(3), 170–180.
  • Mahdavi, S., & Alanis, E. (2013). Public expenditures and the unemployment rate in the American states: Panel evidence. Applied Economics, 45(20), 2926-2937. https://doi.org/10.108 0/0003 6846.2012.690849.
  • Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, S., ve Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2014). Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in African countries: New insights from a panel causality approach. Economic Modelling, 37, 386-394.
  • Muammil, S. (2018). The Effect of Government Expenditure and Private Investment on Work Opportunities andUnemployment in Indonesia. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 4(76), 92-100.
  • Murwirapachena, G., Choga, I., Maredza, A., ve Mavetera, N. (2013). Fiscal policy and unemployment in South Africa: 1980–2010. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(6), 579-579.
  • Obisike, N.E. Okoli, U.V., Onwuka, I.N. ve Mba, S.E. (2020). Impact of Government Expenditure on Unemployment in Nigeria: Evidence from Social Expenditure, International Journal of Social Sciences and Management Research, 6(1), 65-76.
  • Odo, S., Favour, E. O., Thomas, O., ve Johnson, N. (2017). Understanding the relationship between unemployment and inflation in Nigeria. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 35, 55-64. https://doi: 10.9734/AIR/2017/32218.
  • Onodugo, V. A., Obi, K. O., Anowor, O. ve Ofeegbu, G. (2017). Does public spending affect unemployment in an emerging market?. Risk Governance & Control: Financial Markets & Institutions, 7(1), 32-40
  • Onuoha, F.C. ve Agbede, M.O. (2019). Impact of Disagregated Public Expenditure on Unemployment Rate of Selected African Countries: A Panel Dynamic Analysis, Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 24(5), 1-14.
  • Özer, M.O. (2020). Kamu Harcamaları ve İşsizlik Oranı Arasındaki İlişki: Abrams Eğrisinin Türkiye İçin Sınanması, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (10), 307-322.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 2(2), 265-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jae.951.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. P. (1995). Estimating Long-Run Relationships from Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, (68),79-113.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., ve Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368423X.2007.00227.
  • Pesaran, M. H., ve Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing Slope Homogeneity in Large Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. IZA Discussion Paper, 1240.
  • Sağdıç, E.N. ve Yıldız, F. (2020). Bölgesel Düzeyde Kamu Harcamalarının İşsizlik Düzeyi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (64), 208-226.
  • Sangkuhl E. (2015). How The Macroeconomic Theories of Keynes Influenced The Development of Government Economic Finance Policy After The Great Depression of The 1930’s: Using Australia as The Example. Athens Journal of Law, 1(1), 33-51.
  • Saraireh, S. (2020). The Impact of Government Expenditures on Unemployment: A Case Study of Jordan. Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, 8(3), 189–203.
  • Sodipo, O.A. ve Ogunrinola, O.I. (2011). Employment and Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(1), 232-239.
  • Topal, M. H., ve Günay, H. F. (2018, Ekim). Türkiye’de Abrams eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği. Uluslararası politik, ekonomik ve sosyal araştırmalar kongresi bildiriler kitabı içinde (ss. 284-305).
  • Wang, S., & Abrams, B. A. (2011). The effect of government size on the steady-state unemployment rate: A dynamic perspective (University of Delaware Department of Economics Working Papers No.11-12). https://lerner.udel.edu/sites/default/files/ECON/PDFs/RePEc/dlw/Wor kingPapers/2011/UDWP2011-12.pdf adresinden erişildi
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-223. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.967.
  • Yıldız, F. ve Çiçek, M. (2018). Türkiye’de merkezi yönetim faiz dışı kamu harcamaları, ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik ilişkisi: 2006-2017 dönemi analizi. International congress on Turkish geography social sciences research II bildiriler kitabı içinde (ss. 538-551).
  • Yongjin, S. (2011) Government Size, Economic Growth and Unemployment: Evidence from Advanced and Developing Economy Countries (A Time Series Analysis, 1996–2006), International Review of Public Administration, 16:2, 95-116, DOI: 10.1080/12264431.2011.10805198
  • Young, P. C. ve Pedregal, D. J. (1999). Macro-economic relativity: government spending, private investment and unemployment in the USA 1948–1998. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 10(3-4), 359–380. doi:10.1016/s0954-349x(99)00006-5
  • Yuan, M., and Li, W. (2000). Dynamic employment and hours effects of government spending shocks. Journal of Economic Dynemics & Control, 24(8), 1233-1263.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Serhat Gözen 0000-0002-1004-2103

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Ekim 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2022
Kabul Tarihi 26 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Gözen, S. (2022). The Effect of Public Investment Expenditure on Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis. BİLTÜRK Journal of Economics and Related Studies, 4(4), 213-233. https://doi.org/10.47103/bilturk.1172975
AMA Gözen S. The Effect of Public Investment Expenditure on Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis. BILTURK. Ekim 2022;4(4):213-233. doi:10.47103/bilturk.1172975
Chicago Gözen, Serhat. “The Effect of Public Investment Expenditure on Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis”. BİLTÜRK Journal of Economics and Related Studies 4, sy. 4 (Ekim 2022): 213-33. https://doi.org/10.47103/bilturk.1172975.
EndNote Gözen S (01 Ekim 2022) The Effect of Public Investment Expenditure on Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis. BİLTÜRK Journal of Economics and Related Studies 4 4 213–233.
IEEE S. Gözen, “The Effect of Public Investment Expenditure on Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis”, BILTURK, c. 4, sy. 4, ss. 213–233, 2022, doi: 10.47103/bilturk.1172975.
ISNAD Gözen, Serhat. “The Effect of Public Investment Expenditure on Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis”. BİLTÜRK Journal of Economics and Related Studies 4/4 (Ekim 2022), 213-233. https://doi.org/10.47103/bilturk.1172975.
JAMA Gözen S. The Effect of Public Investment Expenditure on Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis. BILTURK. 2022;4:213–233.
MLA Gözen, Serhat. “The Effect of Public Investment Expenditure on Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis”. BİLTÜRK Journal of Economics and Related Studies, c. 4, sy. 4, 2022, ss. 213-3, doi:10.47103/bilturk.1172975.
Vancouver Gözen S. The Effect of Public Investment Expenditure on Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Panel Data Analysis. BILTURK. 2022;4(4):213-3.

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